THE   CODE   OF    NOMENXLATURE 


AND 


CHECK-LIST 


OF 


North  American  Birds 


Adopted  by  the  American  Omitliologists'  Union 


BEING  THE    REPORT    OF   THE    COMMITTEE   OF  THE 

UNION    ON    CLASSIFICATION    AND 

NOMENCLATURE 


Zoological  Nomenclature  is  a  means,  not  an  end,  of  Zoological  Science 


NEW   YORK 
AMERICAN    ORNITHOLOGISTS'  UNION 

1886 


\y 


Copyright,  1S85, 
By  American   Ornithologists'  Union. 


fflniSnaUn  19rt«0: 
John  Wilson  and  Son,  Cambridge. 


i 


PREFACE. 


AT    the   first    Congress    of    the    American    Ornithologists' 
Union,  held  in  New  Y^ric,   September  26-29,   1883,  the 
following  resolution  was  adopted :  — 

'■^  Resolved^  That  the  Chairman  appoint  a  Committee  of  five, 
including  himself,  to  whom  shall  be  referred  the  question  of  a  Re- 
vision of  the  Classification  and  Nomenclature  of  the  Birds  of  North 
America." 

In  pursuance  of  this  resolution  the  following  Committee  was 
appointed :  Messrs.  Coues,  Allen,  Ridgway,  Brewster,  and  Hen- 
shaw. 

The  Committee,  having  held  numerous  sessions  in  Washing- 
ton and  New  York,  presented  its  Report  at  the  second  Con- 
gress of  the  Union,  held  in  New  York,  Sept.  30  to  Oct.  2,  1884, 
when  the  following  resolution  was  adopted  :  — 

*^  Resolved,  That  the  Report  of  the  Committee  en  the  Revision  of 
the  Nomenclature  and  Classification  of  North  Ameircan  Birds  be  ac- 
cepted and  adopted,  and  that  it  be  recommitted  to  the  Committee, 
with  instructions  to  complete  and  submit  it  to  the  Council  as  soon  as 
practicable ;  and  that  the  Council  be  empowered  and  instructed  to 
accept  and  adopt  the  P.eport  as  finally  rendered,  with  such  modifica- 
tions as  they  may  deem  necessary,  and  to  publish  the  same,  copy- 
righted, in  part  or  in  whole,  and  in  one  or  more  forms,  in  the  name 
and  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Ornithologists*  Union." 

The  Committee,  having  continued  its  sessions,  presented  its 
final  report  to  the  Council  at  a  meeting  held  in  Washington  on 
the  2 1st  of  April,  1885,  when  the  Report  of  the  Committee  was 


iv  PREFACE. 

accepted  and  adopted,  and  was  referred  again  to  the  Committee 
for  publication,  the  Committee  to  exercise  such  editorial  revision 
as  might  seem  necessary. 

Pursuant  to  the  foregoing  resolutions  of  the  Union  and  Coun- 
cil, the  Committee  now  offers  to  the  public,  in  the  name  and  on 
behalf  of  the  Union,  the  result  of  its  labors,  consisting  of  a 
List  of  North  American  Birds,  preceded  by  the  Code  of  Rules 
adopted  by  the  Committee  for  its  guidance  in  the  preparation  of 
the  List. 

The  Committee  ventures  to  hope  that  the  new  Code  will 
find  favor,  not  only  with  ornithologists,  but  among  zoologists 
generally. 

ELLIOTT   COUES. 
J.   A.  ALLEN. 
ROBERT   RIDGWAY. 
WILLIAM   BREWSTER. 
H.   W.    HENSHAW. 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 


FACI 

I.    INTRODUCTION i 

n.    PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS   .  i8 

A.  General  Principles i8 

B.  Canons  of  Zoological  Nomenclature 22 

§  I.  Of  the  Kinds  of  Names  in  Zoology 22 

2.  Of  the  Binomial  System  as  a  Phase  of  Zoological  No- 
menclature      29 

3    Of  the  Trinomial  System  as  a  Phase  of  Zoological  No- 
menclature       30 

4.  Of  the   Beginning  of  Zoological  Nomenclature  proper, 

and  of  the  Operation  of  the  Law  of  Priority     ...  32 

5.  Of  Names  Published  Simultaneously   .......  40 

6.  Of  the  Retention  of  Names    . 41 

7.  Of  the  Rejection  of  Names 47 

8.  Of  the  Emendation  of  Names 51 

9.  Of  the  Definition  of  Names 51 

10.  Of  the  Publication  of  Names 54 

11.  Of  the  Authority  for  Names 56 

C.  Recommendations   for   Zoological   Nomenclature  in 

THE  Future c8 

§  12.  Of  the  Construction  and  Selection  of  Names    ....  58 

13.  Of  the  Transliteration  of  Names 65 

14.  Of  the  Description  of  Zoological  Objects 67 

15.  Of  the  Bibliography  of  Names 67 

16.  Of  the  Selection  of  Vernacular  Names 68 

m    CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS     ...  71 

L  Pygopodes , 73 

a.  Podicipedes , 73 

I.  Podicipidae 73 


vl  TAHLfc  OP  CONTENTS. 


rAf.i 


b.  Cepphi 75 

3.  Urinatorid.T 75 

3.  Alcidx    ••....... 76 

II.      LONGIFENNES 84 

4.  Stercorariidx 84 

5.  Laridx 86 

6.  Kynchopidx 96 

III.  TUBINARES 97 

7.  Diomedeidae 97 

8.  Procellariidx 98 

IV.  Steganopodes 106 

9.  Phaethontidx 106 

10.  Sulidae 107 

11.  Anhingidae 108 

12.  PhalacrocoracidiE 109 

13.  Pelecanidie 112 

14.  Fiegatida 113 

V.    Anseres 113 

15.  Anatidx 113 

VI.    Odontogloss-e 130 

16.  Phcenicopterida 130 

VII.    Herodiones 131 

a.  Ibides 131 

17.  Plataleidae 131 

18.  Ibididae 131 

b.  Ciconiae       133 

19.  Ciconiidas 133 

c.  Herodii 134 

20.  Ardeidas 134 

VIII.     Paludicol^ 138 

d.  Grues 138 

2T.  Gruidae 138 

e.  Ralli 139 

22.  Aramidae 139 

23.  Rallidae 140 

IX.     LiMicoL/E 145 

24.  Phalaropodidie 145 

25.  Recurvirostridae 146 

26.  Scolopacids       147 

27.  Charadriidae 160 

28.  Aphrizidae 164 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  Vii 

fMm 

29.  Hspmatoixxlid* IO5 

30.  Jacanidx 166 

X.    Gallin;« 167 

/   Phanianl ttr; 

31.  Tetraonuljc        167 

32.  rhasianid;e 177 

g.   Penelo|)e« 1 78 

32.  Cracidx 178 

XI.     CoLUMB>« 178 

34.  Columbidae 178 

XII.  Raptores .  182 

A.   Sarcorhamphi 182 

35.  Cathartidse 182 

I.   Falcones 184 

36.  Falconidae 184 

J.   Striges 197 

37.  Strigidae 197 

38.  Bubonidae 198 

XIII.  PsiTTACi 205 

39.  Psittacidae 205 

XIV.  Coccyges 206 

>&.   Cuculi 206 

46.  Cuculidae 206 

/.   Trogones 208 

41.  Trogonidae 208 

m.   Alcyones 209 

42.  Alcedinidae 209 

XV.     Pici 210 

43.  Picidae 210 

<Vlt     Macrochires 219 

n.   Caprimulgi 219 

44.  Caprimulgidae 2ig 

o.   Cypseli 22t 

45.  Micropodidae 22I 

p.   Trochili 223 

46.  Trochilidae 223 

XVIH.    Passeres 228 

g.   Clamatores 228 

47.  Tyrannidae 228 

r,   Oscines 238 

48.  Alaudidae 238 

49.  Corvidae 240 


Viii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAtiB 

50.  Sturnidx 247 

51.  Icteridar 247 

52.  Kringillicise 254 

53.  Tanagridsc 290 

54.  Hirundinidx 293 

55.  Atnpelidx 204 

56.  Laniidx 295 

57.  Vireonid* 296 

58.  Ctt-rebida: 300 

59.  Mniotiltidac 3co 

60.  Motacillidx 319 

61.  Cinclidac 321 

62.  Troglodytidae 321 

63.  Certhiid^ 33° 

64.  Paridae 33' 

65.  Sylviidae 33^ 

66.  Turdidae 34» 

IV.    HYPOTHETICAL   LIST :43 

V.    THE   FOSSIL  BIRDS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA    .     .  359 

INDEX 369 


; 
1 


fi 


!1 

t    r 


THE   CODE   OF   NOMENCLATURE 


AND 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

IN  beginning  its  work  the  Committee  found  it  necessary  to 
examine  particularly  those  rules,  precedents,  and  practices 
of  nomenclature  respecting  which  leading  authorities  differ,  it 
becoming  immediately  obvious  that  no  substantial  and  satis- 
factory progress  in  the  preparation  of  a  List  of  North  Ameri- 
can Birds  could  be  made  until  various  disputed  points  should 
be  settled.  This  necessity  led  to  the  discussion  of  the  general 
principles  of  zoological  nomenclature,  in  their  special  applica- 
tion to  the  subject  in  hand  ;  and  ultimately  resulted  in  the  for- 
mation of  a  Code  of  Rules  for  the  guidance  of  the  Committee  in 
fixing  the  name  of  every  North  American  bird.  These  rules 
were  considered  in  their  bearing  upon  Zoology  at  large,  as  well 
as  upon  Ornithology  alone  ;  it  being  obvious  that  sound  prin- 
ciples of  nomenclature  should  be  susceptible  of  general  applica- 
tion. Furthermore,  since  in  the  nature  of  the  case  there  can 
be  no  personal  obligation,  and  no  court  of  appeal  with  power  to 
enforce  its  decision,  canons  of  nomenclature  should  derive  their 
weight  wholly  from  their  merit,  and  should  acquire  the  force  of 
law  only  by  the  common  consent  of  zoologists.  Since  nomen- 
clature is  a  means,  not  an  end,  of  science,  the  merit  of  a  code 
of  rules  for  naming  objects  rests  upon  its  utility,  its  availability, 


2  CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

and  its  efficiency  in  meeting  all  necessary  and  reasonable  re- 
qiiiremento  of  a  system  of  classification,  —  in  a  word,  upon  its 
practical  convenience. 

Fortunately  for  the  interests  of  science,  the  tendency  of  natu- 
ralists has  latterly  been  toward  substantial  agreement  upon  most 
of  the  fundamental  principles  involved  in  nomenclature,  vari- 
ance of  opinion  coming  mainly  in  the  application  of  those  prin- 
ciples in  minor  details.  To  prepare  an  acceptable  and  entirely 
available  code  of  rules,  the  compilers  of  to-day  have  therefore  to 
do  little  more  than  clearly  formulate  the  current  usages  of  the 
best  naturalists,  and  consistently  apply  them  to  any  given  case. 

Without  undertaking  to  give  in  detail  the  history  of  zoologi- 
cal and  botanical  nomenclature  from  the  Linna^an  period  to  the 
present  day,  the  Committee  deems  it  proper  and  needful  to 
advert  to  certain  moot  points.  While  binomial  nomenclature 
may  be  considered  to  have  originated  with  Linnaeus,  who  pro- 
pounded and  established  its  fundamental  principles  with  admi- 
rable sagacity,  these  have  in  the  course  of  time  and  to  some 
extent  been  necessarily  modified  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  progress  of  zoological  science,  by  restriction  in  some  direc- 
tions and  extension  in  others.  So  radically,  indeed,  has  the 
aspect  of  the  science  changed  since  the  Linncean  period,  and  so 
profoundly  do  modern  conceptions  in  biological  science  differ 
from  those  then  held,  that  a  strict  binomial  system  has  probably 
had  its  day,  and  may  be  abandoned,  with  great  benefit  to  sci- 
ence, in  the  not  distant  future.  But,  assuming  that  the  binomial 
nomenclature,  with  some  modification,  is  still  to  be  retained  for 
a  while,  in  its  general  features,  the  whole  course  of  scientific 
nomenclature  has  shown  that  the  law  of  priority  —  lex  priorita- 
tis  —  is  the  one  great  underlying  principle  ;  and  the  nearly  uni- 
versal tendency  is,  to  hold  this  principle  inviolate,  to  adhere  to 
it  with  the  utmost  possible  stringency,  and  to  tolerate  the  fewer 
infractions  as  time  advances.^     But  there  is  unfortunately  no 

1  A  signal  exception  to  this  is  found  in  the  just  published  '  History  of  British 
Birds,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Seebohm,  —  an  ingenious  and  thoughtful  ornithologist, —  who 
discards  the  lex prioritatis,  substituting  therefor  an  audorum  plurimorum  principle, 
according  to  which  his  method  is  to  use  for  every  bird  that  specific  name  which  has 


INTRODUCTION.  $ 

unanimity  in  fixing  the  date  of  the  beginning  of  the  operation 
of  the  law  of  priority,  naturalists  being  nearly  evenly  divided  in 
opinion  upon  this  point.  The  so-called  •  Strici<landian  Code' 
fixed  the  date  at  1766/  —  that  of  the  twelfth  edition  of  the 
'Systema  Naturae.'  This  has  been  generally  accepted  by  Brit- 
ish zoologists  ;  while  many  others,  especially  in  America  and  of 
late  years,  consider  1758  as  the  fittest  starting-point,  this  being 
the  date  of  the  tenth  edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturse,'  in  which 
Linnaeus  first  methodically  and  consistently  applied  the  binomial 
nomenclature  to  zoology.  Botanists  are  at  variance  with  zoolo- 
gists, and  with  one  another,  in  this  particular ;  some  taking  as 

been  oftenest  used  before,  irrespective  of  its  original  application,  or  of  its  applica- 
bility under  the  law  of  priority.  But  a  much  earlier  protest  against  the  strict  law  of 
priority,  from  an  entomologist,  is  to  be  found  in  a  tract  published  in  1872,  the  follow- 
ing title  of  which  indicates  the  nature  of  its  contents  :  — 

1872.  Lewis,  W.  Arnold.  A  Discussion  |  of  the  |  Law  of  Priority  in  Ento- 
mological I  Nomenclature  ;  |  with  Strictures  on  its  Modern  Application ;  |  and  |  a 
Proposal  for  the  Rejection  of  all  |  disused  Names.  |  —  |  By  |  W.  Arnold  I^wis,  | 
F.  L.  S.,  M.  Entom.  Soc.  Lond.,  Barrister-at-Law.  |  —  |  Also  containing  |  A  Pa- 
per, by  the  same,  read  before  the  British  Association  |  (Section  D)  on  August  7, 
1871 ;  J  And  a  Second,  by  the  same,  intended  as  a  Contribution  to  the  |  Discussion 
in  the  '  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine.'  |  —  |  London  :  |  Williams  &  Norgate,  14, 
Henrietta  Street,  |  Covent  Garden.  |  —  |  1872.  i  vol.  8vo,  paper  cover,  title,  advt., 
and  pp.  1-86. 

(The  first  paper  mentioned  in  the  title  is,  'A  Proposal  for  a  Modification  of  the 
strict  Law  of  Priority  in  Zoological  Nomenclature  in  Certain  Cases,'  pp.  69-82. 
The  second  is  entitled,  '  Synonymic  Lists  and  Certainty  in  Nomenclature,'  pp, 
82-86.) 

Another  paper,  also  by  an  entomologist,  may  be  consulted  with  profit.  It  is 
entitled  as  follows :  — 

1873.  Sharp,  David.  The  |  Object  and  Method  |  of  |  Zoological  Nomencla- 
ture. I  By  I  David  Sharp.  |  —  |  "  Nomina  si  nescis,  perit  et  cognitio  rerum."  |  —  | 
London :  |  E.  W.  Janson,  28  Museum  Street.  |  Williams  &  Norgate,  Henrietta 
St.    I  —  I  November,  1873.     Paper,  sm.  Svo,  cover-title  backed  by  preface,  and 

PP-  39- 

(Well  reviewed  by  A.  R.  Wallace,  'Nature,'  Feb.  5,  1874,  p.  258.) 
*  "In  Mr.  H.  E  Strickland's  original  draft  of  these  Rules  and  Recommendations 
the  edition  of  Linnaeus  was  left  blank,  and  the  Xllth  was  inserted  by  the  Manches- 
ter Committee.  This  was  done  not  as  being  the  first  in  which  the  binomial  nomen- 
clature had  been  used,  as  it  commenced  with  the  Xth,  but  as  being  the  lu3t  and 
most  complete  edition  of  Linnjeus's  works,  and  containing  many  species  the  Xth  did 
not." — Revised  Rules  0/  the  B.  A,,  p.  28,  as  printed  in  Rep.  Brit.  As.s.  Adv.  Sci., 
Birmingh.-^m  Meeting,  1865.  For  evidence  that  Strickland  himself  was  an  advocate 
01  Linnaeus  at  1758,  see  '  The  Auk,'  1 ,  1884,  p.  400. 


4  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

ll  their  starting-point  the  first  edition  of  the  *  Genera  Plantarum ' 

of  Linnaeus,  published  in  1737;  others,  his  promulgation  of 
rules  in  the  *  Philosophia  Botanica,'  1751  ;  others,  a^-ain,  his 
'Species  Plantarum,'  1753.  But,  furthermore,  as  some  zoolo- 
gists used  the  system  methodically  in  works  published  prior  to 
1758,^  and  as  generic  names  were  employed  in  a  strict  sense  by 
some  writers  of  eminence  in  zoology  as  early  as  1732,2  the  law 
of  priority  is  restricted  in  time  by  neither  one  of  two  important 

fi  codes  recently  promulgated,  —  that  of  the  Socicte  Zoologique  de 

France,  1881,*^  and  that  of  the  Congrcs  Geologique  International, 
1882;*  the  only  provisions  for  the  inception  of  its  operation 
being,  that  a  given  name,  to  be  available,  shall  have  been  prop- 
erly published  and  clearly  defined,  conformably  with  the  rules 
of  binomial  nomenclature. 

The  Stricklandian  Code  was  nevertheless  taken  by  the 
International  Geological  Congress  as  its  point  of  departure  and 
basis  of  procedure  in  the  formulation  of  the  Rules  it  adopted. 
This  code  —  first  promulgated  by  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  Manchester,  in  1842,  later 
adopted  by  the  American  Association  of  similar  name  and 
character,  and  reafifirmed  and  again  adopted  with  little  modi- 
fication by  the  British  Association,  at  Bath,  in  1865^  —  has 
until  recently  been  the  principal  code  of  zoological  nomen- 
clature ;  it  is  still  recognized  as  the  highest  authority  by 
most  English-speaking  zoologists,  and  is  followed  with  more 
or  less  reservation  and  evasion  by  naturalists  at  large.  In 
most  respects  —  excepting  the  rule  which  fixed  the  date  of  the 

1  As  Artedi,  Scopoli,  Pallas,  Clerck,  etc. 

2  E.  g.  Breyn  ;  to  which  may  perhaps  be  added  Link,  1722,  Klein,  1731  and  1734, 
Linnaeus,  1735,  and  Tournefort,  1742. 

8  Societe  Zoologique  |  de  France  |  —  |  De  la  |  Nomenclature  |  des  |  etres  orga- 
nises I  —  1  Paris  I  Au  Sieges  de  la  Societe  |  7,  rue  des  Grands- A  ugustins,  7  |  —  | 
1 88 1.     Paper,  8vo,  pp.  37. 

*  Regies  k  suivre  pour  etablir  la  nomenclature  des  especes.  Rapport  du  Secre- 
taire de  la  Commission  H.  Douville.  ■<  ,ongres  Geologique  International.  Compte 
rendu  de  la  2""=  Session,  Bologne,  1881,  (pub.  1882,)  pp.  592-60S. 

^  See  Notes  on  the  modified  Rules  for  Zoological  Nomenclature,  B.  A.,  1865,  by 
A.  E.  Verrill,  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  Series,  Vol.  XLVIII ,  July,  1869,  pp. 
92-1 10. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Starting-point  of  nomenclature  at  1766 — this  honored  code  was 
admirably  conceived  at  the  time.  It  had  great  influence  for 
good,  and  did  much  to  bring  zoological  nomenclature  from  a 
loose  and  almost  chaotic  state  to  a  fair  degree  of  stability  and 
orderly  consistency.  Its  principal  defects  are  those  which 
could  not  then  have  been  perceived  and  avoided,  being  inherent 
in  the  binomial  system  itself,  as  has  become  obvious  in  the 
sr.bsequent  forty-three  years  of  proe;ress  in  zoological  science, 
during  which  time  have  arisen  contingencies  and  complications 
which,  being  unforeseen  in  1842,  could  not  have  been  then 
provided  for.  In  fine,  the  Stricklandian  Code  could  not  pos- 
sibly have  been  made  bettci  than  the  radicall}*  faulty  binomial 
scheme  upon  which  it  was  based,  and  for  the  perpetuation 
of  which  in  all  its  defects  it  sedulously  provided.  No  one 
appears  to  have  suspected,  in  1842,  that  the  Linnaean  system 
was  not  the  permanent  heritage  of  science,  or  that  in  a  few 
years  a  theory  of  evolution  was  to  sap  its  very  foundations,  by 
radically  changing  men's  conceptions  of  those  things  to  which 
names  were  to  be  furnished.  Nevertheless,  the  half-dozen 
emendations  made  to  this  code  by  the  Bath  Committee  in  1865 
were,  with  one  exception,  ill-advised,  leaving  the  code  less 
available  and  efficient  than  it  had  been  before.  The  fact, 
ho^vever,  that  the  Stricklandian  Code  has  been  from  1842  to 
the  present  year  the  recognized  basis  of  nearly  all  attempts  to 
improve  the  formal  rules  for  zoological  nomenclature,  is  ample 
evidence  of  its  usefulness  and  general  soundness,  so  long  as  we 
must  continue  to  base  our  nomenclature  upon  the  Linnaean 
binomial  system.  The  wide-spread  recognition  of  its  weight 
and  authority  in  nomenclature,  and  the  almost  universal  cur- 
rency of  its  leading  provisions,  which  are  in  the  main  as  satis- 
factory as  any  can  well  be  which  provide  for  a  strictly  binomial 
system,  —  in  short,  the  strength  of  the  Stricklandian  Code,  ren- 
ders it  still  the  natural  and  proper  basis  of  any  new  code  wl  Ich 
may  seek  to  provide  for  the  comparatively  few  contingencies 
to  meet  which  the  former  one  has  proven  inadequate.^ 

*  The  Committee  which  drafted  the  original  *  Stricklandian '  Code,  appointed  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 


CODE  OF   NOMENCLATURE. 


i 


It  nas  therefore  seemed  to  your  Committee  advisable  to  take 
the  original  Stricklandian  Code  as  the  initial  point  of  departure  ; 
to  reaffirm  and  reproduce  as  many  of  its  rules  as  may  be  de- 
sirable, without  reference  to  the  changes  made  in  it  in  1865, — 
changes  which,  witn  one  exception,  do  not  appear  to  your 
Committee  to  be  available  for  adoption,  although,  for  the  sake 
of   historical   completeness,   they   may  be  dulv  noted  in  their 

held  in  London,  February  ii,  1S42,  consisted  ot  Mr.  C.  Darwin,  Professor  Henslow, 
Rev.  L.  Jenyns,  Mr.  W.  Ogilby,  Mr.  J.  Phillips,  Dr.  Richardson,  Mr.  J.  O.  West- 
wood,  and  Mr.  H.  E.  Strickland  (reporter) ;  to  whom  were  afterward  added,  W.  J. 
Broderip,  Professor  Owen,  W.  E.  Shuckard,  G.  R.  Waterhouse,  and  W.  Yarrell. 
The  result  of  their  labors  appeared  in  a  '  Series  of  Propositions  for  rendering  the 
Nomenclature  of  Zoology  uniform  and  permanent,'  first  printed  in  th«  Report  of 
the  Twelfth  Meeting  of  the  British  Association,  held  at  Manchester,  June,  1S42,  p.  106 
etssq.  They  also  appeared  in  the  '  Annals  of  Natural  History,'  and  in  the  '  Philo- 
sophical Magazine.'  C.  L,  Bonaparte  submitted  an  Italian  translation  to  the  Scien- 
tific Congress  held  at  Padua  in  1843.  A  French  translation  also  appeared  in  '  L'ln- 
stitut'  (lie  Ann.,  No  498,  pp.  248-251,  13  Juil,  1843),  and  a  review  by  Dr.  A.  A. 
Gould  of  the  'Propositions'  was  printed  in  the  *  American  Journal  of  Science  and 
Arts '(Vol.  XLV.,  1843,  pp.  1-12). 

At  the  B.  x\.  meeting  at  O.xford  in  i860,  it  was  "resolved,  that  the  surviving 
members  of  the  Committee  appointed  in  1842  —  viz.,  Mr.  C.  Darwin,  Rev.  Professor 
Henslow,  Rev.  L.  Jenyns,  Mr.  W.  Ogilby,  Professor  Phillips,  Sir  John  Richardson, 
Mr.  J.  O.  Westnood,  Professor  Owen,  Mr.  W.  E.  Shuckard,  and  Mr.  G.  R.  Water- 
house  ....  be  reappointed,  with  Sir  Wm.  Jardine,  Bart.,  and  Mr.  P.  L.  Sclater." 
At  the  B.  A.  meeting  at  Newcastle,  1863,  the  Committee  was  reformed  again,  to 
consist  of  Sir  Wm.  Jardine,  A.  R.  Wallace,  J.  E.  Gray,  C.  C.  Babington,  Dr.  Fran- 
cis, P.  L.  Sclater,  C.  Spence  Bate,  P.  P.  Carpenter,  Dr.  J.  D.  Hooker,  Professor 
Balfour,  H.  T.  Stainton,  J.  Gwyn  Jeffries,  Prof.  A.  Newton,  Prof.  T.  H.  Huxley, 
Professor  Allman,  and  G.  Bentham,  with  power  to  add  to  its  members.  For  the 
purpose  of  eliciting  suggestions  and  recommendations,  this  Committee  reprinted  the 
original  '  Series  of  Propositions,'  etc.,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  as  follows:  — 

Rules  I  for  |  Zoological  Nomenclature  |  by  the  late  |  Hugh  E.  Strickland, 
M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.  I  Authorized  by  Section  D  of  the  |  British  Association  |  at 
Manchester,  1842.  |  —  |  Reprinted  by  Requisition  of  Section  D  at  Newcastle,  | 
1863.  I  —  I  Edinburgh:  |  Printed  by  Neill  and  Company.  |  MDCCCLXIIL  Svo, 
pp.  25. 

This  is  the  original  of  the  '  Stricklandian  Code,'  1842,  known  also  as  the  '  Rules 
of  the  British  Association.'  Upon  this  the  Bath  Committee,  in  1865,  engrafted  its 
emendations,  with  the  result  of  what  is  known  as  the  '  Revised  B.  A.  Rules,'  entitled 
as  follows:  "  Report  of  a  Committee  appointed  to  report  on  the  Changes  which  they 
may  consider  desirable  to  make,  if  any,  in  the  Rules  of  Zoological  Nomenclature 
drawn  up  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Strickland,  at  the  Instance  of  the  British  Association  at  their 
Meeting  in  Manchester  in  1842."  (Rep.  35th  Meeting  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  held 
at  Birmingham  in  Sept.,  1865,  (pub.  1866,)  pp.  25-42.) 


INTRODUCTION.  / 

proper  place  in  this  Report ;  and  then  to  build  upon  such  a 
foundation  with  those  additional  recommendations  and  sugges- 
tions which  in  the  judgment  of  the  Committee  are  required  to 
meet  the  demands  of  the  present  state  of  zoological  science, 
and  which  seem  most  timely  in  view  of  its  evident  tendency, 
and  probable  progress  in  the  future. 

As  is  well  known,  Alphonse  De  Candolle  provided  botanists 
with  a  code  of  nomenclatural  rules  for  the  Vegetable  King- 
dom, the  admirably '  sound  character  of  which  code  caused  it 
to  receive  the  unanimous  indorsement  of  the  International 
Botanical  Congress  held  in  Paris  in  1867.  These  rules  are 
almost  equally  applicable  to  Zoology,  the  nomenclatural  re- 
quirements of  the  Animal  and  Vegetable  Kingdoms  being 
nearly  identical ;  and  in  general  t  lor  and  spirit  they  are  much 
the  same  as  those  of  the  Stricklandian  Code.  In  1876,  an 
American  zoologist,  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,  was  appointed  by  Sec- 
tion B  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  a  committee  of  one,  "  to  obtain  an  expression  of  opin- 
ion from  the  working  naturalists  of  America,  in  regard  to  the 
nature  of  a  set  of  rules  for  facilitating  the  decision  of  questions 
relating  to  nomenclature."  In  pursuance  of  this  duty,  Mr. 
Dall  prepared  a  circular  upon  the  subject,  consisting  of  a  series 
of  questions  relating  to  disputed  points,  which  was  widely 
distributed  among  the  publishing  naturalists  of  America,  from 
whom  a  gratifyingly  large  number  of  responses  were  received. 
To  Mr.  Ball's  report,  as  published,^  embodying  the  purport  of 
all  their  replies,  was  added  an  Appendix,  consisting  "  of  a  resume 
of  all  the  principles  and  rules  of  nomenclature  as  hitherto  set 
forth  by  the  chief  authorities  on  that  subject,  with  the  diverse 
views  of  different  authors  concerning  each  proposition  appended 
to  it  and  authenticated  by  their  initials,"  the  reporter  further 
adding  many  comments  of  his  own.  These  principles  and 
rules  were  compiled  equally  in  the  interest  of  Zoology  and  of 

^  Nomenclature  |  in  |  Zoology  and  Botany.  I  A  Report  to  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  |  Science  at  the  Nashville  Meeting,  August  31,  187, 
--  I  By  I  W.  H.  Dall,  |  United  States  Coast  Survey.  |  —  |  Salem:  |  Printed  at  the 
3alem  Press.  |  December,  1877.    8vo,  paper  cover,  title,  and  pp.  7-56. 


8 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


Botany,  and  based  largely  upon  the  Zoological  Code  of  Strick- 
land and  the  Botanical  Code  of  De  Candolle.  The  Appendix,  of 
thirty-three  pages  of  mostly  small  type,  giving  a  thorough  and 
nearly  complete  resume  of  the  subject,  forms  a  mine  of  infor- 
mation upon  current  usages  and  previous  rulings  in  nomen- 
clature. While  its  general  character  is  that  of  a  digest  of  what 
was  at  the  time,  or  had  before  been,  the  laws  of  the  subject, 
the  reporter  did  not  not  fail  to  furnish  much  original  matter, 
in  the  form  of  sound  criticism  and  valuable  suggestions  on  many 
important  points  ;  so  that  his  codification  of  rules  and  princi- 
ples may  be  consulted  with  profit  by  all  who  are  interested  in 
the  subject  of  systematic  nomenclature.^ 

In  1 88 1,  as  already  noted,  the  Zoological  Society  of  France 
adopted  a  code  of  rules  prepared  by  a  commission  specially  ap- 
pointed to  consider  the  subject.     These  rules,  only  seventeen  in 


1  Mr.  Samuel  H.  Scudder  had  shortly  before  Mr.  Dall's  labors  published 
a  valuable  paper  entitled  Canons  of  Systematic  Nomenclature  for  the  Higher 
Groups,*  in  the  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  Series,  III.,  May,  1S72,  pp.  34S-351. 
(Separate,  pp.  1-4.) 

Entomology  is  by  far  the  most  extensive  branch  of  Zoology,  and  much  has  been 
done  by  entomologists  to  promote  the  sound  nomenclature  of  the  department. 
Fabricius's  *  Philosophia  Entomologica,'  177S,  is  said  to  contain  the  first  set  of  rules 
published  foi  entomological  nomenclature.  Besides  some  papers  already  cited,  we 
may  in  this  connection  note  the  following:  — 

*On  some  Changes  in  the  Nomenclature  of  North  American  Coleoptcra  which 
have  been  recently  proposed.'  By  John  L.  LeConte,  M.  D.  Canad.  Entom.,  Oc- 
tober, 1S74,  pp.  185-197. 

'On  Entomological  Nomenclature.'  Canad.  Entom.,  November,  1874,  pp.  201- 
206  ;  December,  1S74,  pp.  207-210.  (Part  I.  is  '  On  the  Law  of  Priority' ;  Part  IL 
is  '  On  Generic  Types.') 

•  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Generic  Names  proposed  for  Butterflies,  a  Contribu- 
tion to  Systematic  Nomenclature.'  By  Samuel  H.  Scudder.  Salem,  1875.  ^^^i 
pp.  293. 

'Observations  on  Nomenclature'  constitute  Part  L  of  Thorell's  work  on  Euro- 
pean Spiders,  410,  Upsala,  1S69. 

'  Rules  to  be  submitted  to  the  Entomological  Club  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.,'  Svo,  n.  d., 
n.  p.,  "ordered  printed  by  resolution  at  the  annual  meeting  for  1875,"  but  never  pub- 
lished, were  drawn  up  by  a  portion  of  the  Committee  appointed  by  the  Club,  viz., 
J.  L.  LeConte,  \Vm.  Saunders,  and  C.  V.  Riley.  These  proposed  rules,  twelve  in 
number,  were,  like  the  questions  propounded  in  the  Dall  circular,  extensively  circu- 
lated, chiefly  among  entomologists,  to  elicit  responses.  They  were,  however,  never 
finally  adopted  by  the  Club. 


ill 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

number,  and  occupying  less  than  three  octavo  pages,  are  like- 
wise intended  to  apply  to  both  Zoology  and  Botany.  Their  prin- 
cipal divergence  from  the  Stricklandian  Code  is  at  the  point  of 
departure  for  the  law  of  priority,  as  already  stated.  The  rules 
are  succeeded  by  a  commentary  of  some  thirty  pages,  prepared 
by  M.  Chaper,  the  reporter  of  the  commission,  one  third  of 
this  matter  relating  to  the  starting-point  for  the  action  of  the 
law  of  priority,  which  is  discussed  with  special  reference  to 
pre-Linnaean  authors,  and  favors  the  non-limitation  of  the  law 
by  the  works  of  Linnaeus. 

The  International  Geological  Congress,  at  its  meeting  held  in 
1882  at  Bologna,  also  adopted  a  code  of  rules  intended  to  apply 
equally  to  Zoology  and  Botany.  They  were  proposed  by  a 
committee  specially  appointed  for  the  purpose,  who,  after 
adopting  certain  general  principles,  took  as  its  basis  of  de- 
parture the  Stricklandian  Code.  These  rules  are  even  fewer 
than  those  of  the  code  of  the  French  Zoological  Society,  being 
only  eleven  in  number,  and  occupying  less  than  two  octavo 
pages.  They  are  followed  by  twenty-two  pages  of  valuable 
commentary,  offered  to  the  Commission  by  its  Secretary,  M.  H. 
Douville.  This  is  largely  historical,  and,  like  M.  Chaper's, 
argues  for  the  non-limitation  of  the  law  of  priority  by  the  works 
of  Linnaeus,  and  for  its  restriction,  as  above  said,  only  by  the 
requirements  of  binomiality,  proper  publication,  and  clear  defi- 
nition. The  only  exceptions  to  the  action  of  this  law  which 
the  code  recognizes  as  permissible  are  in  the  cases  of  pre- 
occupation of  a  generic  name  in  the  same  kingdom,  and  of  a 
specific  name  in  the  same  genus. 

In  1883,  M.  A.  De  Candolle  published  his  important  '  Nou- 
velles  Remarques  sur  la  Nomenclature  Botanique,'  in  which  he 
reviews  the  discussions  which  were  had  during  the  sixteen  years 
following  the  appearance  of  his  Botanical  Code  of  1867,^  and 
proposes  a  few  changes  which  he  considers  that  experience  has 
shown  to  be  necessary.  These,  following  upon  Ball's  digest 
and  upon  the  action  respectively  of  the  French  Zoological  So- 

^  '  Lois  de  la  Nomenclature  Botanique,  redigees  et  commentees  par  M.  Alphonse 
De  Candolle.'     Paris,  1867.     8vo,  pp.  60. 


lO 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


i;i 


HI; 


tilt 


ciety  and  of  the  International  Geological  Congres:.,  tend  in  the 
direction  of  securing  the  utmost-  attainable  fixity  oi  names  and 
general  stability  in  nomenclr.tur  ,*,  by  giving  the  fullest  scope 
possible  to  the  operation  of  the  law  of  priority. 

De  Candolle  takes  the  first  edition  of  the  '  Species  Plantarum,' 
1753,  as  the  starting-point  of  the  binomial  system  in  Botany, 
and  therefore  as  the  date  of  the  beginning  of  the  law  of  pri- 
ority in  respect  to  species,  —  a  point  substantially  agreed  upon 
by  botanists.  For  generic  names,  however,  he  takes  the  first 
edition  of  the  *  Genera  Plantarum,'  1757;  and  his  'Article  15' 
provides  that  each  natural  group  of  plants  must  retain  the  most 
ancient  name  appended  to  it,  if  it  be  not  inconsistent  with  the 
essential  rules  of  nomenclature,  whether  adopted  or  given  by 
Linnaeus,  or  since  his  time  ;  thus  implying  that  the  law  of 
priority  is  not  to  extend  to  authors  earlier  than  Linnaeus.  His 
provisions  in  regard  to  the  emendation  of  names  are  very  strict. 
His  'Article  60'  is  :  *  A  generic  name  should  subsist  just  as  it 
was  made,  though  a  purely  typographical  error  may  be  corrected. 
The  termination  of  a  Latin  specific  name  may  be  changed  to 
bring  it  into  agreement  [in  gender]  with  its  generic  name." 
This  is  a  marked  change  from  his  previous  code,  in  which 
Article  60  enjoined  the  suppression  of  hybrid  names,  or  those 
formed  by  the  combination  of  two  languages. 

It  is  evident,  even  from  the  foregoing  brief  and  incomplete 
summary  of  some  leading  authorities  upon  nomenclature,  that 
the  general  tendency  at  present  is  in  the  direction  of  the 
greatest  attainable  fixity  of  names,  by  the  most  rigid  adherence 
to  the  law  of  priority  under  all  practicable  circumstances,  and 
by  the  disregard  as  far  as  possible  of  all  rules  requiring  the 
rejection  of  names  for  faulty  construction,  for  barbarit}'',  for 
being  meaningless,  and  even  for  being  literally  false,  —  changes 
to  be  made  only  in  cases  of  obvious  typographical  errors.  The 
emendations  proposed  by  your  Committee  to  be  made  in  the 
Stricklandian  Code  recognize  this  tendency,  and  are  in  harmony 
with  it.  Your  Committee,  however,  does  not  agree  to  any  of 
the  dates  which  various  codes  take  as  their  respective  starting- 
points  in  nomenclature,  and  especially  does  not  deem  it  expe- 


1     HI 


INTRODUCTION. 


II 


client  to  take  different  dates  for  g  . "ri-  and  specific  names. 
The  Committee,  furthermore,  in  one  or  t  /o  cases,  submits  some 
decided  innovations,  positively  at  variance  with  the  provisions 
of  any  previous  nomenclatural  code;  believing  that  certain  radi- 
cal modifications  are  demanded  by  recent  progress  in  science, 
and  that  these  are  a  step  in  advance. 

Referring  now  to  the  original  Stricklandian  Code  of  1842, 
the  principal  changes  which  your  Committee  proposes  and 
recommends  for  adoption  by  the  Union  may  be  summarized 
as  follows  :  — 

(i.)  The  adoption  of  the  date  of  the  Xth  edition  of  the  '  Systema 
Naturce,'  1758,  instead  of  that  of  the  Xllth,  1766,  as  the  starting-point 
of  the  law  of  priority  for  names  of  whatever  groups  ;  because  this  date, 
1758,  is  in  fact  that  of  the  establishment  of  the  binomial  system  of 
nomenclature  in  Zoology,  and  of  its  first  methodical  application  to  the 
whole  Animal  Kingdom. 

(2.)  The  rule  that  prior  use  of  a  name  in  Botany  does  not  make 
that  name  unavailable  in  Zoology ;  with  the  injunction,  however,  that 
duplication  of  names  in  the  Animal  and  Vegetable  Kingdoms  is  to 
be  sedulously  avoided  in  future. 

(3.)  The  principle  of  Trinomials  :  namely,  departure  from  strict 
binomiality  to  the  extent  of  using  three  words  as  the  name  of  those 
subspecific  forms  which  are  sufficiently  distinct  to  require  recognition 
by  name,  yet  which  are  known  to  intergrade  with  one  another ;  the 
name  of  such  forms  to  consist  of  three  terms,  —  a  generic,  a  specific, 
and  a  subspecific, — written  consecutively  and  continuously,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  mark  of  punctuation,  any  arbitrary  character, 
any  abbreviation,  or  any  other  sign  or  term  whatsoever. 

Furthermore,  the  Committee,  while  insisting  strenuously 
upon  the  principle  of  an  inflexible  law  of  priority,  has  neverthe- 
less sedulously  attempted  to  guard,  as  far  as  may  be  possible, 
against  needless  or  undue  rejection  of  names  in  current  usage 
in  favor  of  obscure  earlier  ones  which  rest  upon  descriptions  so 
vague  or  imperfect  that  their  identification  can  be  made  out 
only  by  the  process  of  exclusion,  —  by  presuming  that  they  can 
mean  nothing  else.  The  safeguard  which  the  Committee  pro- 
poses for  these  cases  is,  that  a  name  to  be  valid  must  be  iden- 


12 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


'ir 


tifiable  by  the  means  furnished  by  the  original  describer,  or  at 
least  by  such  means  taicen  in  connection  with  sources  of  infor- 
mation contemporaneous  with  the  original  description.  That  is 
to  say,  the  name  of  a  species  or  other  group,  to  be  valid,  must 
have  been  identifiable  since  the  time  it  was  proposed,  and  not 
have  become  so  subsequently  by  the  advance  of  the  science. 

The  Committee  has  also  attempted  to  define  as  clearly  as 
possible  the  basis  upon  which  generic,  specific,  and  subspecific 
names  may  reasonably  and  properly  rest. 

While  the  Committee  feels  free  to  advise  and  recommend  in 
respect  to  future  practices  and  principles  in  systematic  nomen- 
clature, it  is  obvious  that  no  suggestions  or  rules  should  be  of  a 
retroactive  character,  or  partake  of  the  nature  of  ex  post  facto 
laws.  Yet,  so  multifarious  and  often  conflicting  have  been  the 
usages  of  publishing  naturalists  on  many  points  of  nomencla- 
ture, that  in  many  cases  no  rule  can  be  adopted  which  will 
not  be  to  some  extent  retroactive.  Thus,  in  seeking  to  attain  a 
basis  of  uniformity  and  stability,  it  is  always  necessary  to  go 
back  to  the  original  forms  of  names,  and  consistently  adhere  to 
them,  in  entire  disregard  of  the  verbal  InnfA-ations  of  purists  or 
grammarians,  who,  aiming  at  classical  correctness  in  names, 
have  too  often  brought  about  instability  and  confusion.  It 
seems  out  of  the  question  to  relax  the  law  of  priority,  let  the 
immediate  inconvenient  results  of  adherence  to  that  law  be 
what  they  may. 

And,  in  respect  of  any  temporary  inconvenience,  or  of  any 
seeming  confusion  which  may  be  the  immediate  consequence 
of  its  action,  the  Committee  feels  able  to  give  assurance  that 
these  are  far  lesser  evils  than  some  of  those  which  it  hopes  to 
do  away  with.  The  case  of  an  unstable  and  far  from  uniform 
system  of  nomenclature  no  more  shows  the  need  of  improve- 
ment, than  admits  of  those  changes  which  are  necessary  ;  and 
though  the  evils  inseparable  from  all  states  of  transition  may  be 
obvious,  they  are  themselves  no  less  transitory,  while  the  good 
results  of  the  strict  and  consistent  application  of  sound  prin- 
ciples of  nomenclature  are  likely  long  to  endure. 

The  following  series  of  twenty-one  propositions  and  affirma- 


Hm' 


i  i;h 


INTRODUCTION.  I3 

tions,  abstracted  and  condensed  from  the  minutes  of  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Committee,  will  show  at  a  glance  the  principal 
results  reached.  They  are  simply  the  gist  of  some  of  the 
resolutions  passed  by  the  Committee  in  session,  the  points  in- 
volved being  formally  presented  beyond,  under  '  Principles, 
Canons,  and  Recommendations.' 

{a)  The  Stricklandian  Code,  B.  A.  Rules,  1842,  1865,  the  basis  of 
zoological  nomenclature  :  the  whole  subject  to  be  considered  there- 
from. 

(p)   Trinomial  nomenclature  to  be  provided  for. 

(c)  Botanical  nomenclature  not  to  be  considered  ;  use  of  names  in 
Botany  not  to  invalidate  their  subsequent  use  in  Zoology. 

(d)  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  X.,  1758,  to  be  the  starting-point  of  zoologi- 
cal nomenclature,  and  of  the  operation  of  the  law  of  priority,  for  all 
names. 

{e)  The  law  of  priority  to  be  inflexible  ;  conditions  of  its  proper  ap- 
plication ;  its  application  to  names  of  groups  higher  than  genera. 

(/)  The  maxim,  *  Once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym,*  to  be  affirmed 
and  extended  to  species  and  subspecies. 

{g)    Names  to  be  Latin,  or  in  Latin  form. 

(//)  Names  to  be  adopted  on  certain  principles,  without  regard  to 
persons. 

(/)  Absolute  identification  required  to  displace  a  modern  current 
name  by  an  older  obscure  one. 

(j)  Basis  of  a  specific  or  subspecific  name  to  be,  either  (i)  an  iden- 
tifiable published  description,  or  (2)  a  recognizable  published  plate  or 
figure,  or  (3)  the  original  named  type  specimen  ;  diagnosis  to  be  made 
upon  the  status  of  the  name  at  the  time  it  was  proposed  ;  identification 
of  type  specimens,  to  be  valid,  must  be  absolute. 

{k)  Basis  of  a  generic  or  subgeneric  name  to  be,  either  (i)  a  desig- 
nated recognizably  described  species,  or  (2)  a  designated  recognizable 
I        plate  or  figure,  or  (3)  a  published  diagnosis  ;  such  names  tenable  upon 

i(i)  or  (2),  even  if  wanting  (3). 
(/)   Type  of  a  genus  to  be  determined  by  the  'process  of  elimina- 
%        tion,'  if  no  type  is  originally  mentioned. 

J  {m)   Generic  names  not  to  be  invalidated  by  use  of  same  name 

I  for  a  higher  group  {e.  g,,  Accipitcr  tenable  as  a  genus,  though  there 
I  is  an  order  Accipitres).  The  same  with  specific  names  (<?.  ^.,  Pica 
^       pica). 


1 


14  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

(ft)  Names  differing  like  P/ca  and  Pi'cus  both  tenable  ;  differing 
only  like  Spermophila  and  Spermop/iiius,  the  later  one  untenable. 

{o)  The  mpxim,  **  A  name  i.s  only  a  name,  and  has  no  necessary 
meaning,"  affirmed ;  barbarous,  hybrid,  meaningless,  or  descriptively 
inappropriate  names  tenable. 

(/)  Original  orthography  of  names  to  be  preserved,  unless  a  typo- 
graphical error  is  evident. 

{q)  Transliteration  of  names,  and  terminations  of  personal  names, 
to  be  provided  for. 

(r)  Names  raised  in  rank  (as  of  a  subspecies  raised  to  a  species,  or 
of  a  subgenus  raised  to  a  genus)  to  be  tenable  in  the  new  position. 

(j)   The  authority  for  a  name  to  be  that  of  the  original  namer. 

(/)  When  a  generic  name  sinks  into  synonymy,  any  current  family 
or  subfamily  name  derived  from  such  generic  name  to  become  unten- 
able {e.g.,  ' Sylvicolidae '  untenable,  since  Sylvicola  is  preoccupied). 

(«)  Rule  thirteenth  of  the  Stricklandian  Code  (rendering  a  specific 
name  untenable  when  used  for  a  genus)  to  be  ignored. 

With  reference  to  the  plan  and  form  of  the  proposed  Amer- 
ican Ornithologists*  Union  *  List  of  North  American  Birds,'  it 
was  proposed  and  unanimously  agreed  :  — 

1.  That  the  term  'North  American,'  as  applied  to  the  proposed 
List  of  Birds,  be  held  to  include  the  continent  of  North  America  north 
of  the  present  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary,  and  Greenland  \ 
and  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  with  the  islands  naturally  be- 
longing thereto. 

2.  That  species  be  numbered  consecutively,  and  that  subspecies 
be  enumerated  by  affixing  the  letters  a,  b,  c,  etc.  to  the  number  borne 
by  their  respective  species  ;  provided,  that  any  subspecies  of  a  species 
not  included  in  the  North  American  Fauna  shall  be  separately  num- 
bered as  if  a  species. 

3.  That  stragglers  or  accidental  visitors,  not  regarded  as  compo- 
nents of  the  North  American  Fauna,  be  distinguished  by  having  their 
respective  numbers  in  brackets. 

4.  That  any  subsequent  additions  to  the  list  be  interpolated  in 
systematic  order,  and  bear  the  number  of  the  species  immediately  pre- 
ceding, with  the  addition  of  a  figure  (1,  2,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  re- 
quire), separated  from  the  original  number  by  a  period  or  decimal 
point,  thus  giving  the  interpolated  nunber  a  decimal  form  (e.  g;  243.1, 
etc.),  in  order  that  the  original  numbers  may  be  permanent 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


5.  That  species  or  subspecies  for  any  reason  included  in  the  List, 
in  regard  to  the  specific  or  subspecific  validity  of  which  any  reasonable 
doubt  exists,  shall  have  their  respective  numbers  followed  by  a  note 
of  interrogation. 

6.  That  Giraud's  at  present  unconfirmed  species  of  Texan  birds  be 
included  in  the  List  on  Giraud's  authority. 

7.  That  species  and  subspecies  the  zoological  status  of  which  can- 
not be  satisfactorily  determined,  like,  e.  g.,  Rcgulus  cuvieri  and  Spiza 
townscntii  of  Audubon,  be  referred  to  a  hypothetical  list,  in  each  case 
with  a  brief  statement  of  the  reasons  for  such  allocation. 

8.  That  a  list  of  the  fossil  species  of  North  American  birds  be  added 
as  an  Appendix  to  the  List  proper. 

9.  That  the  names  of  subgeneric  and  supergeneric  groups  of  North 
American  birds  be  included  in  the  List  in  systematic  order,  to  the 
end  that  the  List  may  represent  a  classification  as  well  as  a  nomen- 
clature of  the  birds. 

TO.  That  references  be  given  to  the  original  description  of  the  spe- 
cies, and  to  the  publication  whera  the  name  as  adopted  in  the  List  was 
first  used  ;  that  the  number  borne  by  each  species  and  subspecies 
in  the  Lists  of  Baird,  185S,  of  Coues,  1873,  of  Ridgway,  1880,  and  of 
Coues,  1882,  be  bracketed  in  chronological  order  after  tne  synonymatic 
references. 

11.  That  a  summary  statement  of  the  habitat  of  each  species  and 
subspecies,  with  special  reference  to  its  North  American  range,  be  in- 
cluded in  the  List. 

12.  That  the  name  of  each  bird  shall  consist  of  its  generic  with- 
out its  subgeneric  name,  and  of  its  specific  with  its  subspecific  name, 
if  it  have  one,  without  the  intervention  of  any  other  term. 

13.  That  specific  be  typographically  distinguished  from  subspecific 
names  by  the  use  of  a  smaller  type  for  the  latter. 

14.  That  every  technical  name  be  followed  by  a  vernacular  name, 
selected  with  due  regard  to  its  desirability. 

15.  That  the  name  of  each  species  and  subspecies  be  followed  by 
the  name  of  the  original  describer  of  the  same,  to  be  enclosed  in  pa- 
rentheses when  it  is  not  also  the  authority  for  the  name  adopted. 

16.  That  all  specific  and  subspecific  names  shall  begin  with  a 
lower-case  letter. 

17.  That  the  sequence  in  classification  followed  in  previous  Lists 
be  reversed,  the  List  to  begin  with  the  lowest  or  most  generalized 
type,  and  end  with  the  highest  or  most  specialized. 


i6 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


liliili 


Although  it  is  deemed  by  the  Committee  neither  necessary 
nor  desirable  to  embody  in  its  Report  the  minutes  of  its  meet- 
ings, a  few  further  extracts  may  be  presented  in  the  present 
connection. 

The  subject  of  the  formal  introduction  of  trinomials  into  the 
binomial  system  —  a  matter  upon  which  the  Committee  lays 
great  stress  —  was  brought  up  at  the  fourth  meeting,  Decem- 
ber 15,  1883,  in  the  form  of  the  following  resolution,  which  was 
unanimously  adopted :  — 

"Whereas,  the  progress  of  Ornithology  of  late  years  has  so  greatly 
increased  and  perfected  our  knowledge  of  the  exact  morphological 
relations  between  allied  forms  of  bird",  and  has  so  profoundly  modi- 
fied the  conception  of  species  held  when  the  so-called  binomial  or 
Linncean  system  of  nomenclature  was  formulated  and  applied,  that 
this  system  is  no  longer  adequate  to  handle  known  facts,  or  a  clear 
reflection  of  the  modern  conception  of  species  based  upon  such  facts, 
it  becomes  obviously  proper  and  necessary  to  modify  the  system  in  so 
far  as  may  be  required  to  meet  the  new  aspect  of  the  case  :  it  is  there- 
fore 

'''■Resolved,  That  a  trinomial  system  of  nomenclature  be  adopted  upon 
the  basis  and  in  the  spirit  of  the  binomial  system ;  such  system  allow- 
ing and  providing  for  the  use  of  names  consisting  of  three  terms  — 
generic,  specific,  and  subspecific  —  for  those  forms  which,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  are  known  to  intergrade  in  physical  characters ;  two  terms  — 
generic  and  specific  —  being  employed  as  heretofore  for  those  forms 
which  are  not  known  to  so  intergrade." 

At  the  seventh  meeting,  December  19,  1883..  the  following 
resolution  was  unanimously  adopted  :  — 

"  That  the  Committee  resolve  itself  into  two  subcommittees,  to  one 
of  which  is  referred  the  whole  subject  of  specific  and  subspecific  deter- 
minations of  North  American  birds,  and  to  the  other  the  subject  of 
formulating  and  codifying  the  nomenclatural  results  reached  by  the 
whole  Committee  ;  the  former  subcommittee  to  consist  of  Mr.  R. 
Ridgway,  Mr.  Wm.  Brewster,  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw ;  the  latter, 
to  consist  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  and  Dr.  E,  Coues  ;  and  that  Dr.  L. 
Stejneger  be  requested  to  co-operate  with  the  former  subcommittee 
in  determining  questions  of  synonymy." 


INTRODUCTION. 


17 


At  me  eighth  meeting  (second  session)  of  the  Committee, 
held  March  8,  1884,  the  subcommittee  appointed  to  "formulate 
and  codify  the  nomenclatural  results  reached  by  the  Commit- 
tee" presented  its  report;  whereupon  the  following  resolution 
prevailed  :  — 

"That  the  report  of  the  subcommittee  on  formulation  and  codifica- 
tion of  ronienclatural  rules  be  accepted  and  affirmed  ;  and  that  the 
subcommittee  be  instructed  to  prepare  a  fair  manuscript  copy  of  the 
Code,  to  embody  the  Nomenclatural  Rules  which  the  Committee  has 
adopted  and  proposes  to  recommend  to  the  Union  for  adoption  ; 
taking  the  Stricklandian  Code  as  the  basis  of  departure,  disencumber- 
ing that  Code  of  whatever  may  be  deemed  superfluous  or  objection- 
able, and  engrafting  upon  it  the  Rules  and  Recommendations  which 
tiie  whole  Commiace  has  approved." 


i8 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


It 


PRINCIPLES.  CANONS,  AND    RECOMMENDATIONS. 

"  In  venturing  to  propose  these  rules  for  the  guidance  of  all  classes  of  zoologists 
in  all  countries,  we  disclaim  any  intention  of  dictating  to  men  of  science  the  course 
which  they  may  see  fit  to  pursue.  It  must  of  course  be  always  at  the  option  of  au- 
thors to  adhere  to  or  depart  from  these  principles,  but  we  offer  them  to  the  candid 
consideration  of  zoologists  in  the  hope  that  they  may  lead  to  sufficient  uniformity  of 
method  in  future  to  rescue  science  from  becoming  a  mere  chaos  of  words."  —  H.  E. 
Strickland,  1842. 


A.    General  Principles. 

Principle  I.     Zoological  nomenclature  is  a  means,  not  an 
end,  of  zoological  science. 

Remarks.  —  It  is  to  be  deplored  that  it  is  apparently  necessary  to  raise 
what  is  merely  a  trite  truism  to  tlie  dignity  of  a  principle  of  nomenclature. 
But  it  seems  proper  to  protest  in  this  way  against  any  misconception  that 
the  science  of  Zoology  consists  m  the  art  of  naming  objects  in  that  branch 
of  science,  and  also  against  every  wanton,  capricious,  arbitrary,  or  otherwise 
needless  and  undesirable  change  of  names  which  have  acquired  current 
usage  and  definite  signification  in  Zoology.  It  is  undeniable  that  a  "mere 
shuflfling  of  names  "  (A.  Agassiz)  is  the  chief  outcome  of  much  study  and 
much  writintr  which  is  mistaken  for  scientific  research  and  the  advancement 
of  science. 

On  this  score  and  in  the  same  tenor  may  be  quoted  several  expressions 
from  De  Candolle.^  relating  to  some  of  the  general  principles  of  nomencla- 
ture considered  as  a  means  to  an  end. 

"  Natural  History  cannot  progress,  nor  can  the  study  of  its  various  branches 
be  carried  on  and  properly  correlated,  without  a  regular  system  in  nomencla- 
ture which  shall  be  recognized  and  employed  by  the  majority  of  naturalists 
of  all  countries." 

"  The  rules  for  nomenclature  must  be  impartial,  and  founded  on  motives 
sufficiently  clear  and  weighty  to  promote  their  general  comprehension  and 
acceptance  " 

1  Quoted  from  Dall  (Rep.,  p.  23),  not  from  the  original. 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


19 


"The  essential  principles  in  everything  which  relates  to  nomenclature  are, 
(i)  the  attainment  of yf.r//y  in  the  designations  for  organized  beings  ;  (2)  the 
avoidance  of  names  or  methods  of  applying  names  calculated  to  result  in 
errors  or  to  throw  science  into  confusion ;  and  lastly,  (3)  to  avoid  tlie  un- 
necessary creation  of  names." 

"  No  usage  conflicting  with  the  rules  and  liable  to  introduce  error  or  con- 
fusion can  be  maintained.  When  no  grave  objections  of  this  nature  are 
liable  to  be  raised,  it  may  happen  that  an  ancient  usage  may  be  conserved 
without  opposition,  but  all  should  carefully  guard  against  the  imitation  or 
extension  of  such  practices.  In  the  absence  of  a  rule,  or  if  the  application 
of  the  rules  be  doubtful,  an  established  usage  may  be  taken  as  a  proper 
guide." 

Priniciple  II.  Zoological  nomenclature  is  the  scientific  lan- 
guage of  systematic  Zoology,  and  vernacular  names  are  not  prop- 
erly within  its  scope. 

Remarks.  —  "  In  proposing  a  measure  for  the  establishment  of  a  perma- 
nent and  universal  zoological  nomenclature,  it  must  be  premised  that  we 
refer  solely  to  the  Latin  or  systematic  language  of  zoology.  We  have  noth- 
ing to  do  with  vernacular  appellations.  One  great  cause  of  the  neglect  and 
corruption  which  prevails  in  the  scientific  nomenclature  of  zoology  has  been 
the  frequent  and  often  exclusive  use  of  vernacular  names  in  lieu  of  the  Latin 
binomial  designations,  which  form  the  only  legitimate  language  of  systematic 
zoology.  Let  us  then  endeavor  to  render  perfect  the  Latin  or  Linnaean 
method  of  nomenclature,  which,  being  far  removed  from  the  scope  of 
national  vanities  and  modern  antipathies,  holds  out  tlie  only  hope  of  intro- 
ducing into  zoology  that  grand  desideratum,  an  universal  language."  (Z?. 
A.  Code,  1842.) 

Principle  III.  Scientific  names  are  of  the  Latin  form  or 
language,  and  when  deriv^ed  from  another  language  are  to  be 
Latinized  in  form  ;  but  names  which  have  been  used  in  zoologi- 
cal nomenclature  as  if  they  were  Latin  words  cannot  be  changed 
or  rejected,  if  they  are  otherwise  unobjectionable. 

Remarks. — The  above  principle  bears  upon  a  large  number  of  names, 
not  only  specific  but  also  generic,  and  seems  to  require  extended  comment, 
especially  as  there  is  no  uniformity  of  practice  among  zoologists  with  regard 
to  this  class  of  names,  which  includes  barbarisms  of  every  kind. 

"A  pernicious  practice,  of  very  old  date,  exists,  of  applying  to  species 
names  not  only  of  barbarous  origin,  but  without  Latinization,  and  totally 
destitute  of  eupliony.  These  are  chiefly  the  local  appellation  of  some  savage 
tribe  for  tlie  organism  designated.     Thus,  we  have  Hyperoodon  hitzkopf  Gray, 


20 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


UalcBua  ischiekagliuk  and  B.  aganiachtschik  Pallas,  etc."  (Dall,  Repay t, 
p.  54.)  Much  as  the  infliction  of  such  names  upon  science  is  to  be  regretted 
lor  the  past,  and  sedulously  as  it  should  be  avoided  in  the  future,  there  ap- 
pears to  be  no  way  by  which  such  barbarisms  can  be  changed  or  rejected, 
consistently  with  the  rule  requiring  rigid  adherence  to  the  original  orthog- 
raphy of  names.  Having  been  introduced  in  the  science  as  if  tJiey  luere 
Latin  words,  that  is  to  say,  as  a  part  of  a  Latin  binomial  designation,  they 
are  best  treated  simply  as  if  misspelled  or  wrongly  constructed  :  which  fault, 
in  the  judgment  of  the  Committee,  does  not. require  rejection,  or  even  emen- 
dation. 

The  case  is  otherwise  with  a  class  of  names  of  which  patelle  viricfe,  cited 
by  Dall,  after  liourguignat,  may  be  taken  in  illustration.  This  is  not,  nor  is 
it  intended  to  be,  a  Latin  binomial  introduced  in  zo(ilogical  nomenclature  at 
all,  having  no  more  standing  than  '  green  limpet '  could  have  in  the  language 
of  science.  It  is  simply  a  French  vernacular  name,  however  similar  in  sound 
and  shape  to  Patella  vifidis,  and  is  not  prc>pcrly  within  the  scope  of  zoologi- 
cal nomenclature. 

The  examples  of  Hyperoodon  buizkopf  and  patelle  viride  represent  two 
large  classes  of  cases  01  which  they  respectively  furnish  a  criterion.  Names 
of  the  former  class  are  not  to  be  modified  or  rejected ;  names  of  the  latter 
class  form  no  part  of  zoological  nomenclature,  and  are  not  to  be  considered 
at  all.     (See  Dall,  Report^  p.  54.) 

Principle  IV.  Zoological  nomenclature  has  no  necessary 
connection  with  botanical  nomenclature,  and  names  given  in 
one  of  these  two  systems  cannot  conflict  with  those  of  the  other 
system  ;  use  of  a  name  in  Botany,  therefore,  does  not  prevent 
its  subsequent  use  in  Zoology. 

Remarks  — This  has  relation  to  one  of  the  most  mooted  points  among 
naturalists,  and  is  intended  to  determine  the  question  whether  or  not  the 
use  of  a  name  in  Botany  shall  prevent  its  subsequent  employ  in  Zoology. 
The  duplication  of  names  in  the  two  great  branches  of  biology,  though 
highly  undesirable  and  to  be  sedulously  avoided,  is  no  sufficient  reason  for 
the  rejection  of  a  name  which  has  once  been  introduced  in  either  system  of 
nomenclature.  In  this  particular.  Zoology  may  ignore  botanical  names 
without  ill  result.  While  it  is  quite  true  that  "the  principles  and  forms  of 
nomenclature  should  be  as  similar  as  possible  in  Botany  and  Zoology"  (De 
Caxdolle),  it  is  no  less  true  that  "the  manner  in  which  Botany  and  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  Zoology  have  reached  their  present  state,  being  far  from 
uniform,  and  the  nature  of  the  organisms  treated  of  being  dissimilar,  an  ab- 
solute identity  in  the  application  of  nomenclature  is  impracticable,  even  if  it 
were  wholly  desirable,"  though  ''the  fundamental  principles  and  the  end  to 
be  attained  are  the  same  in  both  branches  of  study."     (Dall,  Rep.^  p.  23.) 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  21 

In  the  original  Stricklandian  Code  the  'Rules 'were  restricted  in  their 
application  to  Zoology,  and  this  restricted  scope  of  the  '  Rules '  was  explicitly 
reaffirmed  in  the  '  Recommendations '  prefixed  to  the  Revised  Code  by  the 
Bath  Committee  of  the  British  Association  in  1865,  as  follows  :  "I.  That 
Botany  should  not  be  introduced  in  the  Stricklandian  Code  and  Recom- 
mendations." 

The  A.  O.  U.  Committee  reiterates  this  decision,  and  constructs  its 
canons  without  reference  to  Botany,  conformably  with  the  usage  of  British 
zoologists,  though  the  rules  adopted  both  by  the  Societd  Zoologique  da 
France,  in  18S1,  and  the  Congrc;s  Gcologique  International,  in  1S82,  are  in- 
tended to  apply  alike  to  Zoology  and  Botany.  Dall's  essay  also  discusses 
both  together. 

Since  botanists  do  not  reject  names  because  previously  used  in  Zoology 
and  indeed  pay  little  regard  to  the  duplication  of  names  in  the  two  king- 
doms,^ there  is  little  reason  for  the  re jectiun  by  zoologists  of  names  used  in 
Zoology  on  account  of  their  prior  use  in  Botany.  While  there  has  been 
heretofore  a  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  action  of  zoologists  in  this  matter,  and 
an  increasing  tendency  to  ignore  the  B.  A.  rule  requiring  the  rejection  Oi 
names  in  Zoology  preoccupied  in  Botany, — and  as  to  make  the  rejection  or 
adoption  uniform  would  in  either  casp  require  not  far  from  an  equal  number 
of  changes  (in  neither  case  many),  —  the  adoption  of  this  principle  is  urged 
without  hesitation. 

Principle  V.  A  name  is  only  a  name,  having  no  meaning 
until  invested  with  one  by  being  user!  as  the  handle  of  a  fact ; 
and  the  meaning  of  a  name  so  used,  in  zoological  nomencla- 
ture, does  not  depend  upon  its  signification  in  any  other  con- 
nection. 

Remarks.  — The  bearing  of  this  principle  upon  the  much  desired  Jixtfy  of 
names  in  Zoology,  and  its  tendency  to  check  those  confusing  changes  which 
are  too  often  made  upon  philological  grounds,  or  for  reasons  of  ease,  ele- 
gance, or  what  not,  may  be  best  illustrated  by  the  following  quotation  :  — 

"  It  being  admitted  on  all  hands  that  words  are  only  the  conventional  signs 
of  ideas,  it  is  evident  that  language  can  only  attain  its  end  effectually  by 
being  permanently  established  and  generally  recognized.  This  consideration 
ought,  it  would  seem,  to  have  checked  those  who  are  continually  attempting 
to  subvert  the  established  language  of  zoology  by  substituting  terms  of  their 
own  coinage.  But,  forgetting  the  true  nature  of  language,  they  persist  in 
confounding  the  name  of  a  species  or  [other]  group  with  its  definition;  and 
because  the  former  often  falls  short  of  the  fulness  of  expression  found  in  the 

'  De  Candolle  advises  botanists  to  "avoid  making  choice  of  names  used  in 
Zoology." 


22  CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

latter,  they  cancel  it  without  hesitation,  and  introduce  some  new  term  which 
appears  to  them  more  characteristic,  but  which  is  utterly  unknown  to  the 
science,  and  is  therefore  devoid  of  any  authority.*  If  these  persons  were  to 
object  to  such  names  of  men  as  Lon^,  Utile,  Armstrong,  Golightly,  etc.,  in 
cases  where  they  fail  to  apply  to  the  individuals  who  bear  them,  or  should 
complain  of  the  names  Goiigh,  Laivrcnce,  or  Harvey,  that  they  were  devoid 
of  meaning,  and  should  hence  propose  to  change  them  for  more  characteris- 
tic appellations,  they  would  not  act  more  unphilosophically  or  inconsider- 
ately than  they  do  in  the  case  before  us  ;  for,  in  truth,  it  matters  not  in  the 
least  by  what  conventional  sound  we  agree  to  designate  an  individual  object, 
provided  the  sign  to  be  employed  be  stamped  with  such  an  authority  as  will 
suffice  to  make  it  pass  current."     (^B.  A.  Code,  1842.) 

These  words,  which  in  the  original  lead  up  to  the  consideration  of  the 
*  law  of  priority,'  seem  equally  sound  and  pertinent  in  connection  with  the 
above  principle  of  wider  scope. 


B.    Canons  of  Zoological  Nomenclature. 

§  I.    Of  the  Kinds  of  Names  in  Zoology. 


Canon  I.  Zoological  nomenclature  includes  two  kinds  of 
names  :  (i)  Common  names  definitive  of  the  relative  rank  of 
groups  in  the  scale  of  classification  ;  (2)  Proper  nanus  appella- 
tive of  each  group  of  organisms. 

Remarks.  —  f^-  g-i  Familia  Falconidce.  Here  the  name  Familia  is 
definitive  of  the  relative  rank  oi  Falconidce  in  the  scale  of  classification  ;  and 
FalconidcE  is  appellative  of  that  particular  group  of  organisms,  i.  e.,  of  the 
family. 

The  vast  majority  of  names  in  Zoology  are  of  the  second  kind,  or  proper 
names,  and  it  is  to  the  correct  use  of  these  that  nearly  all  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  nomenclature  solely  apply.  Common  names  are  very  few,  being 
merely  those  of  the  score  or  more  of  taxonomic  groups,  successively  sub- 
ordinated in  a  certain  manner,  into  which  zoologists  have  divided  animal 
organisms  from  'kingdom'  to  •individual'  Proper  names,  on  the  other 
hand,  number  several  hundred  thousand. 

The  common  names  most  firmly  established  among  English-speaking  zool- 
ogists are  the  following  :  Regnum,  Classis,  Ordo,  Familia,  Genus,  Species^ 
Varietas,  in  regular  descent  from  the  most  general  or  comprehensive  to  the 

1  "Linnaeus  says  on  this  subject:  'Abstinendum  ab  hac  innovatione quae  nun- 
quam  cessaret,  quia  indies  aptiora  detegerentur  ad  infinitum.'  " 


m 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


23 


most  particular  or  restricted.  Between  all  these,  however,  intermediate 
groups  are  commonly  recognized,  and  distinguished  by  the  prefix  sub-  or 
super- ;  as,  sub-ordo,  supcr-familia.  Among  these  common  names  those  in 
most  general  employ  are  Siibordo,  Sitbfamilia,  Subgenus,  and  Subspecies. 
Several  other  common  names  are  in  use,  but  to  a  limited  extent,  and  with- 
out that  definiteness  of  signification  which  attaches  to  the  rest,  since  they 
are  used  for  groups  of  very  different  relative  rank  by  different  authors,  while 
the  taxonomic  subordination  of  the  others  is  practically  fixed.  Such  com- 
mon names  are  P/iy/um,  Tribus,  Lcgio,  Co/tors,  Phalanx^  Scctio,  etc. 

'•The  al)ove  terms  are  more  or  less  generally  accepted;  the  relative  values 
being  more  fully  and  generally  recognized  in  Botany  than  in  Zoology.  In 
the  literature  of  the  latter  branch  some  of  the  terms  above  mentioned  are 
rarely  found,  though  by  no  means  unnecessary  for  careful  discrimination. 
The  term  Tribe  [and  also  Cohort,  Section,  etc.]  in  Zoology  has  been  used 
with  several  different  values.  In  this,  as  in  other  respects,  the  inchoate 
condition  of  zoological  nomenclature  as  compared  with  that  of  Botany  is 
clearly  apparent."     (Dall,  AV/.,  p.  24.) 

Considering  that  fixity  and  precision  are  as  desirable  here  as  elsewhere 
in  nomenclature,  the  following  scale  of  common  names  is  recommended 
as  adequate  to  all  practical  requirements  of  even  a  refined  system  of  classi- 
fication :  — 


I.   Recnuvi :  Kingdom. 


Subregnum ;  Subkingdom. 
Classis :  Class. 
Subclassis  :  Subclass. 
Super  or  do  :  Superorder. 
Ordo :  Order. 
Subordo :  Suborder. 


3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 

8.   Superfamilia :  Superfamily. 


9.  Familia :  Family. 

10.  Subfamilia :  Subfamily. 

11.  Genus :  Genus. 

12.  Subgenus:  Subgenus. 

13.  Species:  Species. 

14.  Subspecies :  Subspecies. 

15.  Varietas :  Variety. 

16.  Animal :  Individual. 


Canon  II.  All  members  f  any  one  group  in  Zoology  are  in- 
cluded in  and  compose  the  next  higher  group,  and  no  inversion 
of  the  relative  rank  of  groups  is  admissible. 

Remarks.  —  Thus,  all  individuals  belong  to  a  species,  all  species  to  a 
genus,  all  genera  to  a  family,  all  families  to  an  order,  all  orders  to  a  class  ; 
and  so  also  of  the  other  (intermediate)  groups  given  under  head  of  the  pre- 
ceding Canon. 

"  The  definition  of  each  of  these  terms  or  [common]  names  of  groups  va- 
ries, up  to  a  certain  point,  according  to  the  state  of  science  or  the  views  of 
the  individual  writer  using  them,  but  their  relative  rank,  sanctioned  by  usage, 
cannot  be  inverted.  No  classification  containing  inversions,  such  as  a  di- 
vision of  a  genus  into  families,  or  of  a  species  into  genera,  car.  be  admitted." 
(De  Candolle,  as  rendered  by  Dall,  Rep.,  p.  25.) 


24  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

Canon  III.  Proper  names  of  groups  above  genera  consist 
preferably  of  a  single  word,  taken  as  a  noun  and  in  the  nomina- 
tive plural. 

Remarks.  —  It  seems  to  the  Committee  highly  desirable  that  the  proper 
names  of  groups  of  whatever  grade,  down  to  (but  not  including)  species, 
should  be  expressed  in  one  word,  to  be  considered  as  a  nominative  plural 
noun,  standing  alone,  though  grammatically,  in  fact,  it  may  be  an  adjective 
or  an  adjectival  form.  This  would  do  away  witli  any  change  of  termination 
according  to  gender,  depending  upon  implied  agreement  with  some  unex- 
pressed noun,  as  Aves,  Pisces,  etc.,  and  bring  all  names  of  groups  higher 
than  genera  into  one  grammatical  category  with  single-word  generic  names, 
the  latter  being  always  in  the  singular,  all  the  former  plural. 

The  practice  prevails  to  some  extent  of  naming  groups  higher  than  genera 
in  two  or  even  three  words  ;  as,  Passeres  acromyodi,  Oscines  sciitelliplan- 
tares.  This  usage  is  chiefly  confined  to  intermediate  groups,  as  super- 
families  or  suborders,  or  those  groups  of  no  fixed  rank  called  '  tribes,'  or 
'section?.'  While  it  is  not  highly  objectionable,  it  is  preferably  avoided, 
a  single  nominative  plural  noun  being  considered  adequate  to  meet  all  the 
reasonable  requirements  of  such  cases. 

Canon  IV.  Proper  names  of  families  uniformly  consist  of  a 
single  word  ending  in  -idee;  of  subfamilies,  of  a  single  word 
ending  in  -iiice ;  of  other  groups,  of  one  word  or  more  of  no 
fixed  termination. 

Remarks.  —  The  above  Canon  s^ts  forth  the  now  wellnigh  universal 
usage  of  zoologists  as  recommended  in  the  following  terms  by  the  B.  A. 
Code,  1842:  — 

"  B.  It  is  recommended  that  the  assemblages  of  genera  termed  families 
should  be  uniformly  named  by  adding  the  termination  -idee  to  the  earliest 
known  or  most  typically  characterized  genus  in  them  ;  and  that  their  sub- 
divisions, termed  subfatnilies,  should  be  similarly  constructed,  with  the  ter- 
mination -itlCE. 

"  These  words  are  formed  by  changing  the  last  syllable  of  the  genitive 
case  into  -idee  or  -ince ;  as,  St  fix,  Siri^i^is,  StrigidcB  j  Buceros,  Bucerotis, 
Buceroiidcp,  not  Strixidce,  Bitceridcp^ 

It  is  a  frequent  misconception,  arising  perhaps  from  some  confounding 
of  -id(z  with  -oidcE,  —  a  mistake  which  at  least  one  of  the  great  dictionaries 
oc  the  English  language  makes  throughout,  —  that  -ida  is  derived  from  the 
Greek  ciSos,  signifying  likeness  ;  but,  hke  -ince,  -idee  is  simply  an  adjectival 
patronymic  termination. 

The  practical  convenience  of  having  a  fixed  termination  of  the  family  and 
subfamily  name  respectively  is  great  and  obvious.     It  were  much  to  be 


rUIN'CIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RFXOMMENDATIONS.  25 

desired,  but  it  is  idle  to  hope,  and  futile  to  attempt,  the  introduction  of  simi- 
lar uniformity  in  the  terminations  of  t'.ie  names  of  otiier  "[roups.  Evidence  of 
tlie  desirableness  and  of  the  tendency  are  witnessed,  for  example,  in  those 
Cuvierian  names  of  hirds  which  end  uniformly  in  -rosircs ;  and  of  those 
Huxleian  divisions  terminating  in  -trorphce.  Several  zoologists  have  used 
-oiihr,  'Ccp,  etc.,  to  characterize  groups  of  a  particular  grade.  But  such  usage 
is  far  from  uniform  or  universal;  the  reverse  is  current;  and  names  of 
sjroups  (excepting  of  families  and  subfamilies)  ending  indiscriminately  are 
too  thoroughly  ingrained  in  the  science  to  be  eradicated  without  violence  to 
the  cardinal  rules  of  nomenclature.  It  must  suffice  that  names  of  super- 
generic  groups  be  held  for  nouns  in  the  nominative  plural. 

Canon  V.  Proper  names  of  families  and  subfamilies  take 
the  tenable  name  of  some  genus,  preferably  the  leading  one, 
which  these  groups  respectively  contain,  with  change  of  termi- 
nation into  -idcc  or  -incs.  When  a  generic  name  becomes  a 
synonym,  a  current  family  or  subfamily  name  based  upon  such 
generic  name  becomes  untenable. 

Remarks.  — A  practice  has  prevailed,  to  some  limited  extent,  of  coining 
names  of  families  and  subfamilies  without  reference  to  any  generic  name. 
This  is  reprehensible  ;  and  equally  so  is  the  practice  of  retaining  for  such 
groups  a  name  derived  from  that  of  a  genus  which  belongs  to  another  family 
or  subfamily,  or  which  for  any  reason  has  lapsed  into  a  synonym,  or  been 
found  otherwise  untenable  :  the  genus  Sylvicola  being  untenable  in  Orni- 
thology, no  group  of  birds  can  be  named  Sylvicolids  or  Sylvicolinae. 

Canon  VI.  Proper  names  of  genera  and  subgenera  are  single 
words,  preferably  nouns,  or  to  be  taken  as  such,  in  the  nomi- 
native singular,  of  no  definite  construction  and  no  necessary 
signification. 

Remarks.  —  All  t'lat  relates  to  the  grammatical  or  philological  proprie- 
ties, to  elegance,  euphony,  appropriateness  or  the  reverse,  is  not  necessarily 
pertinent  to  zoological  nomenclature.  A  generic  name  is  not  necessarily 
of  classical  origin,  or  even  in  Latin  form,  if  only  it  be  used  as  if  it  were  a 
Latin  word,  conformably  with  rules  of  nomenclature.^  (This  results  from 
Principle  V.) 

•  But  this  concession  must  not  be  construed  as  giving  admission  to  vernacular 
names  formed  from  a  classical  root,  like  many  generic  names  introduced  by  the  Cu- 
viers,  Lesson,  and  notably  ether  French  writers  of  the  early  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury. Such  names  have  in  many  cases  been  later  adopted  into  the  science  under  a 
proper  classical  form,  and  should  take  date  only  from  this  later  introduction. 


26 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATLKE. 


k 


"These  names  may  be  taken  from  any  source  whatever,  or  may  be  framed 
in  an  absolutely  arbitrary  manner 

*'  I)e  CandoUe  justly  remarks  that  it  is  with  generic  names  as  with  our 
patronymics.  Many  surnames  are  inconvenient,  or  even  absurd,  from  bear- 
ing an  adjectival  form,  from  having  an  inapplicable  meaning,  on  account 
of  being  difficult  to  pronounce,  or  for  some  other  reason.  Uut,  since  they 
actually  exist,  why  should  'iieybe  changed?  It  is  not  the  end  of  Science 
to  make  names  :  she  avails  herself  of  them  to  distinguish  things.  If  a  name 
is  properly  formed,  and  different  from  other  names,  the  essential  points  are 
attaired. 

"  Generic  names  may  be  taken  from  certain  characters  or  appearances  of 
the  group,  from  the  chief  habitat,  names  of  persons,  common  names,  and 
even  arbitrary  combinations  of  letters.  It  is  enough  if  they  are  properly 
constructed,  and  do  not  lead  to  confusion  or  error."     (Dall,  Rcp.^  p.  27.) 

In  heartily  indorsing  the  tenor  of  the  above  extracts,  we  would  neverthe- 
Icf:  understand  the  expressions  '  properly  formed '  and  '  properly  con- 
structed' to  mean  rather  ' contextually  correct';  /.  e.,  the  name  to  be  a 
'generic'  word  within  the  common  meaning  of  that  term  in  the  binomial 
nomenclature,  to  be  put  in  the  place  of  a  generic  term,  and  to  be  used  as 
a  Latin  word,  whatever  its  actual  '  form '  or  '  construction.' 

Canon  VII.  Proper  names  of  all  groups  in  Zoology,  from 
kingdom  to  subgenus,  both  inclusive,  are  wrirten  and  printed 
with  a  capital  initial  letter. 

Remark.  —  The  universal  usage,  and  one  of  the  ear-marks  by  which  a 
professional  zoologist  may  be  known  from  a  literary  person  who  uses  zoologi- 
cal nomenclature  occasionally. 

Canon  VIII.  Proper  names  of  species,  and  of  subspecies  or 
'varieties,'  are  single  words,  simple  or  coiripound,  preferably 
adjectival  or  genitival,  or  taken  as  such,  when  practicable  agree-, 
ing  in  gender  and  number  with  any  generic  name  with  which 
they  are  associated  in  binomial  or  trinomial  nomenclature,  and 
written  with  a  small  initial  letter. 

Remarks. — There  is  no  inherent  zoological  difference  between  a  'ge- 
neric' and  a  'specific'  name,  —  the  nomen generiaim  and  the  nomen  triviale 
of  earlier  zoologists.  Both  alike  designate  a  'group'  in  Zoology, — the 
one  a  group  of  greater,  the  other  a  group  of  lesser  classificatory  value. 
Some  necessary  distinction,  which  has  been  misconceived  to  exist  between 
these  two  names,  is  simply  a  fortuitous  matter  of  the  technique  of  nomencla- 
ture, apparently  arising  from  the  circumstance  that  the  generic  and  the 
specific  names  form  the  contrasted  though  connected  terms  of  a  binomial 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  2^ 

desi-mation.  Recognition  of  the  scientific  fact,  that  a  '  species,'  so  called,  is 
not  a  fixed  and  special  creation,  as  long  supposed,  but  simply  a  group  of  the 
same  intrinsic  character  as  that  called  a  '  genus,'  though  usually  less  exten- 
sive and  always  of  a  lower  taxonomic  rank,  has  done  more  than  any  other 
single  thing  to  advance  the  science  of  Zoology  ;  for  the  whole  theory  of  evo- 
lution turns,  as  it  were,  upon  this  point. 

It  is  therefore  obvious  that  nearly  all  that  has  been  afihrmed  of  generic 
names  may  be  here  reaffirmed  of  specific  names.  Points  requiring  further 
comment  are  comparatively  trivial,  and  purely  technical. 

Specific  and  subspecific  names  (here  conveniently  treated  together,  as 
were  generic  and  subgeneric  names)  differ  from  the  names  of  higher  groups 
chiefly  in  the  fact,  that  as  a  rule  they  are  adjectives,  not  nouns,  or  at  least  of 
such  adjectival  character  as  the  genitive  case  of  a  noun  implies.  But  even 
to  this  distinction  tlie  exceptions  are  many.  Specific  names,  like  Latin 
adjectives,  unlike  generic  ones,  are  liable  to  change  of  termination  to  agree 
in  "-ender  with  the  generic  names  with  which  they  may  be  coupled.  Again, 
like  Latin  nouns,  they  are  declinable,  and  may  take  a  genitive  case,  singular 
or  plural  (but  the  plural  is  comparatively  rare:  e. g.^  Icterus  parisorum^ 
Mci^alama  jnarshallorum,  Passerciilus  sanctorum).  In  many  cases,  no 
grammatical  agreement  with  the  associated  generic  name  is  possible.  This 
occurs  when  the  word  is  barbarous  and  not  Latinized,  and  also  when  it  is  a 
Latin  or  Latinized  noun  in  the  nominative  case. 

Specific  names  have  the  peculiarity  that,  though  they  are  always  single 
words,  in  effect,  they  may  be  so  loosely  compounded  as  to  take  a  hyphen, 
and  therefore  seem  like  two  words.  E.  g.^  Archibiiteo  saiicti-johannis,  Ca- 
loptenus  fcmnr-rubrum.  Among  strict  binomialists,  in  some  departments  of 
Zoology,  especially  Entomology,  the  propriety  of  the  actual  appearance  of  three 
Aords  in  a  binomial  designation  has  been  questioned.  *' The  usage  of  a 
third  word,  however,  connected  with  the  second  by  a  hyphen,  as  is  common 
and  desirable  in  the  case  of  gall-insects,  e.  g.,  Cynips  qucrcns-palustris.,  is  not 
to  be  considered  an  infraction  of  this  [the  binomial]  rule."  (C.  V.  Riley.) 
Professor  Riley  says  further,  in  the  same  connection :  "  In  some  cases,  as 
in  the  names  of  gall-insects,  it  has  become  the  custom  to  indicate  the  plant 
upon  which  the  gall  occurs,  by  combining  the  name  of  the  plant  with  the 
specific  name  of  the  insect.  Such  indication  is  desirable  and  useful ;  .  .  .  . 
and  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  combined  specific  name,  whether  the  botani- 
cal term  be  abbreviated  or  in  full,  should  be  looked  upon  as  one  [loosely 
compounded]  word." 

There  being  no  necessary  intrinsic  difference  between  a  generic  and  a  spe- 
cific name,  zoologists  have  sought  to  make  an  artificial  distinction  by  using  a 
small  or  'lower-case '  letter  for  the  initial  of  every  specific  name,  the  capitals 
being  confined  to  generic  and  higher  names.  The  old  practice  was  differ- 
ent, substantive  specific  names,  especially  those  derived  from  names  of  per- 
sons or  places,  being  written  with  a  capital.     The  practice  still  prevails  in 


28 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


Botany,  but  zoologists  are  about  equally  divided  on  this  score.  The  case  of 
"specific  names  to  he  written  with  a  small  initial,"  was  formulated  in  the 
original  15.  A.  Code  as  follows  :  — 

*'A  convenient ///i-///t;r/Vz  technica  may  be  effected  by  adoptin^j  our  next 
proposition.  It  has  been  usual,  when  the  titles  of  species  are  derived  from 
proper  names,  to  write  them  witli  a  capital  letter,  and  hence  when  the  spe- 
cific name  is  used  alone  it  is  liable  to  be  accidentally  mist;iken  for  the  name 
of  a  jjenus.  Ihit  if  the  title  of  a  species  were  invariably  written  with  a  small 
initial,  and  tiiose  of  genera  with  a  capita^  the  eye  would  at  once  distin;,'uish 
the  rank  of  the  group  referred  to.  and  a  possiI)le  source  of  error  would  be 
avoided.  It  should  further  be  remembered  that  all  species  are  cquil  [?]  and 
should  therefore  be  written  all  alike.     We  suggest  then,  that 

"§  C.  Specific  names  should  always  be  written  with  a  small  initial  letter,  even 
when  derived  from  persons  or  places,  and  generic  names  should  always  be  written 
with  a  capital."     {/A  ^^.  Code,  1842.) 

This  suggestion  appears  to  have  been  very  generally  adopted,  by  Brit- 
ish zoologists  especially,  and  of  later  years  by  many  of  those  of  America. 
But  the  framers  of  the  Revised  Code,  in  1865,  cancelled  it,  in  the  following 
terms  :  — 

"  VI.  The  recommendation,  '  Specific  names  to  be  written  with  a  small  initial.' 
The  Committee  propose  that  this  recommendation  should  be  omitted.  It  is  not  of 
great  importance,  and  may  be  safely  left  to  naturalists  to  deal  with  as  they  think  fit." 
(Recommendations  of  the  Bath  Committee,  B.  A.,  1S65.  [§  C.  and  its  preamble,  of  the 
Original  B.  A.  Code,  are  accordingly  omitted  in  the  Revised  B.  A.  Code.]) 

The  code  of  the  French  Zoological  Society,  and  that  of  the  International 
Zoological  Congress,  each  leaves  the  writer  free  to  follow  his  own  preference 
in  this  matter. 

Your  Committee  agrees  that  it  is  a  trivial  matter,  hardly  to  enter  into  a 
canon  of  nomenclature.  But  its  preference  is  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  uni- 
form use  of  the  lower  case,  and,  feeling  called  upon  to  express  ics  view,  it 
has  embodied  it  in  the  above  Canon,  without  in  the  least  insisting  upon  its 
importance. 

Canon  IX.  Proper  names  do  not  attach  to  individual  organ- 
isms, nor  to  groups  of  lower  grade  than  subspecies  ;  names 
which  may  be  applied  to  hybrids,  to  monstrosities  or  other  in- 
dividual peculiarities,  or  to  artificial  varieties,  such  as  domestic 
breeds  of  animals,  having  no  status  in  zoological  nomenclature. 

Remark.  —  Such  organisms,  having  no  natural  permanent  existence,  need 
no  recognition  by  name  in  a  zoological  .system. 


v-^i; 


A. 


PKINCIl'LES,  CANONS,  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS.  29 


§  2.    Of  the  Binomial  System  as  a  Phase  of  Zoological 

Nomenclature. 

Few  naturalists,  whctlicr  botanists  or  zoologists,  appear  to  have  consid- 
ereil  the  binomial  system  of  naming  objects  as  aiight  else  than  the  perma- 
nent heritage  of  science,  the  entire  superstructure  of  which  should  be  built 
with  the  binomial  nomenclature  as  the  corner-stone,  and  the  wiiole  language 
of  which  should  conform  to  the  requirements  of  an  inflexible  binomial  sys- 
tem.    From  this  position  your  Committee  recedes  with  emphasis. 

The  Committee  considers  that  the  rigidity  and  inelasticity  of  that  system, 
which  has  been  followed  for  more  than  a  century,  unfits  it  for  the  adequate 
expression  of  modern  conceptions  in  Zoology,  and  that  therefore  a  strict 
adherence  to  it  is  a  hindrance  rather  than  a  help  to  the  progress  of  science. 
It  believes  that  strict  binomialism  in  nomenclature  has  had  its  day  of 
greatest  usefulness  and  necessary  existence  ;  and  that  at  present  it  can  only 
be  allowed  equal  place  in  nomenclature  by  the  side  of  that  more  flexible, 
elastic,  and  adequate  system  of  trinomials  to  which  the  Committee  hopes 
that  your  action  upon  its  Report  will  give  formal  place  among  the  Canons 
of  nomenclature. 

The  proper  place  and  office  of  binomials  may  be  formulated  in  the  follow- 
ing Canon. 


o 


Canon  X.  Binomial  nomenclature  consists  in  applying  to 
every  individual  organism,  and  to  the  aggregate  of  such  organ- 
isms not  known  now  to  intergrade  in  physical  characters  with 
other  organisms,  two  names,  one  of  which  expresses  the  specific 
distinctness  of  the  organism  from  all  others,  the  other  its  super- 
specific  indistinctness  from,  or  generic  identity  with,  certain 
other  organisms,  actual  or  implied  ;  the  former  name  being 
the  specific,  the  latter  the  generic  designation  ;  the  two  to- 
gether constituting  the  technical  name  of  any  specifically  dis- 
tinct organism. 

Remarks.  —  The  Committee  finds  little  or  nothing  to  cite  in  illustration 
or  amplification  of  this  Canon.  The  binomial  nomenclature  having  been 
considered  indispensable  and  all-sufficient,  —  in  sliort  as  a  foregone  conclu- 
sion,—  it  has  received  abounding  indiscriminate  praise,  but  little  searching 
and  discriminating  criticism.  Your  Committee  is  far  from  venturing  to  do 
away  with  it  at  present.  It  has  attempted  to  define  it  with  more  strict- 
ness than  has  perhaps  been  done  before,  and  by  so  doing  to  limit  its  opera- 
tion to  those  cases  in  which  it  may  still  be  found  useful.     The  system  is, 


30  CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

moreover,  so  well  understood,  that  what  might  be  further  said  here  may 
be  best  brought  into  the  discussion,  beyond,  of  the  starting-point  of  nomen- 
clature and  of  the  law  of  priority. 


§  3.    Of  the  Trinomial  System  as  a  Phase  of  Zoological 

Nomcnclatuye. 

Canon  XI.  Trinomial  nomenclature  consists  in  applying  to 
every  individual  organism,  and  to  the  aggregate  of  such  organ- 
isms known  now  to  intergrade  in  physical  characters,  three 
names,  one  of  which  expresses  the  subspecific  distinctness  of 
the  organism  from  all  other  organisms,  and  the  other  two 
of  which  express  respectively  its  specific  indistinctness  from, 
or  generic  identity  with,  certain  other  organisms  ;  the  first  of 
these  names  being  the  subspecific,  the  second  the  specific, 
and  the  third  the  generic  designation  ;  the  three,  written  con- 
secutively, without  the  intervention  of  any  other  word,  term, 
or  sign,  constituting  the  technical  name  of  any  siibspecifically 
distinct  organism. 

Remarks.  —  This  Canon,  the  Committee  knows,  directly  contravenes  the 
letter  of  tiie  B.  A.  Code,  and  also,  it  '  leves,  all  previous  codes  of  nomen- 
clatural  rules ;  but  it  feels  prepared  maintain  that  it  is  not  antagonistic 
to  the  B.  A.  or  any  other  code,  bein:'  conceived  strictly  in  the  whole  spirit 
and  tenor  of  the  binomial  system,  though  contrary  to  its  letter.  It  evidently 
amplifies,  increases  the  effective  force  of,  and  lends  a  new  precision  to,  the 
old  system.  It  is  also  plainly  but  a  step  in  the  direction  of  brevity,  con- 
venience, and  explicitness,  from  the  common  but  awkward  practice  of  sepa- 
rating the  third  term,  in  the  names  of  subspecies  or  varieties,  from  the  second 
or  specific  term  by  the  interpolation  of  '  var.,'  which  in  several  codes  is  for- 
mally provided  for  by  special  rules.  The  practice  of  indicating  subspecies, 
as  distinguished  from  species,  by  trinomials,  has  already  come  into  nearly 
universal  use  with  American  ornithologists  and  mammalogists,  and  is  em- 
ployed to  some  extent  by  other  American  zoologists.  The  system  appears 
also  to  have  found  much  favor  among  British  and  other  foreign  ornitholo- 
gists of  high  standing,  some  of  whom  have  already  employed  it  in  their  pub- 
lications. It  seems  likely  to  supply  a  present  want,  and  subserve,  at  least 
for  a  time,  a  very  useful  purpose. 

Your  Committee's  reasons  for  adopting  the  system  for  the  class  of  cases  to 
which  it  is  adapted  have  already  been  formally  enunciated  in  this  Report 
(p.  i6),  in  an  extract  from  the  minutes  of  its  meetings. 


?&ii 


1 


i 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


31 


The  rules  for  the  practical  handling  of  trinomials,  being  not  difiTerent  from 
those  for  the  use  of  binomials,  will  be  given  with  the  latter,  beyond,  under 
the  appropriate  heading. 

A  prevalent  misapprehension  respecting  the  meaning  and  office  of  the  tri- 
nomial system  may  be  here  corrected.  Trinomials  are  not  necessarilv  to  be 
used  for  those  slightly  distinct  and  scarcely  stable  forms  wliich  zoologists 
are  in  the  habit  of  calling  '  varieties ' ;  still  less  for  sports,  hybrids,  artificial 
breeds,  and  the  like  ;  nor  indeed  to  signalize  some  grade  or  degree  of  differ- 
ence which  it  may  be  desired  to  note  by  name,  but  which  is  not  deemed 
worthy  of  a  specific  designation.  The  system  proceeds  upon  a  sound  scien- 
tific principle,  underlying  one  of  the  most  important  zoological  problems  of 
the  day,  —  no  less  a  problem  than  that  of  the  variation  of  animals  under 
physical  conditions  of  environment,  and  thus  of  tlie  origin  of  species  itself. 
The  system  is  also  intimately  connected  with  the  whole  subject  of  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  animals  ;  it  being  found,  as  a  matter  of  experience, 
that  the  trinomial  system  is  particularly  pertinent  and  applicable  to  those 
geographical  'subspecies,'  'races,'  or  'varieties,'  which  have  become  recog- 
nizable as  such  through  their  modification  according  to  latitude,  longitude, 
elevation,  temperature,  humidity,  and  other  climatic  conditions.  Such  local 
forms  are  often  extremely  different  from  one  another ;  so  different,  in  fact, 
that,  were  they  not  known  to  blend  on  the  confines  of  their  respective  areas, 
they  would  commonly  be  rated  as  distinct  species.  This  large  and  pecu- 
liarly interesting  class  of  cases  seems  not  to  have  hitherto  been  adequately 
provided  for  in  the  stringency  of  binomial  nomenclature. 

It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  the  kind  or  quality,  not  the  degree  or  quan- 
fity,  of  difference  of  one  organism  from  another  determines  its  fitness  to  be 
named  trinomially  rather  than  binomially.  A  difference,  however  little,  that 
is  reasonably  constant,  and  therefore  '  specific '  in  a  proper  sense,  may  be 
fully  signalized  by  the  binomial  method.  Another  difference,  however  great 
in  its  extreme  manifestation,  that  is  found  to  lessen  and  disappear  when 
specimens  from  large  geographical  areas,  or  from  contiguous  faunal  regions, 
are  compared,  is  therefore  not  'specific,'  and  therefore  is  to  be  provided  for 
by  some  other  method  than  that  which  formally  recognizes  '  species'  as  the 
ultimate  factors  in  zoological  classification.  In  a  word,  intergradation  is  the 
touchstone  of  trinomialism. 

It  is  also  obvious,  that,  the  larger  the  series  of  specimens  handled,  the  more 
likely  is  intergradation  between  forms  supposed  to  be  distinct  to  be  estab- 
lished, if  it  exists.  This  is  perhaps  one  reason  why  trinomialism  has  been 
so  tardy  in  entering  nomenclature.  For  until  the  animals  of  large  areas  be- 
come well  known,  in  all  their  phases,  through  extensive  suites  of  specimens, 
neither  the  necessity  of  trinomialism,  nor  the  possibility  of  putting  it  to  the 
proper  test,  is  apparent.  It  is  gratifying  evidence,  therefore,  of  the  progress 
of  Ornithology,  and  of  the  position  attained  by  that  branch  of  science  in 
America,  that  the  members  of  an  American  Ornithological  Association  have 


J 


33  CODE   OF   NOMENCLATURE. 

it  -n  their  power  first  formally  to  enunciate  tlie  principles  of  the  new  method, 
the  practicability  of  which  they  have  already  demonstrated  to  their  fellow 
workers  in  Zoology. 


^  4.    0/  the  Beginning  of  Zoological  Nomenclature  proper,  and  of 
t/ie  Operation  of  the  Law  of  Priority. 

Canon  XII.  The  Law  of  Priority  begins  to  be  operative  at 
the  be;;inning  of  zoological  nomenclature. 

Remark.  —  This  Canon  will  be  disputed  by  no  one  who  observes  the 
law  of  priority  as  a  '  fundamental '  maxim.  The  date  to  be  assigned  is  quite 
another  matter,  on  which  great  difference  of  opinion  prevails. 

Canon  XIII.  Zoological  nomenclature  begins  at  1758,  the 
date  of  the  Xth  edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturae  '  of  Linnaeus. 

Remarks.  —  "With  regard  to  this  Canon,  the  utmost  diversity  of  opinion 
has  prevailed  among  botanists  as  well  as  zoologists,  and  the  Committee  de- 
sires it  to  be  subjected  to  searching  criticism.  It  will  first  offer  a  brief 
historical  resume^  mainly  derived  from  Dall  {Rep.,  pp.  41-44)  and  other 
sources,  covering  the  ground  of  Botany  as  well  as  Zoology. 

Nomenclatural  rules,  foreshadowed  by  Linnaeus  in  his  '  Fundamenta  En- 
tomologica,'  1736,  were  first  definitively  proposed  m  the  '  Philosophia  Bo- 
tanica,'  1751.  These  rules,  however,  related  almost  exclusively  to  the  generic 
name.  In  1745  he  first  employed  for  a  few  plants  a  specific  name  {nomen 
iriviale),  consisting  of  one  word,  in  contradistinction  from  the  polynomial 
description  which  had  been  as  a  rule  the  nomen  spccifiaan  of  naturalists. 
That  which  now  seems  the  most  happy  and  important  of  the  Linna^an 
ideas,  tlie  restriction  of  the  specific  name  as  now  understood,  appear,  to 
have  long  been  only  a  secondary  matter  with  him,  as  he  hardly  mentions 
the  nomen  triviale  in  his  works  up  to  1765.  In  1753,  in  the  '  Incrementa 
Botanices,'  while  dwelling  upon  his  own  reforms,  he  does  not  allude  to  bino- 
mial nomenclature.  In  the  'Systema  Naturns,'  ed.  x.,  1758,  the  binomial 
system  is  for  the  first  time  consistently  applied  to  all  classes  of  organisms 
(though  he  had  partially  adopted  it  in  1745)  ;  whence  many  naturalists  have 
regarded  the  tenth  edition  as  the  most  natural  starting-point.  The  system 
being  of  slow  and  intermittent  growth,  even  with  its  originator,  an  arbitrary 
starting-point  seems  necessary.  In  the  twelfth  edition,  1766-68,  numerous 
changes  and  reforms  are  instituted,  and  a  nuinber  of  his  earlier  names  are 
arbitrarily  changed.  In  fact,  L'.nnaeus  never  seems  to  have  regarded  specific 
names  as  subject  to  his  rules. 

It  must  be  noted  that  an  apparent  rather  than  a  real  distinction  has  been 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND    RECOMMENDATIONS. 


33 


observed,  especially  by  botanists,  between  the  citation  of  the  authority  for 
tl)e  names  of  genera,  and  that  belonging  to  specific  names.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century  a  few  botanists,  among  whom  Tournefort 
(Rei  Herbar.,  1749)  mav  be  especially  mentioned,  had  progressed  so  far  as 
to  recognize  and  name,  v  ler  the  title  of  genera,  groups  answering  essentially 
to  the  modern  idea  of  genera.  Linna2us  himself  adopted  a  number  of  these, 
using  the  names  of  Tournefort  and  others  as  authorities  after  the  generic 
name  adopted  by  himself.  In  this  the  great  Swede  has  been  almost  unani- 
mously followed  by  botanists,  though  such  names  take  date  only  from  the 
time  of  their  adoption  by  Linnasus  ;  very  few  authors,  Bentham  being  the 
most  prominent  of  them,  having  refused  to  cite  any  one  excepting  Linnaeus 
as  the  authority  for  such  genera. 

Whether  the  course  of  the  majority  be  considered  judicious  or  not,  it  is 
now  the  accepted  usage  in  Botany.  As  regards  names  in  general,  botanists 
appear  to  agree  in  adopting  the  date  of  the  Linncean  '  Species  Plantarum,' 
1753.  as  the  epoch  from  which  their  nomenclature  must  begin.  This  work 
contains  the  first  instance  of  the  consistent  use  of  the  fioinen  triviale,  subse- 
quent to  the  proposition  of  the  rules  in  the  '  Philosophia  Botanica,'  to  which 
modern  nomenclature  is  due. 

Binomial  designations  cannot,  of  course,  be  reasonably  claimed  to  antedate 
the  period  when  binomial  nomenclature,  in  a  scientific  sense,  was  invented  ; 
and,  in  spite  of  the  solitary  instance  of  1745,  no  good  reason  appears  for  ex- 
tending the  range  of  scientific  nomenclature  to  an  earlier  date  than  1751. 

(The  above  is  quoted  in  substance  from  Dall.) 

We  have  next  to  consider  the  action  of  the  Manchester  Committee  of  the 
British  Association  in  1842.  The  wording  of  the  original  B.  A.  Code  is  as 
follows :  — 

"  As  our  subject  matter  is  strictly  confined  to  the  binotnial  system  of  no- 
menclature., or  that  which  indicates  species  by  means  of  two  Latin  words,  the 
one  generic,  the  other  specfic,  and  as  this  invaluable  method  originated 
solely  with  Linnaeus,  it  is  clear  that,  as  far  as  species  are  concerned,  we 
ought  not  to  attempt  to  carry  back  the  principle  of  priority  beyond  the  date 
of  the  1 2th  edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturas.'  Previous  to  that  period, 
naturalists  were  wont  to  indicate  species  not  by  a  name  comprised  in  one 
word,  but  by  a  definition  which  occupied  a  sentence,  the  extreme  verbosity 
of  which  method  was  productive  of  great  inconvenience.  It  is  true  that  one 
word  sometimes  sufficed  for  the  definition  of  a  species,  but  these  rare  cases 
were  only  binomial  by  accident  and  not  by  principle,  and  ought  not  there- 
fore in  any  instance  to  supersede  the  binomial  designations  imposed  by 
Linnasus. 

"The  same  reasons  apply  also  to  generic  names.  Linn-xus  was  the  first 
to  attach  a  definite  value  to  genera,  and  to  give  them  a  .systematic  character 
by  means  of  exact  definitions ;  and  therefore  although  the  names  used  by 
previous  authors  m>  -  often  be  applied  with  propriety  to  modern  genera,  yet 

3 


34  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

in  such  cases  they  acquire  a  new  meaning:,  and  should  be  quoted  on  the  au- 
t'-'ority  of  the  first  person  who  used  them  in  this  secondary  sense.  It  is  true, 
that  several  old  authors  made  occasional  approaches  to  the  LinnEan  exact- 
ness of  generic  definition,  but  still  these  were  but  partial  attempts  ;  and  it 
is  certain  that  if  in  our  rectification  of  the  binomial  nomenclature  we  once 
trace  back  our  authorities  into  the  obscurity  which  preceded  the  epoch  of  its 
foundation,  we  shall  find  no  resting-place  or  fixed  boundary  for  our  re- 
searches. The  nomenclature  of  Ray  is  chiefly  derived  from  that  of  Gesner 
and  Aldrovandus,  and  from  these  authors  we  might  proceed  backward  to 
iClian,  Pliny,  and  Aristotle,  till  our  zoological  studies  would  be  frittered 
away  amid  the  refinements  of  classical  learning." 

So  far  the  original  B.  A.  Code,  1842  ;  which,  upon  the  foregoing  considera- 
tions, recommended  the  following  proposition  :  — 

"§2.  The  binomial  nomenclature  having  originated  with  Linnaeus,  the  law  of 
priority,  in  respect  to  that  nomenclature,  is  not  to  extend  to  the  writings  of  antece- 
dent authors." 

The  exact  date  here  implied  is  1766  ;  and  this  is  explicitly  reaffirmed  by 
the  Bath  Committee  in  1865,^  who  added  to  the  foregoing  §  2  the  words,  in 
brackets  :  "  [and  therefore  the  specific  names  published  before  1766  cannot 
be  used  to  the  prejudice  of  names  published  since  that  date.]  " 

The  action  of  both  the  B.  A.  Committees  related,  of  course,  only  to  Zool- 
ogy.    Commenting  upon  their  action,  Dall  continues  :  — 

"  It  is  said  that  in  the  original  draft  of  the  report  the  number  of  the  edition 
of  the  'Systema  Naturce'  was  left  blank,  and  afterwards  filled  up  by  the 
insertion  of  the  '  twelfth.'  This  insertion  renders  the  paragraph,  otherwise 
judicious  and  accurate,  glaringly  incorrect.  What  motive  resulted  in  the 
selection  of  the  twelfth  as  opposed  to  the  tenth,  or  of  any  special  edition  after 

^  "IIL  The  Committee  are  of  opinion,  after  much  deliberation,  that  the  Xllth 
edition  of  the  '  Systcma  Natarte'  is  that  to  which  the  limit  of  time  should  apply, 
viz.  1766.  I?ut  as  the  works  of  Artedi  and  Scopoli  have  already  been  extensively 
used  by  ichthyologists  and  entomologists,  it  is  recommended  that  names  contained 
in  or  used  from  these  authors  should  not  be  affected  by  this  provision.  This  is  par- 
ticularly requisite  as  regards  the  generic  names  of  Artedi  afterwards  used  by  Lin- 
naeus himself 

"  In  Mr.  H.  E.  Strickland's  original  draft  of  these  Rules  and  Recommendations 
the  edition  of  Linnasus  was  left  blank,  and  the  Xllth  was  inserted  by  the  Manchester 
Committee.  This  was  done  not  as  being  the  first  in  which  the  Binomial  nomencla- 
ture had  been  used,  as  it  commenced  with  the  Xth,  but  as  being  the  last  and  most 
complete  edition  of  Linnaeus's  works,  and  containing  many  species  the  Xth  did  not. 
For  these  reasons  it  is  now  confirmed  by  this  Committee,  and  also  because  these 
rules  having  been  used  and  acted  upon  for  twenty-three  years,  if  the  date  were  altered 
now,  many  changes  of  names  would  be  required,  and  in  consequence  much  confusion 
introduced.''  —  Recommendations  of  the  Bath  Committee,  prefixed  to  the  Revised  Code, 
1865. 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


35 


the  adoption  of  the  binomial  form  by  Linnaeus,  has  never  been  set  forth  in 
anv  SAtisfactory  manner.  If  any  special  edition  were  chosen,  the  tenth  has 
^;7///^yrtr/^  claims  for  first  consideration.     It  is  as  clearly  binomial  as  any, 

and  it  is  as  consistently  so To  a  considerable  extent,  in  the  works 

of  the  naturalists  of  Northern  Europe,  the  tenth  edition  has  been  taken  as 
the  starting-point 

"It  would  appear  that  the  Committee  were  'plus  saint  que  le  Pape,'  since 
they  would  reject  names  which  Linnaeus  himself  was  ready  to  and  did  adopt. 
In  this  connection.  Prof.  Verrill  (Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  July,  1S69)  has  made  some 
judicious  remarks,  calling  attention  to  the  works  of  Pallas,  and  Thorell  has 
done  the  same  for  those  of  Clcrck  on  the  subject  of  spiders. 

"An  apologetic  paragraph,  following  the  remarks  above  quoted  [see  last 
foot-note]  from  the  B.  A.  Committee  report  for  1865,  inferentially  admits  the 
error  of  1842,  but  goes  on  and  reaffirms  it  on  the  ground  that  confusion 
would  otherwise  result. 

"It  is  very  doubtful  if  much  confusion  would  be  caused  by  leaving  the 
question  open,  since  half  the  naturalists  of  Europe  and  America  have  al- 
ready adopted  the  tenth  edition  of  their  own  motion,  and  the  other  half,  or 
a  large  portion  of  them,  may  not  unreasonably  ue  believed  to  be  only  held 
back  from  joining  the  others  by  a  desire  to  conform  to  the  rules,  even  where 
injudiciously  framed. 

"  In  a  large  part  of  zoology  the  change  would  make  no  difference  what- 
ever, since  the  scientific  study  of  such  branches  has  begun  since  1766." 

Mr.  DalPs  own  recommendation  is  as  follows  :  — 

"§  LVIII.  The  scientific  study  of  different  groups,  having  a  value 
greater  than  or  equal  to  that  of  a  class  (classis),  having  been  begun  at  differ- 
ent epochs,  and  the  inception  of  that  study  in  each  group  respectively  being 
usually  due  to  some  'epoch-making'  work,  the  students  of  each  of  the 
respective  groups  as  above  limited  may  properly  unite  in  adopting  the  date 
of  such  work  as  the  statting-point  in  nomenclature  for  the  particular  class 
tc  which  it  refers:  Provided,  —  that  (i).  specific  names  shall  in  nt)  case 
antedate  the  promulgation  of  the  Linnaean  rules  (Philosophia  Botanica, 
1751);  that  (2),  until  formal  notice  by  publication  of  the  decision  of  such 
associated  specialists  (in  such  manner  as  may  be  by  them  determined  upon) 
shall  be  decisively  promulgated,  the  adoption  of  the  epoch  or  st:irting-point 
recommended  by  the  committee  of  the  British  Association  in  1842,  namely, 
the  twelfth  edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturae '  of  Linnaeus  (1766),  shall  be 
taken  as  the  established  epoch  for  all  zoological  nomenclature.  Lastly, 
that  (3),  when  the  determination  of  the  epoch  for  any  particular  group  as 
above  shall  have  been  made,  the  decision  shall  be  held  to  affect  that  group 
alone,  the  British  Association  date  holding  good  for  all  other  groups  until 
the  decision  for  each  particular  case  shall  have  been  made  by  the  naturalists 
interested  in  it,  upon  its  own  merits." 

(See  also  LeConte  on  this  subject,  Canad.  Entom.,  November.  1874,  PP* 
203  seq.) 


16 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


The  principle  embodied  in  the  above  recommendation  of  Dall  is  said  by 
him  to  be  "inferentially  admitted  to  be  valid  by  the  B.  A.  Committee  in 
iheir  remarks  on  Artedi  and  Scopoli."  Thorell,  in  his  monograph  of  the 
Spiders,  has  adopted,  so  far  as  species  are  concerned,  a  similar  plan,  taking 
the  binomial  work  of  Clerck,  1757,  on  Swedish  Spiders  as  his  *  epoch-maker.' 
A.  Agassiz,  in  Echinology,  has  brought  the  ancient  names  of  Klein,  Lang, 
Breyn,  and  others,  into  scientific  nomenclature.  G.  R.  Gray,  in  Ornithology, 
goes  to  the  first  edition  of  the  '  Systema,'  1735,  ^^r  genera,  and  to  the  tenth, 
1758,  for  species,  having  many  followers  in  different  countries.  In  America, 
so  far  as  Ornithology  is  concerned,  the  use  of  1758  for  the  starting-point  for 
species  is  practically  universal,  the  tendency  being  to  take  genera  from  the 
same  date  alsc. 

As  to  replies  on  this  point  to  the  circular  issued  by  Mr.  Dall,  there 
are  18  for  1758,  17  for  1766,  i  for  1736,  and  two  botanists  for  1753  ;  no  an- 
swer, 7. 

Your  Committee,  having  duly  weighed  all  the  evidence  before  it,  is 
compelled  to  dissent  from  the  rulings  of  both  the  B.  A.  Committees,  and 
from  all  others  which  do  not  make  1758  the  starting-point  for  zoological 
nomenclature  ;  and  it  is  prepared  to  give  reasons  for  the  decision  it  has 
reached. 

(i)  The  Xth  edition  is  the  one  in  which  Linnaeus  first  introduced  the 
binomial  nomenclature,  and  in  which  its  use  is  uniform,  consistent,  and  com- 
plete. (2)  This  date  admits  to  recognition  the  works  of  Artedi,  Scopoli, 
Clerck,  Pallas,  Briinnich,  Brisson,  in  favor  of  the  first-named  two  of  whom, 
and  of  the  last-named  one,  the  B.  A.  Committees  have  had  to  make  special 
exceptions, 1  thereby  rendering  the  rule  inconsistent  in  itself.  (3)  The  Xth, 
rather  than  the  Xllth,  is  already  accepted  as  the  starting-point  by  a  majority 
of  the  naturalists  of  North  America  and  of  Northern  Europe,  with  obviously 
a  growing  tendency  to  abandon  the  Xllth.  The  Commission  de  Nomencla- 
ture de  la  Society  Zoologique  de  France  (1881),  and  the  Rules  adopted  by 
the  Congr^s  G^ologique  International  (1882),  make  no  reference  to  any 
edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturae  Linnzei,'  nor  do  they  place  any  limit  of 
time  for  the  beginning  of  the  law  of  priority,  but  accept  all  generic  and  spe- 


^  For  example,  the  paragraph  immediately  following  §  2  in  the  original  B.  A. 
Code  reads  :  "  It  should  be  here  explained,  that  Brisson,  who  was  a  contemporary  of 
Linnaeus  and  acquainted  with  the  *  Systema  Natura:,'  defined  and  published  certain 
genera  of  birds  which  are  additional  [and  likewise  prior]  to  those  in  the  12th  edition 
of  Linnaeus's  work,  and  which  are  therefore  of  perfectly  good  authority.  Bat  Brisson 
still  adhered  to  the  old  mode  of  designating  species  by  a  sentence  instead  of  a  word, 
and  therefore  while  we  retain  his  defined  genera  we  do  not  extend  the  same  indul- 
gence to  the  titles  of  his  species,  even  when  the  latter  are  accidentally  binomial  in 
form."  — .ff.  A.  Code,  1842. 

For  the  exceptions  made  in  1865  by  the  B.  A.  Committee  in  favor  of  Artedi  and 
Scopoli,  see  foot-note  on  p.  34. 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


37 


cific  names  which  conform  to  the  rules  of  binomial  nomenclature,  even  when 
they  antedate  the  Xth  edition  of  the  '  Systema  Naturae.'  They  even  advo- 
cate admission  of  Tournefort's  generic  names  for  Mollusks,  published  in 
a  posthumous  work  edited  by  Gautieri  in  1742;  the  genera  of  Lanjj,  1722; 
those  of  Klein,  1 731  and  1734;  and  those  of  Breyn,  1732.  (Botanists,  though 
dating  their  departure  in  binomial  nomenclature  at  1737,  the  date  of  the  first 
edition  of  Linnaeus's  'Genera  Plantarum,'  adopt  Tournefort's  genera  pub- 
lislied  in  1700  )  The  French  Commission  and  that  of  the  Geological  Con- 
gress do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  the  work  of  these  authors  is  much  better 
than  that  of  Linnsus,  who,  through  vanity  or  inability  to  appreciate  so  well 
the  character  of  the  work  of  his  predecessors  in  Zoology  as  in  Botany  (he 
being  pre-eminently  a  botanist  rather  than  a  zoologist),  systematically  ig- 
nored his  more  scientific  predecessors.  (4)  Besides  admitting  the  works 
ot  other  earlier  binomialists  which  the  adoption  of  the  Xllth  edition  would 
exclude,  the  date  1758  clears  up  many  questions  of  synonymy  which  arise 
from  Linnceus's  himself  having  arbitrarily  changed  in  the  Xllth  edition  many 
names  introduced  in  the  Xth,  and  in  other  cases  used  them  in  a  different 
sense.  (5)  Furthermore,  it  is  admitted  that  in  the  original  Stricklandian 
draft  the  number  of  the  edition  was  left  blank,  while  the  context  clearly 
implies  that  the  Xth  was  the  one  in  mind ;  and  there  is  nothing  in  §  2  of 
the  original  B.  A.  Rules  which  prohibits  the  adoption  of  the  Xth.  (6)  Fi- 
nally, the  adoption  of  the  Xth  ".vill  necessitate  very  few  changes  in  current 
names  (in  the  younger  departments  of  Zoology  none),  while  it  forms  a  rational 
and  consistent  starting-point  towards  which  zoologists  at  large  are  drifting. 
Therefore  we  have  no  hesitation  in  proposing  as  a  substitute  for  §  2  of 
the  B.  A.  Code  the  foregoing  Canon,  which,  applied  to  §  2,  would  make  it 
read  as  follows  :  — 

"  The  starting-point  of  the  binomial  system  of  nomenclature  in  Zoology 
shall  be  the  Xth  (175S)  edition  of  the  'Systema  Naturae'  of  Linnaeus,  and 
the  law  of  priority  in  regard  to  specific  (and  generic)  names  is  therefore  not 
to  extend  to  antecedent  authors." 

There  is  no  question  as  to  the  fitness  of  this  rule  as  regards  specific 
names  ;  there  may  be  in  respect  to  generic  names,  since  names  were  used 
for  groups  in  what  may  be  considered  a  generic  sense  by  many  pre-Linnaean 
writers,  although  the  generic  idea  appears  to  have  been  essentially  Linnasan. 
As  a  matter  of  convenience,  it  seems  highly  advisalle  to  take  the  same  start- 
ing-point for  both  generic  and  specific  names,  and  to  have  the  generic  names 
adopted  from  pre-Linnaean  authors  date  from  their  adoption  by  Linnaeus  or 
the  first  subsequent  author  who  used  them.  Otherwise  we  endanger  the 
stability  in  nomenclature  which  all  so  much  desire  to  establish,  by  leaving 
open  a  mischievous  loophole  by  means  of  which  a  well-established  post-Lin- 
ncean  generic  name  may  be  displaced  in  favor  of  a  pre-Linnaean  one.  (See 
further  on  this  point  the  second  paragraph  of  the  preamble  to  §  2  of  the 
B.  A.  Code.)     In  limiting  the  action  of  the  law  of  priority  to  the  Xth  edition 


38 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


of  the  '  Systema  Naturae,'  the  only  objection  met  with  is  that  of  injustice 
to  the  pioneers  in  Zoology;  but  this  laclis  weight  in  view  of  remarks  subse- 
quently to  be  introduced  (in  reference  to  bibliography  and  synonymy),  re- 
specting due  recognition  of  their  labors.  And  here  your  Committee  would 
emphatically  "irge  that,  the  chief  object  of  zoological  nomenclature  being  to 
secure  unifor.Tiity  of  practice  in  the  bestowal  and  adoption  of  names,  the 
rules  lo  iliat  end  should  be  formed  with  reference  to  principles  and  without 
regard  to  personality,  and  that  therefore  the  matter  of  justice  or  injustice 
is  in  this  connection  without  pertinence. 

The  first  rational  appHcation  of  the  principles  of  classification  in  regard  to 
the  recognition  of  genera,  as  distinguished  from  species,  is  currently  attrib- 
uted to  Tournefort  in  1700,  in  his  '  Institutiones  Rei  Hcrbariae.'  Later  (1742), 
as  already  stated,  he  carried  in  a  posthumous  work  the  same  practice  into 
Conchology.  Other  pre-Linnaean  zoologists  who  recognized  genera  in  a 
strictly  scientific  manner  are  Lang  (1721),  Klein  (1731-1734),  Breyn  (1732),^ 
Adanson  (1757),  and  Clerck  (1757).  The  latter  was  also  a  strict  binomial- 
ist.  There  are  possibly  others,  but  in  not  fixing  the  starting-point  at  1758 
there  is  the  disadvantage  of  having  to  admit  the  generic  names  of  other  pre- 
Linnnean  writers  the  character  of  whose  works  gives  them  no  proper  scientific 
standing,  as  Link,  Brown,  Columa,  etc. 

Dr.  Asa  Gray  makes  the  sensible  proposition  respecting  Botany  that 
"We  have  only  to  understand  that  genera  adopted  by  Linnaeus  from  Tourne- 
fort, etc.,  and  so  accredited,  should  continue  to  be  thus  cited  ;  that  the  date 
1737  (Linn.  Genera,  ed.  L),  is,  indeed,  the  point  of  departure  from  which  to 
reckon  priority,  yet  that  botanical  genera  began  with  Tournefort ;  so  that 
Tournefortian  genera  whicli  are  accepted  date  from  the  year  1700.  That  is 
the  limit  fixed  by  Linnaeus,  and  it  definitely  excludes  the  herbalists  and  the 
ancients,  whose  writings  may  be  consulted  for  hi-^torical  elucidations,  but 
not  as  authority  for  names."  * 

On  the  whole,  it  seems  best  that  the  origin  of  generic  names  in  Zoology 
should  date  (as  said  above)  only  from  1758 ;  that  names  adopted  from  earlier 
authors  by  Linnaeus  date  only  from  their  adoption  by  Linnaeus  ;  and  that  in 
other  cases  pre-Linnaean  names  shall  date  from  their  first  introduction  by 
subsequent  authors  after  1758. 

Canon  XIV.  The  adoption  of  a  'statute  of  limitation/  in 
modification  of  the  lex  prioritatis^  is  impracticable  and  inad- 
missible. 


^  "  Breynius  as  early  as  1732  had,  to  S'  me  extent,  adopted  a  binomial  nomencla- 
ture, accurately  (for  his  period)  discriminated  genera  and  species,  many  of  which 
are  readily  recognized,  but  which  had  escaped  the  notice  they  deserved  till  a  com- 
paratively recent  period."  —  A.  Agassiz,  Revision  of  the  Echini,  1872,  p.  12. 

2  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  December,  1883,  p.  423. 


PRINCIPLES,   C..NONS,   AND    RECOMMENDATIONS.  39 

Remarks.  —  In  consequence  of  the  frequent  subversion  of  lonj^-current 
nnd  familiar  names  rendered  necessary  under  the  inflexible  action  of  the  lex 
prioritatis,   throu^di   the  discovery  of  some  long-forgotten   work   in   which 
occur  names  of  earlier  date  than  those  currently  in  use  for  certain  species,  it 
has  been  repeatedly  suggested  by  various  writers  that  a  '  statute  of  limita- 
tion,' in  modification  of  the  lex  prioriialis,  which  should  forever  suppress 
and  render  ineligible  names  found  in  early  and  long-forgotten  works,  or 
names  which  for  any  reason  have  been  for  a  considerable  period  overlooked, 
would  prove  a  help  towards  securing  stability  in  nomenclature.     If  such  an 
end  could  be  attained  it  would  certainly  prove  a  boon,  and  the  importance  of 
the  proposition  has  led  your  Committee  to  give  it  attentive  consideration. 
Having  therefore  considered  the  proposition  in  all  its  bearings,  your  Com- 
mittee feels  called  upon  in  this  connection  to  record  its  conviction  that 
such  a  statute  is  inadmissible,  for  the  following  reasons.     The  proposition, 
as  generally  stated  (see  Dall,  I\t'p.,  p.  47),  is  to  the  effect  that  a  name 
wliich  has  not  been  in  use  for  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  (or  whatever 
period  may  be  agreed  upon)  shall  be  thereafter  excluded  from  use  in  that 
special  connection,  or,  alternatively,  that  a  name  which  has  been  universally, 
or  even  generally,  adopted  for  a  like  period  cannot  be  displaced  for  an  earlier 
obscure  name.     The  insuperable  objection  to  any  rule  of  this  character  is 
its  vagueness  and  the  uncertainty  of  its  applicability,  arising  from  the  diffi- 
culty of  absolutely  determining  that  a  name  has  not  been  in  use  for  a  given 
period,  or  whether  another  name  has  been  universally  used,  or  what  .shall  be 
taken  as  'current'  or  "general,'  in  case  anything  short  of  'universal' be 
allowed.     Unless  perfect  agreement  could  be  obtained,  —  and  of  this  there  is 
very  little  probability,  —  the  proposed  rule  would  tend  to  increase  rather  than 
lessen  the  confusion  it  would  be  the  design  to  remove.     As  regards  obsolete 
or  forgotten  works,  others   equally  troublesome   might   be  found  to  have 
escaped  the  operation  of  such  a  rule,  in  consequence  of  their  date  of  publica- 
tion falling  just  outside  the  period  of  limitation.     Again,  it  might  be  difficult 
to  decide  whether  or  not  a  somewhat  obsolete  and  more   or  less   forgot- 
ten work  was  sufficiently  obsolete  to  be  set  aside.     Purthermore,  it  some- 
times happens  that  certain  names  may  be  current  among  writers  of  one 
*  school '  or  nationality,  which  are  rejected  by  those  of  other  schools  or  nation- 
alides  ;  while  in  other  cases  it  might  be  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  more 
or  less  well  known  name  had  really  sufficient  currency  to  retain  its  place 
against  an  earlier  less  known  but  strictly  tenable  name.     In  some  cases,  of 
course,  there  would  be  no  uncertainty  as  to  the  currency  of  a  name  under 
question,  but  in  many  such  doubt  would  arise,  and  unanimity  of  opinion  and 
practice  in  such  case  would  be  hopeless.  ' 

The  '  statute  of  limitation '  principle  is  akin  to  the  anctonim  pbirimo- 
rum  rule  ;  both  are  Utopian  and  both  radically  set  at  defiance  the  lex 
prioritatis. 


■&S. 


40  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

Canon  XV.  The  law  of  priority  is  to  be  rigidly  enforced  in 
respect  to  all  generic,  specific,  and  subspecific  names.  . 

V 
L 

Remark.  —  In  respect  to  subspecific  names  in  relation  to  the  law  of  pri- 
ority, see  beyond,  under  Canon  XXIX. 

Canon  XVI.  The  law  of  priority  is  only  partially  operative 
in  relation  to  names  of  groups  higher  than  genera,  and  only 
where  names  are  strictly  synonymous. 

Remarks.  —  "  While  this  generalization  has  not  been  formally  numerated 
in  the  B.  A.  Rules,  it  has  become  practically  the  general  usage  of  natural- 
ists. Thorell  explicitly  adopts  it.  and  Indeed  it  is  impracticable  to  follow 
any  other  course,  especially  in  relation  to  the  more  ancient  names.  A  time 
will  doubtless  arrive  when  mutations  in  the  names  of  the  higher  groups,  par- 
picularly  families,  will  be  as  unnecessary  as  they  are  undesirable  ;  but  in 
Zoology  that  time  has  not  yet  come. 

"  It  should  be  clearly  borne  in  mind  that  such  changes  are  only  allowable 
when  by  mutation  of  the  characters,  or  through  newly  discovered  facts,  the  W> 

name  in  question  has  become  glaringly  erroneous,  or  liable  to  introduce 
errors  or  confusion  into  science.  In  family  names  this  occurs  most  often 
when  a  genus  from  whose  name  that  of  the  family  may  have  been  taken  is 
removed  from  association  with  the  majority  of  the  genera  which  that  family 
has  included,  and  that  genus  is  inserted  in  another  family  which  has  already 
a  well-established  name.  Also,  when  a  large  number  of  genera  are  redis- 
tributed into  families,  widely  differing  in  their  limits  from  those  in  which 
they  had  previously  been  known.  In  either  of  these  cases  the  liability  to 
error  may  be  so  great  as  to  render  a  new  name  desirable.  The  answers 
to  Query  XXIII.  of  the  circular  [seni  out  by  Mr.  DallJ  indicate  tliat  a 
majority  of  American  naturalists  concur  in  this  conclusion."  (Dall,  AV^., 
p.  27.) 

A  good  instance  of  the  soundness  of  this  Canon  is  seen  in  the  several 
ornithological  groups  named  by  Huxley,  ending  in  -gnatha  and  -niorphcE. 
Many  of  tliem  were  already  named  groups,  more  or  less  exactly  recognized  ; 
but  the  very  different  bases  and  definitions  given  them  rendered  it  desirable 
that  the  names  also  should  be  different. 


§  5.    Of  Names  Ptiblishcd  Siimiltaneoiisly. 

Canon  XVII.  Preference  between  competitive  specific  names 
published  simultaneously  in  the  same  work,  or  in  two  works  of 
the  same  actual  or  ostensible  date  (no  exact  date  being  ascer- 
tainable), is  to  be  decided  as  follows :  — 


PRINXIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


41 


1.  Of  names  the  equal  pertinency  of  which  may  be  in  question, 
preference  shall  be  given  to  that  which  is  open  to  least  doubt. 

2.  Of  names  of  undoubtedly  equal  pertinency,  (a)  that 
founded  upon  the  male  is  to  be  preferred  to  that  founded  upon 
the  female,  {&)  that  founded  upon  the  adult  to  that  on  the  young, 
and  (c)  that  founded  on  the  nuptial  condition  to  that  of  the  pre- 
or  post-nuptial  conditions. 

3.  Of  names  of  undoubtedly  equal  pertinency,  and  founded 
upon  the  same  condition  of  sex,  age,  or  season,  that  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred which  stands  first  in  the  book. 

Canon  XVIII.  Preference  between  competitive  generic 
names  published  simultaneously  in  the  same  work,  or  in  two 
works  of  the  same  actual  or  ostensible  date  (no  exact  date  being 
ascertainable),  is  to  be  decided  as  follows  :  — 

1.  A  name  accompanied  by  the  specification  of  a  type  takes 
precedence  over  a  name  unaccompanied  by  such  specification. 

2.  If  all,  or  none,  of  the  genera  have  types  indicated,  that 
generic  name  takes  precedence  the  diagnosis  of  which  is  most 
pertinent. 


§  6.    0/  the  Retention  of  Names. 

Canon  XIX.  A  generic  name,  when  once  established,  is 
never  to  be  cancelled  in  any  subsequent  subdivision  of  the 
group,  but  retained  in  a  restricted  sense  for  one  of  the  con- 
stituent portions. 

Remarks.  —  This  rule,  adopted  from  the  B.  A.  Code,  has  been  generally 
accepted  as  sound  in  principle,  but  as  difficult  of  application,  especially  in 
relation  to  what  portion  of  the  original  genus,  when  subdivided,  shall  retain 
the  original  name ;  —  in  other  words,  what,  in  accordance  with  modern 
usage,  shall  be  taken  as  the  '  type '  of  the  original  genus,  in  cases  where  no 
type  is  specified. 

In  recommending  this  pro%Msion  the  B.  A.  Committee  urged :  "  As  the 
number  of  known  species  which  form  the  groundwork  of  zoological  science 
is  always  increasing,  and  our  knowledge  of  their  structure  becomes  more 
complete,  fresh  generalizations  continually  occur  to  the  naturalist,  and  the 
number  of  c;enera  and  other  groups  requiring  appellations  is  ever  becoming 
more  extensive.     It  thus  becomes  necessary  to  subdivide  the  contents  of  old 


42  CODE  OF  NOMENXLATURE. 

groups  and  to  mike  their  definitions  continually  more  restricted.  In  carry- 
in";  out  tills  process,  it  is  an  act  of  justice  to  the  original  author,  that  his 
generic  name  siiould  never  be  hjst  sii;lit  of;  and  it  is  no  less  [even  more] 
essentia)  to  the  welfare  of  the  science,  that  all  which  is  sound  in  its  nomen- 
clnturc  should  remain  unaltered  amid  the  additions  which  are  continually 
being  made  to  it."    {B.  A.  Code,  1S42.) 

Canon  XX.  When  a  genus  is  subdivided,  the  original  name 
of  the  g^nus  is  to  be  retained  for  that  portion  of  it  which  con- 
tained the  original  type  of  the  genus,  when  this  can  be  ascer- 
tained. 

Remark.  —  This  principle  is  universally  conceded,  and  requires  no  special 
comment. 

Canon  XXI.  When  no  type  is  clearly  indicated,  the  author 
who  first  subdivides  a  genus  may  restrict  the  original  name  to 
such  part  of  it  as  he  may  judge  advisable,  and  such  assignment 
shall  not  be  subject  to  subsequent  modification. 

Remarks.  — This  in  substance  is  the  rule  promulQ;atcd  by  the  B.  A.  Com- 
mittee in  1S42,  and  it  has  been  reiterated  in  most  subsequent  nomenclalural 
codes.  Its  propriety  is  perfectly  apparent,  and,  as  re:j;ards  the  future,  no 
trouble  need  arise  under  it.  It  has  hnppeued,  however,  in  the  subdi- 
vision of  comprehensive  genera  of  Linnceus  and  other  early  authors,  that 
most  perplexing  complications  have  arisen,  successive  authors  having  re- 
moved one  species  after  anoUier,  as  types  or  elements  of  new  genera,  till 
each  of  the  species  included  in  the  original  genus  has  received  a  new 
generic  designation,  while  the  old  generic  name,  if  not  lost  sight  of,  has 
come  to  be  applied  to  species  unknown  to  the  author  of  the  original  genus  ! 
This  of  course  is  obviously  and  radically  wrong. 

The  B.  A.  Committee  suggests  that,  when  authors  omit  to  specify  a  type, 
"it  may  still  in  many  cases  be  correctly  inferred  that  theyfrj'/ species  men- 
tioned on  their  list,  if  found  accurately  to  agree  with  their  definition,  was 
regarded  l)y  them  as  the  type.  A  specific  name  or  its  synonyms  will  also 
often  serve  to  point  out  the  particular  species  which  by  implication  must  be 
regarded  as  the  original  type  of  a  genus.  In  such  cases  we  are  justified  in 
restoring  the  name  of  the  old  genus  to  its  typical  signification,  even  when 
later  authors  have  done  otherwise."  De  CandoUe  would  restrict  the  old 
generic  name,  when  no  type  is  specified,  to  the  oldest,  best  known,  or  most 
characteristic  of  the  species  originally  included  in  the  genus  ;  or  to  that  sec- 
tion of  the  old  genus  most  numerously  represented  in  species. 

As  Dall  observes,  "  It  would,  manifestly,  be  liable  to  introduce  errors  and 
confusion,  if  it  were  insisted  that  the  first  species  should  invariably  be  taken 


PKINCirLES,  CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


43 


as  the  type,  or  were  it  permitted  to  take  species  subsequently  added  to  the 
croup,  and  whicii  the  original  author  did  not  know  wiicn  he  cstablialied 
his  "-cnus.  No  arbitrary  rule  will  sufiice  to  determi-.p,  off-iuind,  questions 
of  so  much  complic.itiun  as  is  often  thu  decision  i.i  rcijard  to  the  type  of 
an  ancient  ;;enus  which  has  been  studied  by  a  nujnbcr  of  authors."    (A'ty>., 

pp.  39'  43-) 

CaNon  XXII.  In  no  case  should  tlie  name  be  transferred 
to  a  group  containing  none  of  tlie  species  originally  included  in 
the  genus. 

Remark. — This  rule  is  in  strict  accordance  with  the  B.  A.  Code  and 
with  current  usage. 

Caxon  XXIII.  If,  however,  the  genus  contains  both  exotic 
and  non-exotic  species,  —  from  the  standpoint  of  the  original 
author,  —  and  the  generic  term  is  one  originally  applied  by  the 
ancient  Greeks  or  Romans,  the  process  of  elimination  is  to  be 
restricted  to  the  non-e.xotic  species. 

Remarks.  —  The  purpose  of  this  restriction  in  the  application  of  the  '  prin- 
ciple of  elimination  '  is  to  prevent  the  palpable  impropriety  of  the  transference 
of  an  ancient  Greek  or  Latin  name  to  species  unknown  to  the  ancients.  By 
the  unrestricted  action  of  the  principle  of  elimination  the  genus  Teirao,  for 
example,  becomes  transferred  to  an  .American  species,  viz.,  Tetrao  p/iasia- 
ncllus  of  Linnceus,  the  transference  being  in  itself  not  only  undesirable,  but, 
as  it  happens,  subversive  of  currently  accepted  names.  The  working  of  the 
proposed  modification  of  the  principle  of  elimination  may  be  thus  illustrated. 

The  genus  Tetrao  Linn.,  1758,  contains  the  following 


EXOTIC  SPECIES. 

3,  canadensis. 

5.  phasianelhis. 

6.  ciipido. 


NON-EXOTIC  SPECIES. 

1.  nrogallus  (^UrogallusY\^\Xi.^  1822). 

2.  tctrix. 

4.  lagopus  {Lagopus  Briss  ,  1760). 

7.  bonasia  {Bonasia  Steph.,  1S19,  -)-  Bon.,  1828). 

This  leaves  tetrix  as  the  type  of  the  genus  Tetrao,  since  Lyrurus  Sw. 
was  not  established  for  it  till  1831. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  process  of  unrestricted  elimination  would  result  as 
follows  :  — 

1.  urogallus  {UrogallHsY\tm.y\Zzz)\ 

2.  tetrix  {Lyrurus  Sw.,  1831)  ; 

3.  canadensis  {Canace  Reich.,  1852)  ; 

4.  lagcpus  {Lagopus  Briss.,  1760)  ; 

5.  phasiancllus  {Pediocates  Bd.,  1858)  ; 


44 


CODE   OF  NOMEN'CLATURE. 


6.  cJipido  (^TynjipanucJius  Glop;.,  1842;  Ciipidonia  Reich.,  1850)  ; 

7.  bonasia  {Bonasia  Stepli.,  1S19,  -j-  Bon.,  1828)  ; 

which  would  leave,  as  type  for  the  genus  Teirao,  T.  phasiancllit^,  which  was 
the  last  species  to  be  removed  from  the  genus  Tctrao,  its  removal  being 
made  by  Baird  in  185S,  who  made  it  the  type  of  a  genus  Pcdiocatcs.  No 
species  being  now  left  to  bear  the  name  Tetrao,  it  must  be  restored  either  to 
/'.  pJiasianellics  (under  the  unrestricted  action  of  the  principle  of  ehmina- 
tion),  or  to  T.  lyrurus  (under  the  above-proposed  restricted  action  of  the 
principle  of  elimination).  In  the  latter  case,  this  ancient  Greek  name  for 
a  European  species  of  Grouse  would  be  still  retained  in  nearly  its  original 
sense. 

As  in  the  case  of  Tetrao,  so  in  the  cases  of  many  Linnaean  and  Brissonian 
genera,  it  has  happened  that,  in  the  process  of  gradual  elimination,  exotic  (or 
non-European)  species  only  have  been  finally  left  in  the  original  genus, 
while  the  European  species  have  successively  been  made  types  of  separate 
genera. 

Caxon  XXIV.  When  no  type  is  specified,  the  only  avail- 
able method  of  fixing  the  original  name  to  some  part  of  the 
genus  to  which  it  was  originally  applied  is  by  the  process  of 
elimination,  subject  to  the  single  modification  provided  for  by 
Canon  XXIII. 


Canon  XXV.  A  genus  formed  by  the  combination  of  two 
or  more  genera  takes  the  name  first  given  in  a  generic  or  sub- 
generic  sense  to  either  or  any  of  its  com.ponents.  If  both  or  all 
are  of  the  same  date,  that  one  selected  by  the  reviser  is  to  be 
retained. 

Remarks.  —  The  propriety  of  this  rule  is  too  obvious  to  require  special 
comment.  It  therefore  follows  that  a  later  name  equivalent  to  several  earlier 
ones  must  be  cancelled,  and  that  the  earliest  name  applied  to  any  of  tlie  pre- 
viously established  genera  thus  combined  is  to  be  taken  as  the  designation 
of  the  new  combination. 

Canon  XXVI.  When  the  same  genus  has  been  defined  and 
named  by  two  authors,  both  giving  it  the  same  limits,  the  later 
name  becomes  a  synonym  of  the  earlier  one  :  but  in  case  these 
authors  have  specified  types  from  different  sec  Lions  of  the  genus, 
and  these  sections  be  raised  afterward  to  the  rank  of  genera, 
then  both  names  are  to  be  retained  in  a  restricted  sense  for  the 
new  genera. 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  45 

Canon  XXVII.  When  a  subgenus  is  raised  to  full  generic 
rank,  its  name  is  to  be  retained  as  that  of  the  group  thus  raised. 
In  like  manner,  names  first  proposed  or  used  in  a  subspecific 
sense  are  tenable  in  case  the  subspecies  be  raised  to  full  specific 
standing,  and  arc  to  have  priority  over  a  new  name  for  the  sub- 
species so  elevated. 

Rii.MARK.  —  This  of  course  relates  to  names  which  are  otherwise  tenable, 
—  in  other  words,  have  been  duly  published,  and  are  not  synonyms. 

Canon  XXVIII.  When  it  becomes  necessary  to  divide  a 
composite  species  or  subspecies,  the  old  specific  or  subspecific 
name  is  to  be  retained  for  that  form  or  portion  of  the  group  to 
which  it  was  first  applied,  or  to  which  it  primarily  related.  If 
this  cannot  be  positively  ascertained,  the  name  as  fixed  by  the 
first  reviser  is  to  be  retained. 

Remark.  —  This  is  simply  the  extension  of  the  rules  already  provided 
for  the  determination  of  generic  types  to  species  which  are  composite  in  char- 
acter, to  which  the  general  principles  of  elimination  already  set  forth  are 
equally  applicable. 

Canon  XXIX.  When  a  species  is  separated  into  subspecies, 
or  when  species  previously  supposed  to  be  distinct  are  found  to 
intergrade,  the  earliest  name  applied  to  any  form  of  the  group 
shall  be  the  specific  name  of  the  whole  group,  and  shall  also  be 
retained  as  the  subspecific  designation  of  the  particular  form  to 
which  it  was  originally  applied.  In  other  words,  the  rule  of  pri- 
ority is  to  be  strictly  enforced  in  respect  to  subspecific  names. 

Remarks.  —  While  this  principle  is  generally  recognized,  one  ornithologi- 
cal writer  of  prominence  ^  has  introduced  the  practice  of  connecting  the 
names  of  conspecies  or  subspecies  in  accordance  with  the  supposed  nearest 
affinities  of  such  forms,  regardless  of  priority  of  names.  Such  disregard 
of  the  law  of  priority,  however,  can  lead  only  to  instability  anr^  confusion, 
without  any  adequately  compensating  advantages.  If  we  knew  beyond  ques- 
tion what  was  the  original  or  stock-form  of  a  group  of  conspecies,  and  the 
lines  of  evolution  of  the  various  imperfectly  segregated  forms,  it  would  be 
possible  to  show  the  genetic  relation  of  such  forms  in  our  nomenclature,  and 
were  nomenclature  classification  some  gain  might  thus  result.      But  since 

1  Mr.  Henry  Seebohm. 


46  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

nomenclature  is  not  classification,  and  since  our  knowledge  of  genetic  rela- 
tionships even  within  specific  groups  is  egregiously  imperfect,  only  change 
and  confusion  can  result  from  any  attempt  to  express  genetic  relationship  in 
the  collocation  of  suljspecific  designations. 

In  cases  where  obscurity  might  arise  from  designating  the  earliest-named 
form  of  a  group  of  subspecies  by  simply  a  binomial  name,  the  specific  term 
may  be  repeated  {c.  g.,  Melospiza  fasciata  fasciata),  or  it  may  be  followed 
by  the  word  typica  {e.g.,  Melospiza  fasciata  typicd). 

For  the  sake  of  brevity  it  may  be  even  desirable,  where  the  context  makes 
the  reference  unequivocal,  to  abbreviate  the  second  term  of  the  trinomial,  as 
is  done  with  tlie  generic  part  of  binomial  names  {e.  g.,  M.f.  rufina  =  Me- 
lospiza fasciata  rufina). 


Canon  XXX.  Specific  names  when  adopted  as  generic  are 
not  to  be  changed. 

Remarks.  — This  Canon  is  diametrically  opposed  to  §  13  of  the  origi- 
nal B.  A.  Code,  which  declares  that  "  specific  names,  when  adopted  as 
generic,  must  be  changed."  The  Bath  Committee,  however,  recommended 
that,  when  a  specific  name  had  been  raised  to  a  generic,  "  it  is  the  generic 
name  which  must  be  thrown  aside,  not  the  old  specific  name."  Both  rulings 
were  to  the  effect  that  the  specific  and  generic  names  of  a  species  should 
not  be  identical ;  the  only  objection  thereto  urged  by  the  B.  A.  Committee 
being  the  "■  itielegance  oi  this  method."  Many  of  these  'inelegances'  had 
already  crept  into  zoological  nomenclature,  and  they  have  since  greatly  in- 
creased, although  the  majority  of  authors  have  avoided  tliem.  Yet  all  the 
later  codes  are  at  least  constructively  in  favor  of  their  admission,  and  they 
have  recently  received  sanctioa  in  other  high  quarters.  (C/i  Dall,  Report, 
pp.  50,  51.)  To  rule  against  them  would  be  clearly  contrary  to  the  principle 
of  stability  in  names  and  the  sjjirit  of  the  present  Code.  While  your  Com- 
mittee would  strongly  discourage  the  practice  of  elevating  specific  names 
to  generic  rank,  those  already  thus  instituted  should  be  accepted. 

"  The  practice,"  says  Dall,  "  is  objectionable  on  account  of  its  producing 
tautological  inelegance,  and  because  it  has  resulted  in  the  formation  of  a 
number  of  generic  names  of  adjective  form.  On  the  other  hand,  in  connec- 
tion with  certain  of  the  Linnasan  and  other  ancient  and  universally  known 
species,  it  had  several  beneficial  effects.  It  recalled  the  typical  form  for 
which  the  genus  was  constituted,  and  in  many  cases  it  might  rightly  be 
regarded  rather  as  a  change  of  rank  than  the  creation  of  a  new  name.  The 
ancient  species  ....  often  covered  an  assemblage  of  forms  equivalent  to 
a  modern  genus."  Respecting  the  ruling  of  the  Bath  Committee,  Mr.  Dall 
continues  :  "  This  innovation,  the  sweeping  character  of  which  the  Commit- 
tee cannot  have  realized,  if  carried  into  effect  would  uproot  hundreds  of  the 
generic  names  best  known  to  science,  and  so  familiar  that  the  fact  that  they 


i 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


47 


were  originally  specific  names  has  been  almost  totally  forgotten.  Its  spirit 
is  opposed  to  the  fundamental  principles  of  nomenclature,  and  the  end  to  be 
gained  is  of  the  most  trivial  character."     (Dall,  Rep.,  pp.  50,  51.) 

Canon  XXXI.  Neither  generic  nor  specific  names  are  to 
be  rejected  because  of  barbarous  origin,  for  faulty  construction, 
for  inapplicability  of  meaning,  or  for  erroneous  signification. 

Remarks.  —  As  already  stated  under  Canon  VI.,  of  which  this  is  the 
corollary,  a  name  is  merely  a  name,  and  should  be  treated  as  such,  without 
regard  to  its  construction  or  signification.  This  principle,  while  contrary  to 
provisions  of  the  B.  A.  Code  and  to  the  practice  of  many  writers,  has  the 
sanction  of  modern  authorities,  and  is  in  line  with  present  tendencies  in 
respect  of  fixity  of  names  in  nomenclature,  as  already  explained. 

Canon  XXXII.  A  iiomen  nudum,  generic  or  specific,  may 
be  adopted  by  a  subsequent  author,  but  the  name  takes  both  its 
date  and  authority  from  the  time  when,  and  from  the  author  by 
whom,  the  name  becomes  clothed  with  significance  by  being 
properly  defined  and  published. 


§  7.    Of  tJic  Rcjcctio7i  of  Names. 

Canon  XXXIII.  A  generic  name  is  to  be  changed  which 
has  been  previously  used  for  some  other  genus  in  the  same 
kingdom  ;  a  specific  or  subspecific  name  is  to  be  changed 
when  it  has  been  applied  to  some  other  species  of  the  same 
genus,  or  used  previously  in  combination  with  the  same  generic 
name. 

Remarks.  —  In  other  words,  a  generic  name  cannot  be  tenable  for  more 
than  one  genus  in  the  same  kingdom,  nor  a  specific  or  subspecific  name  for 
more  than  one  species  or  subspecies  of  the  same  genus.  This  is  in  accord- 
ance with  custom  and  all  previous  codes.  In  the  present  unsettled  state  of 
opinion  regarding  the  status  of  forms  considered  by  some  writers  as  specific, 
and  by  others  as  subspecific,  it  seems  best  to  place  subspecific  designations 
on  the  same  basis  in  this  respect  as  specific  ones. 

Therefore  the  maxim,  "  Once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym,"  applies  alike 
to  generic,  specific,  and  subspecific  names. 

A  diversity  of  opinion  prevails  among  naturalists  in  relation  to  whether  a 
generic  name  which  has  lapsed  from  sufficient  cause  into  synonymy  should 


48 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


be  entirely  rejected,  or  whether  it  may  be  considered  available  for  a  new  and 
valid  genus.  Usage  seems  strongly  against  the  retention  of  such  names  ; 
but  a  few  writers  have  advocated  their  admissibility  in  some  other  class  of 
the  Animal  Kingdom,  or  even  the  admissibility  of  the  same  name  in  different 
orders  of  the  same  class,  as  among  insects.  Inasmuch  as  a  fixed  rule  is 
desirable,  and  as  practice  and  precept  are  both  on  the  whole  favorable  to  the 
maxim  quoted  above,  —  names  in  one  department  of  Zoology  being  »,on- 
tinually  changed  when  found  to  be  preoccupied  in  another  department, — 
and  as  most  previous  codes  explicitly  state  that  a  generic  name  to  be 
tenable  must  not  be  in  double  employ  in  the  same  kingdom,  it  seems  to 
your  Committee  that  the  formal  adoption  of  the  maxim,  ''Once  a  syno- 
nym always  a  synonym,"  as  regards  generic  names,  must  meet  with  general 
approval. 

A  'synonym'  is  properly  one  of  two  or  more  different  names  for  one  and 
the  same  thin^r.  A  'homonvm'  is  one  and  the  same  name  for  two  or  more 
different  things.  But  in  the  usage  of  naturalists  this  distinction  of  meaning 
is  not  generally  recognized.  Thus  the  examples  about  to  be  adduced  in 
illustration  of  the  operation  of  Canon  XXXIII.  are  homonyms,  not  syno- 
nyms. It  is  therefore  necessary  to  premise  that  your  Committee  includes 
homonyms  in  the  maxim  j-.ist  cited. 

The  application  of  the  maxim  to  specific  and  subspecific  names  has  been 
less  generally  admitted,  but  can  be  shown  to  rest  on  a  sound  principle,  since 
it  aims  at,  and  is  calculated  to  promote,  stability  in  names.  The  object  of 
the  rule,  in  its  present  application,  is  to  make  the  use  of  the  specific  name 
altogether  Independent  of  the  generic  name  ;  to  oblige  authors  to  use  always 
the  same  specific  name,  even  when  they  disagree  as  to  the  generic  appellation. 
In  many  cases,  it  is  true,  the  revival  of  a  specific  name  which  has  lapsed  into 
synonymy  may  lead  to  no  confusion,  but  the  cases  wliere  the  reverse  may 
occur  are  far  more  frequent.  To  illustrate:  Gmelin,  in  1788,  described  a 
Lark  as  Alauda  rufa.  Audubon,  in  1843.  also  described  a  Lark  as  Alauda 
rufa.  In  the  mean  time,  however,  the  Alauda  rufa  of  Gmelin  has  been 
found  to  be  a  true  Anthus,  and  being  therefore  transferred  to  that  genus  is 
called  Anthus  rufics.  Now  as  these  birds  belong  to  widely  separated  fami- 
lies, it  may  be  claimed  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  confusing  Audubon's 
name  with  the  Alauda  rufa  of  Gmelin,  and  that  therefore  the  name  rufa  of 
Audubon  is  perfectly  tenable.  There  are  many  parallel  cases  in  zoological 
literature,  and  the  tendency  is  to  recognize  both  names  as  valid.  But  the 
case  is  not  always  so  simple,  being  susceptible  of  several  complications. 
For  instance,  to  continue  the  above  illustration  hypothetically,  let  us  suppose 
that,  before  the  generic  distinctness  of  the  two  species  was  discovered,  the 
name  of  the  Audubonian  Alauda  rjifa  had  been  found  to  be  preoccupied 
and  accordingly  changed  to  riifesce?is,  and  that  for  many  years  the  spe- 
cies was  known  as  Alauda  rufescens.  Finally  the  original  Alauda  rufa  is 
removed  to  Anthus^  and  some  writers  restore  to  Audubon's  species  its  origi- 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


49 


nal  name  of  nifa^  while  others  prefer  to  retain  the  better  known  and  later 
more  current  name  rufesccis. 

Again  :  In  1804  a  Munia  was  named  Loxia  albiventris  by  Hermann  ;  in 
i860  Swinhoe  named  a  Crossbill  Loxia  albiventris.  Tliese  birds  certainly 
belong  to  different  genera,  and  there  is  no  fear  of  their  being  confounded. 
But  it  may  be  contended  (indeed  was  long  since  so  claimed  by  Lesson)  that 
Hermann's  Loxia  albiventris  (a  Munia)  is  tiie  true  type  of  the  genus  Loxia, 
and  that  the  Crossbills  should  be  called  Cnicirostra.  Others  maintain  that 
the  latter  are  the  true  Loxia.  Each  view  may  have  advocates,  and  we  shall 
have  two  species  bearing  the  name  Loxia  albiventris,  whereas  the  rule, 
"  Once  a  synonym,"  etc.,  at  once  debars  the  later  name. 

Again  :  Temminck,  in  1S2S,  named  a  bird  Procellaria  tennirostris  (PI.  Col., 
587).  In  1839  Audubon  named  a  bird  Procellaria  tennirostris  (Orn.  Biog., 
v.,  p.  333).  By  many  authors  these  two  species  are  referred  to  different  gen- 
era, the  former  being  regarded  as  a  Puffinus.  Schlegel,  among  others,  con- 
sidered them  congeneric,  and  changed  (Cat.  Mus.  P.  B,,  Procellaritc,  p.  22) 
the  tennirostris  of  Audubon  to  sniithi.  In  doing  this  he  was  of  course  fully 
justified,  from  his  view  of  the  relationship  of  the  two  birds  ;  while  others, 
referring  them  to  different  genera,  would,  by  current  usage,  be  equally  jus- 
tified in  retaining  the  same  specific  name  for  both  species. 

One  further  illustration :  In  1788  Gmelin  named  a  h\r6.  Procellaria  cine- 
rca.  In  1820  Kuhl  applied  the  same  name  to  another  species  afterwards 
called  Procellaria  kuhlii.  These  two  species  are  now  commonly  looked 
upon  as  belonging  to  different  genera,  the  former  being  an  Adamastor,  the 
lattei  a  Puffinns.  They  are  not,  however,  called  Adamastor  cincrcus  and 
Puffinus  cine  reus,  but  A.   cinereus  and  P.  kuhlii. 

These  illustrations  will  serve  as  examples  of  the  complications  that  arise 
and  the  instability  which  results  from  present  methods  in  such  cases,  and 
show  the  lack  of  uniformity  of  usage  now  prevailing.  Cases  of  this  sort  are 
in  reality  very  numerous,  and  often  egregiously  misleading.  Your  Commit- 
tee urges  that  the  adoption  of  the  maxim,  "Once  a  synonym  always  a  syno- 
nym," in  relation  to  specific,  as  well  as  to  generic  names,  vill  eradicate  a 
prolific  source  of  instability  in  nomenclature,  and  provide  a  consistent  and 
uniform  rule  for  a  very  troublesome  class  of  cases.  So  long  as  naturalists 
differ  in  opinion  respecting  the  limits  of  genera,  the  absence  of  such  a  rule 
leaves  too  many  specific  names  open  to  personal  arbitration  and  individual 
predilection. 


C.\NON  XXXIV.  A  nomcn  ntidinn  is  to  be  rejected  as  having 
no  status  in  nomenclature.  ' 

Remarks.  —  A  name,  generic  or  specific,  which  has  been  published  with- 
out an  accompanying  diagnosis,  or  reference  to  an  identifiable  published 
figure  or  plate,  or,  in  case  of  a  generic  name,  to  a  recognizably  described 


so 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


■1 


species,  is  not  entitled  to  recognition,  being  merely  a  name,  and  therefore 
having  no  status  in  nomenclature.  It  may,  however,  be  brought  later  into 
use,  under  the  restrictions  embodied  in  Canon  XXXII. 

Canon  XXXV.     An  author  has  no  right  to  change  or  reject 

names  of  his  own  proposing,  except  in  accordance  with   rules 

of  nomenclature  governing  all  naturalists,  he  having  only  the 

same  right  as  other  naturalists  over  the  names  he  has  himself 

proposed. 

Remakk. — This  is  so  obvious,  that  it  seems  trite  to  dignify  the  matter 
by  formulation  as  a  Canon ;  yet  not  a  few  writers  fail  to  recognize  the  fact, 
and  claim  the  right,  not  only  to  emend  the  orthography  of  names  pro- 
posed by  themselves,  but  to  change  genera  and  subgenera  by  substituting 
for  them  new  types,  and  to  use  the  original  type  as  the  basis  of  another  new 
genus. 

Canon  XXXVI.  A  name  resting  solely  on  an  inadequate 
diagnosis  is  to  be  rejected,  on  the  ground  that  it  is  indetermina- 
ble and  therefore  not  properly  defined. 

Canon  XXXVII.  If  an  author  describes  a  genus  and  does 
not  refer  to  it  any  species,  either  then  or  previously  described, 
the  genus  cannot  be  taken  as  established  or  properly  defined, 
unless  the  characters  given  have  an  unmistak"'.  ic;  significance. 

Canon  XXXVIII.  A  species  cannot  be  considered  as  named 
unless  both  generic  and  specific  names  have  been  applied  to  it 
simultaneously,  i.  e.,  unless  the  species  has  been  definitely  re- 
ferred to  some  genus. 

Remarks.  —  ^.  ,^.,  a  West  Indian  Seal  {^Monachus  tropicalis  Gray)  was 
once  described  by  an  author,  who,  because  in  doubt  as  to  its  generic  affini- 
ties, simply  gave,  as  he  says,  "the  trivial  name  Wilkianus  for  the  species," 
without  referring  it  to  any  genus.  Authorities,  however,  agree  that  a  species 
thus  designated  cannot  be  considered  as  named. 

Canon  XXXIX.  A  name  which  has  never  been  clearly  de- 
fined in  some  published  work  is  to  be  changed  for  the  earliest 
name  by  which  the  object  shall  have  been  so  defined,  if  such 
name  exist ;  otherwise  a  new  name  is  to  be  provided,  or  the 
old  name  may  be  properly  defined  and  retained,  its  priority  and 
authority  to  date  from  the  time  and  author  so  defining  it. 


PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


51 


§  8.    (9/*  the  Emendation  of  Names. 

Canon  XL.  The  original  orthography  of  a  name  is  to  be 
rigidly  preserved,  unless  a  typographical  error  is  evident. 

Remarks.  —  In  view  of  the  fact  that  stability  of  names  is  one  of  the  es- 
sential principles  in  nomenclature,  and  that  the  emendation  of  names,  as 
shown  by  the  recent  history  of  zoological  nomenclature,  opens  the  door  to  a 
great  evil,  —  being  subject  to  abuse  on  tlie  part  of  purists  and  classicists, 
who  look  with  disfavor  upon  anything  nomenclatural  wliich  is  in  the  least 
degree  unclassical  in  form,  — it  seems  best  that  correctness  of  structure,  or 
philological  propriety,  be  held  as  of  minor  importance,  and  yield  place  to  the 
two  cardinal  principles  of  priority  and  fixity.  The  permanence  of  a  name  is 
of  far  more  importance  than  its  signification  or  structure,  as  is  freely  ad- 
mitted by  the  best  authorities  in  both  Botany  and  Zoology.  Your  Committee 
would  therefore  restrict  the  emendation  of  names  to  the  correction  of  obvi- 
ous or  known  typographical  errors  involving  obscurity.  They  would  there- 
fore reject  emendations  of  a  purely  philological  character,  and  especiallv  all 
such  as  involve  a  change  of  the  initial  letter  of  the  name,  as  in  cases  where 
the  Greek  aspirate  has  been  omitted  by  the  original  constructor.  It  there- 
fore follows  that  hybrid  names  cannot  be  displaced  ;  although  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  they  will  be  strenuously  guarded  against  in  future  ;  and  that, 
in  general,  word-coiners  will  pay  the  closest  attention  to  philological  pro- 
prieties. 

"  The  tendency  among  working  naturalists  is  to  retain  names  in  spite  of 
faults."    (A.  Gray.) 

"  A  generic  name  should  subsist  just  as  it  was  made,  although  a  purely 
typographical  error  may  be  corrected."     (De  Candolle  ) 


§  9.    Of  the  Dejlftttion  of  Names. 

Canon  XLI.  A  name  to  be  tenable  must  have  been  defined 
and  published. 

Remarks.  —  "  Unless  a  species  or  group  is  intelligibly  defined  when  the 
name  is  given,  it  cannot  be  recognized  by  others,  and  the  signification  of  the 
name  is  consequently  lost Definition  properly  implies  a  distinct  ex- 
position of  essential  characters,  and  in  all  cases  we  conceive  this  to  be  indis- 
pensable, although  some  authors  maintain  that  a  mere  enumeration  of  the 
component  species,  or  even  of  a  single  type,  is  sufficient  to  authenticate  a 
genus."     (i5.  A.  Code,  1842.) 

Any  tenable  technical  name  is  called  the  onym,  as  distinguished  from  an 


$2 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


anonym,  nomen  mtditm,  or  mere  name  unaccompanied  by  diagnosis  ;  or 
from  the  chironym,  an  unpublished  manuscript  name  ;  or  from  di  pseudonym, 
a  nickname  or  vernacular  name.  The  ony/n  is  of  two  kinds  ;  ih^graphonym, 
resting  upon  a  published  plate,  diagnosis,  or  description,  and  the  typonym, 
based  upon  indications  of  a  type  species  or  type  specimen  (see  Canons 
XLll.,  XLIII.).  Onyms  are  further  named  wononyms,  dionyms,  irionyms, 
or  polyonyms,  according  to  whether  they  consist  of  one,  two,  three,  or  more 
words.     (C/.  CouES,  The  Auk,  1.,  Oct.  1884,  p.  321.) 

Canon  XLII,  The  basis  of  a  generic  or  subgeneric  name 
is  either  (i)  a  designated  recognizably  described  species,  or 
(2)  a  designated  recognizable  plate  or  figure,  or  (3)  a  published 
diagnosis. 

Remarks.  —  Some  writers  insist  that  a  generic  or  subgeneric  name  in 
order  to  be  tenable  must  be  accompanied  by  a  diagnosis.  However  proper 
such  a  requisition  may  seem  theoretically,  the  principle  is  thoroughly  im- 
practicable, and  if  enforced  would  lead  to  hopeless  confusion.  The  custom 
of  naturalists  has  been  quite  otherwise,  and  the  mere  mention  of  a  type  has 
been  lound  to  be  often  a  better  index  to  an  author's  meaning  than  is  fre- 
quently a  diagnosis  or  even  a  long  description.  Either  of  the  three  alterna- 
tives given  above  may  alone  be  accepted  as  a  proper  definition.  In  the  case 
of  a  diagnosis,  it  must  of  course  give  some  character  or  characters  by  which 
the  organism  it  is  intended  to  designate  may  be  unmistakably  recognized. 

Canon  XLIII.  The  basis  of  a  specific  or  subspecific  name  is 
either  (i)  an  identifiable  published  description,  or  (2)  a  recog- 
nizable published  figure  or  plate,  or  (3)  the  original  type  speci- 
men or  specimens,  absolutely  identified  as  the  type  or  types 
of  the  species  or  subspecies  in  question  ;  but  in  no  case  is  a 
type  specimen  to  be  accepted  as  the  basis  of  a  specific  or  sub- 
specific  name,  when  it  radically  disagrees  with  or  is  contra- 
dictory to  the  characters  given  in  the  diagnosis  or  description 
based  upon  it. 

Remarks.  —  It  therefore  follows  that  a  specific  or  subspecific  name  rest- 
ing on  a  description  which  was  originally  so  vague  as  to  render  the  name 
indeterminable,  or  which  has  become  so  through  the  later  discovery  of  closely 
allied  species,  may  be  established  by  reference  to  an  authentic  type  speci- 
men, when  such  exists ;  but  if  the  description  proves  to  be  so  glaringly  erro- 
neous as  to  present  characters  contradictory  to  the  tjpe  specimen,  the  type 
specimen  is  not  to  be  taken  as  the  basis  of  the  name ;  the  name  in  such  case 
is  to  be  ignored  or  treated  just  as  it  would  have  to  be  if  no  type  specimen 


PRINXIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOM\fENDATIONS.  53 

existed ;   and  the  species  is  to  be  reintroduced  into  science  under  a  new 
name,  as  a  new  sjiccies,  and  witli  a  proper  description. 

Tlie  autiienticity  of  a  type  specimen  is  often  a  matter  of  the  highest  im- 
portance. The  evidence  will  vary  in  different  cases  ;  it  may  be  merely 
circumstantial,  but  of  such  a  nature  as  to  be  positive  in  character;  or  the 
specimen  may  bear  a  label  in  the  handwriting  of  the  original  describer  signi- 
1  fyinji;  it  to  be  his  type ;  or  the  history  of  the  specimen  may  be  so  well  known 
I  to  those  hiving  it  in  charge  that  there  can  be  little  reason  for  doul)t  in  the 
I  matter.  But  tradition,  in  the  general  sense  of  the  term,  cannot  be  regarded 
I  as  satisfactory  evidence  ;  and  nothing  short  of  the  written  statement  of  the 
5         author,  securely  attached  to  the  specimen,  affirming  it  to  be  the  type,  should 

iin  future  be  CfJnsidercd  satisfactory  evidence.  Still,  this  requirement  cannot 
be  insisted  upon  for  the  past,  since  in  few  cases  have  types  been  heretofore 
I  thus  dcsi;inated,  though  their  authenticity  may  be  in  many  cases  beyond 
j  cavil.  Your  Committee  would  recommend  that  in  future  authors  should  not 
I  only  specify  their  types  in  their  descriptions,  and  label  them  as  their  types, 
but  should  designate  the  collection  in  which  they  are  deposited. 


Canon  XLIV.  In  determining  the  pertinence  of  a  description 
i  or  figure  on  which  a  genus,  species,  or  subspecies  may  respect- 
j  ively  rest,  the  consideration  of  pertinency  is  to  be  restricted  to  the 
\  species  scientifically  known  at  the  time  of  publication  of  the  de- 
scription or  figure  in  question,  or  to  contemporaneous  literature. 


I 

I  Canon  XLV.     Absohitc  identification  is  requisite  in  order 

I        to  displace  a  modern  current  name  by  an  older  obscure  one. 


Remarks.  —  The  purpose  of  the  foregoing  rules  (Canons  XLIII.-XLV.) 
is  to  check  the  tendency  to  replace  current  names  by  earlier  ones,  the 
identification  of  which  may  be  determined  only  by  a  process  of  elimination 
—  on  the  ground  that  they  can  relate  to  nothing  else  —  based  on  our  pres- 
ent knowledge  of  Zoology,  but  which  cannot  be  determined  from  the  imper- 
fect description  given  by  the  original  describer,  alone  or  supplemented  by  the 
contemporaneous  literature  of  the  subject;  — in  short,  the  identification  of 
which  rests  on  our  present  knowledge  of  the  species  inhabiting  the  assigned 
habitat  of  the  form  in  question. 

Canon  XLVI.  In  describing  an  organism  which  is  consid- 
ered to  represent  a  new  genus  as  well  as  a  new  species,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  formally  separate  the  characters  into  two  categories, 
generic  and  specific,  in  order  to  render  tenable  the  names  given 
to  the  organism  in  question,  although  such  a  distinction  is 
desirable. 


54 


CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


Rhmarks. —  In  the  case  of  fossil  organisms,  represented  by  a  few  frag- 
ments, the  practice  of  giving  a  general  description  is  especially  common; 
but  even  here,  as  in  all  other  cases,  it  would  be  tar  better  to  give  a  formal 
diagnosis  or  description  of  the  generic  characters  as  dibtinguislied  from  the 
specific. 


§  10. 


Of  the  Publication  of  Names. 


Canon  XLVII.  Publication  consists  in  the  public  sale  or 
distribution  of  printed  matter,  —  books,  pamphlets,  or  plates. 

Remarks. —  In  Botany  the  distribution,  by  sale  or  otherwise,  of  labelled 
specimens,  bearing  the  date  of  their  distribution,  is  likewise  recognized  as 
publication. 

In  respect  to  the  matter  of  publication,  the  B.  A.  Committee  wisely  recom- 
mend as  follows  :  "  A  large  proportion  of  the  complicated  mass  of  synonyms 
which  has  now  become  the  opprobrium  of  zoology,  has  originated  eitiier 
from  the  slovenly  and  imperfect  manner  in  which  species  and  groups  have 
been  originally  defined,  or  from  their  definitions  having  been  inserted  in  ob- 
scure local  publications  which  have  never  obtained  an  extensive  circulation. 
Therefore  ....  we  would  strongly  advise  the  authors  of  new  groups  always 
to  give,  in  the  first  instance,  a  full  and  accurate  definition  of  their  characters, 
and  to  insert  the  same  in  such  periodicals  or  other  works  as  are  likely  to 
obtain  an  immediate  or  extensive  circulation." 

Mr.  Dall,  on  the  same  point,  makes  the  following  judicious  and  explicit 
recommendations. 

"To  avoid  increasing  the  difficulties  encountered  in  dealing  with  the  al- 
ready enormous  mass  of  scientific  names,  authors  are  earnestly  recommended 
to  take  the  following  precautions  in  publication  :  — 

"I.  To  publish  matter  containing  descriptions  of  new  groups  or  species 
[or  changes  in  nomenclature],  in  the  regularly  appearing  proceedings  of  some 
well-established  scientific  society,  or  in  some  scientific  serial  of  acknowl- 
edged standing  and  permanence. 

"2.  If  a  separate  publication  or  independent  wcrk  be  issued  by  any 
author,  copies  should  at  once  be  sent  to  the  principal  learned  societies,  sci- 
entific libraries,  and  especially  to  those  persons  or  associations  known  to  be 
employed  in  the  publication  of  bibliographical  records  or  annual  reviews  of 
scientific  progress. 

"  The  work  should  also  be  placed  at  the  disposition  of  the  scientific  world 
by  an  advertisement  of  copies  placed  in  the  hands  of  some  firm,  society,  or 
individual  for  sale  or  distribution. 

"  3.  To  avoid  most  carefully  the  publication  of  new  names  or  changes  of 
nomenclature  in  newspapers  ;  in  serials  not  of  a  scientific  nature  or  of  limited 
circulation  :  in  the  occasional  pamphlets  issued  by  weak,  torpid,  or  obscure 


PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS. 


55 


associations  which  are  distributed  [only]  to  members  or  not  at  all ;  and  in 
hricf  lists,  catalogues  [especially  sale  catalogues],  or  pamphlets  inilepen- 
dcntly  issued,  insufficiently  distributed,  or  not  to  be  found  on  sale."  (AV/., 
p.  46.) 

The  question  of  the  restriction  of  the  nature  of  the  channels  of  publication 
through  which  new  species  and  genera,  and  changes  in  nomenclature,  should 
be  made  public,  is  considered  by  Mr.  Dall,  and  w;;s  even  included  among  the 
subjects  covered  by  his  circular,  the  replies  to  which  were  to  tlie  effect  that, 
while  such  restriction  would  be  very  desirable,  it  seemed  impracticable ;  an 
opinion  reluctantly  concurred  in  by  Mr.  Dall  himself. 

'•It  is  charly,"  Mr.  Dall  continues,  '*  the  duly  of  every  publishing  author 
to  concur  as  far  as  possiMe  in  the  suppression  of  methods  loading  to  confu- 
sion," and  to  comply  witii  recommendations  "  intended  to  lead  toward  this 
result." 

Canon  XLVIII.  The  reading  of  a  paper  before  a  scientific 
society  or  a  public  assembly  does  not  constitute  publication, 
and  new  genera  and  species  first  announced  in  this  way  date 
only  from  the  time  of  their  subsequent  and  irrevocable  pub- 
lication. 

Remarks.  —  It  often  happens  that  papers  are  read  before  a  scientific  body 
which  are  never  printed.  No  one  would  claim  publication  in  such  cases. 
Often  many  months  elapse  between  the  reading  of  a  paper  before  a  society 
and  its  publication  in  tlie  proceedings  of  the  society.  Credit  for  original  dis- 
covery may  be  thus  secured ;  but,  in  deference  to  the  fundamental  principle 
of  fixity  in  nomenclature,  new  names  or  changes  in  nomenclature  proposed 
in  such  papers  obviously  cannot  be  allowed  to  antedate  actual  publication. 

Canon  XLIX.  The  date  bc^rne  by  a  publication  is  presumed 
to  be  correct  till  proved  otherwise  ;  although  it  is  well  known 
that  in  many  instances,  as  in  the  proceedings  or  transactions  of 
societies,  and  in  works  issued  in  parts,  the  date  given  is  not 
that  of  actual  publication  ;  and  when  this  fact  can  be  substan- 
tiated, the  actual  date  of  publication,  if  it  can  be  ascertained, 
is  to  be  taken. 

Remarks.  —  It  is  notorious  that  the  dates  on  the  title-page  of  the  com- 
pleted volume  of  works  issued  in  parts  often  antedate  —  sometimes  postdate 
—  the  actual  publication  of  the  different  parts,  or  are  otherwise  erroneous. 
Also,  that  the  volumes  of  proceedings  of  learned  societies  not  unfrequently 
bear  simply  the  date  of  the  period  or  year  to  which  they  relate,  even  when 
rot  published  till  months,  and  sometimes  years,  after  the  ostensible  date  ; 


Dl 


56  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

and  that  serial  fublicaiions,  when  not  issued  promptly,  as  not  unfrcqucntly 
happens,  are  sometimes  antedated  l)y  several  months.  This  state  of  things 
is  happily  less  prevalent  now  than  formerly,  and  is  more  frequently  the  result 
of  inattention,  or  failure  to  ai>preciate  the  importance  of  precision  in  such 
matters,  than  from  any  motive  of  unfairness.  At  the  present  time  authors 
in  good  standing  are  careful  to  make  permanent  record  of  tlu  date  of  publi- 
cation of  each  part  of  a  work  issued  in  successive  brochures,  or  printer's 
'signatures' ;  and  societies  not  unfrequently  give  the  exact  date  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  each  signature  or  part  of  their  various  publications.  This,  it  is 
needless  to  urge,  is  a  practice  which  should  become  general. 

Where  doubt  arises  as  to  the  priority  of  publication  between  a  properly 
dated  work  and  one  improperly  or  dishonestly  dated,  it  would  hardly  be 
unfair  to  throw  the  onus probaudi  on  the  publishers  of  the  latter,  or  to  favor 
the  work  the  date  of  which  is  not  open  to  question. 

Finally,  respecting  the  matter  of  publication,  your  Committee  would  sub- 
mit the  following. 

Naturalists  would  do  well  {a)  to  indicate  exactly  the  date  of  publication  of 
their  works,  parts  of  works,  or  papers  ;  {b)  to  avoid  publishing  a  name  with- 
out indicating  tlie  nature  of  the  group  (whether  generic,  subgeneric,  or 
supergeneric)  it  is  intended  to  distinguish;  {c)  to  avoid  including  in  their 
publications  any  unaccepted  manuscript  names,  since  such  names  only  need- 
lessly increase  synon)'my  ;  {d)  societies,  government  or  other  surveys,  or 
other  publishing  boards,  should  indicate  the  date  of  issue  of  each  part  of 
works  published  serially  or  in  instalments,  as  well  as  of  all  volumes  and 
completed  works. 

Furthermore,  the  custodians  of  libraries,  public  or  private,  would  do  well 
to  indicate,  either  in  the  work  itself  or  in  a  proper  book  of  record,  the  date 
of  reception  of  all  publications  received,  particularly  in  the  case  of  those  of 
a  serial  character,  or  which  are  issued  in  parts.  (This,  it  may  be  observed, 
is  a  practice  carefully  adhered  to  in  well-regulated  libraries  of  the  present 
time.) 

§11.    Of  the  Authority  for  Names. 

Canon  L.  The  authority  for  a  specific  or  subspecific  name 
is  the  first  clescriber  of  the  species  or  subspecies.  When  the 
first  describer  of  the  species  or  subspecies  is  not  also  the  au- 
thority, it  is  to  be  enclosed  in  parentheses  ;  e.  g.,  Turdus  migra- 
toriiis  L.,  or  Mcrula  migratoria  (L.). 

Remark.  —  Ordinarily  the  use  of  authorities  may  be  omitted,  as  in  inci- 
dental reference  to  species  of  a  well-known  fauna  in  faunal  lists,  etc. ;  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  use  of  authorities  may  be  of  the  greatest  importance 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


57 


in  giving  exact  indication  of  the  sense  in  which  a  name  is  used ;  for  instance, 
in  check-hsts,  or  monoyrapliic  and  revisionary  works. 

In  writing  the  names  of  sulispecies  the  authority  for  the  specific  or  second 
element  of  the  name  may  nearly  always  be  omitted. 

The  relation  of  authorities  may  be  otherwise  indicated  ;  as,  e.g.,  Mcrula 
viii^ratoria  L.  sp.  ;  or  Menilu  mi^^ratoria  S\v.  &  Rich,  ex  L. ;  or  Mcrula 
mii^ratoria  Sw.  &  Rich.  (L.  sub  / unius),  etc. ;  but  the  method  first  above 
mentioned  has  the  merit  of  the  greater  simplicity  and  brevity. 

Two  very  different  practices  have  prevailed  among  naturalists  in  respect 
to  authorities  for  names.  The  B.  A.  Code  gave  preference  to  the  authority 
for  the  specific  name,  fur  the  following  reasons  :  '"Of  the  three  persons  con- 
cerned with  the  construction  of  a  binomial  title  ....  we  conceive  that  the 
author  who Jirst  describes  and  names  a  species  which  forms  the  groundwork 
of  later  generalizations,  possesses  a  higher  claim  to  have  his  name  recorded 
than  he  who  afterwards  defines  a  genus  which  is  found  to  embrace  that 
species,  or  who  may  be  the  mere  accidental  means  of  bringing  the  generic 
and  specific  names  into  contact.  By  giving  the  authority  for  the  specijic 
name  in  preference  to  all  others,  the  inquirer  is  referred  directly  to  the  origi- 
nal description,  habitat,  etc.,  of  the  species,  and  is  at  the  same  time  reminded 
of  the  date  of  its  discovery."  Agassiz  and  others  opposed  this  practice,  and 
gave  preference  to  the  referrer  of  the  species  to  its  proper  genus,  on  the 
gDund  that  it  required  greater  knowledge  of  the  structure  and  relationship 
of  species  to  properly  classify  them  than  to  simply  name  and  describe  them. 
By  this  school,  the  authority  is  considered  as  constituting  part  of  the  name. 
This  method  is  also  in  accordance  with  the  usage  of  the  older  zoologists  and 
botanists,  from  Linnaeus  down.  But  it  often  happens  that  the  authority  for 
the  combination  of  names  used  is  not  that  of  the  classifier,  but  of  the  author 
who  has  merely  'shuffled  names,'  or  worked  out  the  synonymy  in  accord- 
ance with  nomenclatural  rules,  and  has  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  correct 
allocation  of  the  species. 

Canon  LI.  The  authority  for  a  name  is  not  to  be  separated 
from  it  by  any  mark  of  punctuation  (except  as  provided  for 
under  Canon  L.). 

Remarks.  —  In  respect  to  punctuation  and  typography,  in  relation  to 
names  and  their  authorities,  usage  varies  ;  but  it  is  quite  generally  conceded 
that  no  comma  need  be  used  between  the  name  and  its  authority  ;  "  the  au- 
thority," as  Verrill  has  suggested,  "  being  understood  to  be  a  noun  in  the 
genitive  case,  though  written  in  the  nominative  form,  or  more  frequently 
abbreviated."  In  printing  the  authority  is  usually  and  advisably  distin- 
guished by  use  of  type  differing  from  that  of  the  name ;  if  the  latter  be  in 
Italic  type  the  authority  may  be  in  Roman,  or  if  in  small  capitals  or  in 
antique,  the  authority  may  be  in  Italic  type,  etc. 


L 


58 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


Canon  LII.  The  name  of  the  authority,  unless  short,  is  co 
be  abbreviated,  and  the  abbreviation  is  to  be  made  in  accord- 
ance with  commonly  recognized  rules,  and  -rregularly  formed 
and  non-distinctive  abbreviations  are  to  be  avoided. 

Remarks.  —  In  the  case  of  a  few  well-known  names  usage  may  be  con- 
sidcrcd  to  have  established  certain  deviations  from  strict  rule  in  the  matter 
of  al)ljieviation  of  authors'  names,  as  the  use  of  L.  for  Linnaeus,  DC.  for 
De  Candolie,  Bd.  for  Baird,  Scl.  for  Schiter,  etc.  In  general,  mimes  of  one 
syllal/le  are  short  enough  not  to  require  abbreviation  ;  when,  however,  it 
seems  preferable  to  siiorten  them  the  first  consonants  are  retained  (as  Br. 
for  Brown)  or  die  first  consonant  and  the  last,  or  last  two  when  the  name 
ends  witli  a  consonant  or  consonants  (as  Bd.  for  Baird,  GUI.  for  Ciould,  Cs, 
for  Coi'js,  etc.).  For  names  of  more  than  one  syllable,  the  first  syllable  and 
the  first  letter  or  letters  of  the  second  syllable  should  be  retained  (as  Aud. 
for  Audubon,  Bon.  for  Bonaparte,  Gorm.  for  Gorman  ;  not  Grm.,  which 
might  stand  for  either  Gorman,  Garman,  or  Germar).  To  avoid  confound- 
ing two  names  which  begin  with  similar  syllables,  two  syllables  may  be 
given,  with  one  or  two  consonants  of  the  third  (as  Bertol.  for  Bertolini,  to 
distinguish  it  from  Bertero),  or  tlie  first  syllable  wiUi  the  addition  of  a  char- 
acteristic final  consonant  of  tb.e  name  (as  Michx.  for  Michaux,  as  opposed 
to  Micheli  ;  or  Lamx.  for  Lamouroux,  as  distinguished  from  Lamarck). 

If  several  prominent  authors  in  the  same  department  of  Zoology  have  the 
same  name,  they  may  be  distinguished,  if  thought  necessary,  by  prefixing 
their  respective  initials,  or  an  abbreviation  of  tlie  Christian  name  to  tiie 
usual  abbreviatiun  ;  or  if  father  and  son,  by  affixing  Ji/.  or  J.  to  the  name  of 
the  younger. 

In  short,  the  points  to  be  aimed  at  in  abbreviating  names  of  authorities 
are  uniformity  and  distinctiveness.  As  Mr.  Dall  (whom  in  tliis  matter 
we  have  closely  followed)  remarks,  in  some  late  works,  only  those  familiar 
witli  the  literature  of  the  subject  "can  divine  whether  /)'///.  is  the  equivalent 
of  Bentham,  Beuth,  or  Booth,  Sz.  for  Schultz.  Steetz,  or  Szovvitz  ;  or  what 
is  the  equivalent  oi  Htsch.,  Hk.,  H.  Bn.,  Bn.,  Bii.,  Z//;.,  Reich.,  or  SpugP 


C    Recommendations  for  Zoological  Nomenclature  in 

the  Future. 

§  12.    Of  the  Co7isU'iiction  and  Selection  of  Names. 

RECOMMENDATION  I.  As  already  provided  under  Canon  II., 
the  rules  of  Latin  orthography  are  to  be  adhered  to  in  the  con- 
struction of  scientific  names. 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS. 


59 


Remarks.  —  "In  Latinizing  Greek  words  there  are  certain  rules  of  or- 
tliograpliy  known  to  classical  scholars  which  must  never  be  departed  from. 
For  instance,  tliC  names  which  modern  authors  have  written  Aiptinemia, 
Zcnophasia,  poiocephala,  must,  according  to  the  laws  of  etymology,  be  spelt 
/Epycnemia,  Xcnophasia,  znd  pceoccphala.  In  Latinizing  modern  words  the 
rules  of  classic  usage  do  not  apply,  and  all  that  we  can  do  is  to  give  to  such 
terms  as  classical  an  appearance  as  we  can,  consistently  with  the  preserva- 
tion of  their  etymology.  In  the  case  of  European  words  whose  orthography 
is  fixed,  it  is  best  to  retain  the  original  form,  even  tliough  it  may  include 
letters  and  combinations  unknown  in  Latin.  Such  words,  for  instance,  as 
Woodivardi^  Ktiv^hti,  Bullocki,  Eschs:holtai,  would  be  quite  unintelligible 
if  they  were  Latinized  into  Vudviirdi,  Cnichfi,  Bidlocci,  Essoizi,  etc.  But 
words  of  barliarous  origin,  having  no  fixed  orthography,  are  more  pliable, 
and  hence,  when  adopted  into  the  Latin,  they  sliould  be  rendered  as  classical 
in  ai  :)earance  as  is  consistent  with  the  preservation  of  their  original  sound. 
Tiius  the  words  Tockus^  aiosure",  argoonda/t,  kiiiidoo,  etc.,  should,  when 
Latinized,  hive  been  written  Tocctis,  ausure,  argunda,  aindu^  etc.  Such 
words  ought,  in  all  practicable  cases,  to  have  a  Latin  termination  given 
them,  especially  if  they  are  used  generically."     {B.  A.  Code.) 


Recommendation  II.  In  Latinizing  personal  names  only 
the  termination  should  be  changed,  except  as  in  cases  provided 
for  under  Recommendation  IV. 

Remarks.  —  "In  Latinizing  proper  names,  the  simplest  rule  appears  to 
be  to  use  the  termination  -us,  genitive  -/,  when  the  name  ends  with  a  conso" 
nant :  .  .  .  ,  and  -ius,  gen.  -//',  when  it  ends  with  a  vowel,  as  Latreiile, 
Latreillii,  ^K.c.''''  (5.  A.  Code.)  Since  proper  names  for  species,  however, 
are  used  mainly  —  and  we  recommend  that  they  be  so  used  exclusively  —  in 
the  possessive  case,  a  still  simpler  and  now  generally  adopted  rule  is  to  add 
an  i  to  the  name;  as,  Latrcilu\  Latreillci;  Hale.  Halei;  Baird,  Balrdi ; 
but  euphony  may  in  some  instancco  require  the  fuller  form,  and  here  —  as 
in  many  other  instances — is  a  case  where  an  autlior  has  the  opportunity  of 
displaying  his  good  taste.  It  sliould  be  understood  that  this  rule  does  not 
apply  to  names  which  are  already  Latin  or  Latinized  in  the  nominative  case. 
Tiius  I.innccns  should  become  Linncri ;  Cignccus,  Cygncei ;  Gmuien/s, 
Cunncri ;  Xaihiisius.,  Xaihusii ;  Nicolaus,  Nicolai  j  —  not  Linnceusi, 
Cygnausi,  Gunneritsi,  Nathtisiusi,  Nicolaiisi.  The  same  principle  may  also 
he  safely  followed  in  cases  where  the  form  of  the  name  is  perfectly  Latin, 
tliou:^h  there  may  be  some  doubt  whether  it  originally  was  Latinized  or  not; 
as,  Daldaini  from  Bafdaimts,  Blasii  from  Blasins ;  not  Baldamusi,  Blasiusi. 
If  the  name  were  Blase,  the  genitive  would  be  Biasei,  as  distinctive  from 
Blasii.  Tin's  recommendation  of  applying  the  regular  Latin  genitive  when- 
ever possible  without  obscuring  the  name,  is  particularly  to  be  observed  in 


6o 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


many  names  ending  in  (7,  the  genitive  of  which  should  be  cr;  as,  Molina, 
A/olincr;  Cam,  Carce ;  Costa,  Costa ;  Orellana,  Ordlance ;  Lozana,  Lo- 
zancs ;  Marmora,  JMarmorce ;  Botta,  Bottce ;  and  not  Molinai,  Carat, 
Costal,  Orellanai,  Lozanai,  etc.  A  greater  difficulty  is  experienced  with 
some  Italian  and  Spanish  names,  and  similar  o!ies  of  Roman  origin,  ending 
in  o  or  io.  Simply  adding  an  /  would  in  many  cases  give  absolutely  absurd 
rcsalts  ;  as,  Antonio,  Antonioi.  In  such  cases  the  only  proper  way  seems  to 
be  to  apply  the  regular  Latin  genitive,  or  to  derive  a  genitive  in  the  regular 
manner  from  a  supposed  regular  Latin  nominative  form  of  the  name  :  thus, 
Anionii,  from  Antonio;  Xamarri,  from  Xamarro  j  Naceyri,  from  Naceyro; 
Guirai,  from  Guirao;  Durazzi,  from  Durazso ;  Morozzi,  from  Aforozzo. 
A  few  names  ending  in  io,  the  derivation  of  which  from  a  true  Latin  nomi- 
native form  is  not  obvious,  may  be  treated  in  a  similar  manner ;  as,  Fatio, 
Fatii,  and  not  Fatioi,  though  we  have  seen  Fationis,  the  propriety  of  which 
we  h-^ve  no  means  of  determining.  Analogous  application  may  be  made  in 
case  of  similarly  ending  names  not  of  Latin  origin ;  as,  for  instance,  Kale- 
niczenki  seems  preferable  to  Kaleniczcnkoi. 

The  above  suggestions  apply  to  names  of  men.  It  has  been  the  custom 
to  add  a:  to  the  name,  instead  of  /,  to  indicate  that  the  person  whose  name 
was  thus  used  is  a  woman,  but  -ice  will  in  many,  perhaps  most,  cases  be 
found  preferable,  on  account  of  its  greater  euphony ;  for  instance,  Max- 
wellice,  and  not  Maxwellcc ;  Blackhurnice,  not  Blackburna;. 

it  is  sometimes  recommended  that  a  personal  specific  name  be  put  in  the 
adjective  form  when  it  is  not  the  name  of  the  original  collector  or  describer 
of  the  species.  "Thus  Corvus  corax,  Brun  non  Linnaeus,  or  a  new  Corvtis 
colli-:ted  by  Brun,  would  be  C.  brieni.  A  Corvus  named  after  one's  friend 
Brun,  or  an  ornithologist  Brun,  would  be  C.  brunianus"  This  recom- 
mendation is  impracticable,  however,  since  -ianus  is  too  long  a  termination 
to  append  to  most  names,  as  it  might  give  us  specific  names  like  Artzi- 
baschejjianus,  Seidcnsacherianiis.  Olph-Galliardiamis ,  Grandidicrianiis,  Mac. 
gillivrayianus,  Selys-Longschavtpsianus,  etc. 

When  Christian  names  which  have  a  Latin  or  Latinized  equivalent  are 
adopted  for  species,  the  form  should  accord  with  the  rules  of  Latin  declina- 
tion ;  e.  g.,  Alexandri,  Caroli,  Francisci,  Hectoris,  Lndovici,  Guillielvii, 
Annce,  Margarethce,  Phoches ;  not  Alexanderi,  Charlesi  or  Karli,  Frantzi 
or  Frani^oisi,  Hectori,  Loiiisi  or  Lttdwigi,  Willianii ;  much  less  Annai, 
Margarcti,  Phoebci,  or  the  hke.  In  many  cases  of  women's  Christian 
names,  especially  such  as  have  no  Latin  or  Latinized  equivalent,  the  name 
may  be  left  unaltered  and  uninflected,  for  instance,  Ingeborg,  Gefion,  etc. ; 
a  practice  which  may  be  extended  to  names  which  in  their  present  form 
are  so  altered  that  their  derivation  is  not  longer  obvious,  as  Fanny,  and  the 
like.  But  in  many  cases  the  proper  Latin  form  or  equivalent  is  obvious;  as, 
Maries  from  Mary,  LucicE  from  Lucy,  Gratia;  from  Grace,  etc. 

So  much  for  specific  appellations  derived  from  personal  proper  names,  the 


PRI^XIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMiMENDATIONS.  6l 

use  of  which,  if  practised  with  discretion,  is  not  objectionable.  But  care 
should  be  exercised  as  to  introducing  names  of  persons  who  have  not  ren- 
dered some  noteworthy  service  to  science,  either  as  investigators,  col- 
lectors of  materials,  or  promoters  of  zoological  investigation.  The  same 
remark  will  apply  with  still  greater  force  to  generic  names,  in  respect  to 
which  the  Bath  (1863)  Committee  of  the  British  Association  makes  the  fol- 
lowing sound  suggestion  :  — 

'■^Specific  names  from  persons  have  already  been  sufficiently  prostituted, 
and  personal  generic  names  have  increased  to  a  large  and  undeserving  ex- 
tent. The  handing  down  the  name  of  a  naturalist  by  a  genus  has  always 
been  considered  as  the  highest  honour  that  could  be  given,  and  should  never 
be  bestowed  lightly. ^  " 

The  simplest  rule  for  forming  a  generic  appellation  from  a  personal  name 
seems  to  be  to  ascertain  first  the  genitive  of  the  name  according  to  the  above 
suggestions,  and  then  to  append  an  a.  In  this  case,  however,  the  silent  e  at 
the  end  of  a  name  should  be  dropped  ;  e. g.,  Latreil'ia,  not  Laireilleia.  In 
some  other  cases  the  author  will  need  to  exercise  his  taste  in  forming  the 
words  when  the  genitive  form  does  not  end  in  /. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  name  be  "disembarrassed  from  all  titles 
and  all  preliminary  particles  "  ;  but  it  is  evident  that  in  many  cases  the  "pre- 
liminary particle "  is  so  important  a  part  of  the  name  that  its  exclusion 
would  make  the  name  unrecognizable.  While,  therefore,  it  is  proper  to  omit 
the  Germon  vo7i,  for  instance,  in  Lanius  Jiomeyeri,  it  would  hardly  be  de- 
fensible to  write  Diifi  or  Alursii,  instead  of  Diibusi  or  Desmursii,  when 
intending  to  honor  Du  Bus  or  Des  Murs  by  naming  a  species  after  him. 
That  'particle'  does  not  mean  'article'  neM  hardly  be  mentioned,  and 
names  like  La  Fresnaye,  etc.,  should  not  be  csmembered,  though  in  Ger- 
man names  the  article  also  has  to  be  left  out  when  the  particle  is  dropped. 

Recommendation  III.  The  best  zoolojiical  names  are  those 
which  are  derived  from  the  Latin  or  Greek,  and  express  some 
distinguishing  characteristic  of  the  object  to  which  they  are 
apphed. 

Remarks. — This  is  Recommendation  'A.'  of  the  B.  A.  'Recommenda- 
tions for  the  Improvement  of  Zoological  Nomenclature  in  the  Future,'  under 
which  the  B.  A.  Committee  considers  'Classes  of  objectionable  names.' 
This  subject  has  also  since  received  detailed  consideration  from  De  Candolle 
in  his  -  Lois  de  la  Nomenclature  botanique,'  and  Mr.  Dall  has  devoted  several 
pages  to  it  in  his  'Report'  (pp.  29-31),  all  of  which  may  well  be  consulted 
in  this  connection.  The  principal  of  these  recommendations  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows :  — 

^  "  Hoc  unicum  et  summum  proemium  laboris,  sancte  servandum,  et  caste  dis- 
pensandum  ad  incitamentum  et  ornamentum  Botanices.  —  Phil.  Botan.,  p.  i:'i." 


62 


CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 


1.  Avoid  adjective  generic  names.  "Tiie  names  of  genera  are  in  all 
cases  essentially  substantive,  and  hence  adjective  terms  cannot  be  em- 
ployed for  them  without  doing  violence  to  grammar.  The  generic  names 
Hians,  Crinigcr,  Cursorius,  Nitidula,  etc.,  are  examples  of  this  incorrect 
usage."     {B.  A.  Code.) 

2.  Avoid  generic  names  in  the  genitive  case.  Like  adjective  names,  these 
can  be  used  only  in  violation  of  both  good  taste  and  grammatical  construc- 
tion.    (Dall.) 

3.  Avoid  geographical  names,  which  should  never  be  used  for  genera,  and 
only  with  discrimination  for  species.  —  Even  for  species,  formerly  some  au- 
thors (VVagler,  for  instance)  went  so  far  as  to  substitute  others  whenever  (hey 
occurred,  while  other  authors  (Swainson,  for  example)  would  tolerate  them 
only  when  they  applied  exclusively  j  as,  Lepus  hibcrnicus,  Troi^lodyics  euro- 
pceiis,  etc.  The  B.  A.  Committee  were  "  by  no  means  disposed  to  go  to  this 
length.  It  is  not  the  less  true  that  Hinindo  javanica  is  a  Javanese  bird, 
even  though  it  mp.y  occur  in  other  countries  also,  and  though  other  species 
of  Hinindo  may  occur  in  Java.  Tlie  utmost  that  can  be  urged  against  such 
words  is,  that  they  do  not  tell  the  whole  truth."  {B.  A.  Code.)  The  B.  A. 
Committee  advised  restriction  of  such  names  to  species  confined  to  the 
countries  whose  names  they  bear. 

4.  Avoid  barbarous  names  unless  they  are  euphonious,  easily  mcdified  to  a 
Latin  form,  and  arc  more  or  less  well  known  in  their  original  form  as  names 
of  the  species  or  genera  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied  ;  e.  g.,  AJnja,  Ara, 
Macao,  Ponipadora.,  Skua,  Tijuca,  etc. 

"  Some  authors  protest  strongly  against  the  introduction  of  exotic  words 
into  our  Latin  nomenclature,  others  defend  the  practice  with  equal  warmth. 
We  may  remark,  first,  that  the  practice  is  not  contrary  to  classical  usage,  for 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  did  occasionally,  though  with  reluctance,  introduce 
barbarous  words  in  a  modified  form  into  their  respective  languages.  Sec- 
ondly, the  preservation  of  the  trivial  names  which  animals  bear  in  their 
native  countries  is  often  of  great  use  to  the  traveller  in  aiding  him  to  dis- 
cover and  identify  the  species.  We  do  not  therefore  consider,  if  such  words 
have  a  Latin  termination  given  to  them,  that  the  occasional  and  judicious  use 
of  them  as  scientific  terms  can  be  justly  oI)jected  to."     {B.  A.  Code.) 

5.  "  Technical  names.  —  All  words  expressive  of  trades  and  professions 
have  been  by  some  writers  excluded  from  zoology,  but  without  sufficient 
reason.  Words  of  this  class,  ivhen  carefully  chosen,  often  express  the  pecu- 
liar characters  and  habits  of  animals  in  a  metaphorical  manner,  which  is 
highly  elegant.  We  may  cite  the  generic  terms  Arincola,  Laniits,  Pastor, 
Tyraunus,  Bei^uhts,  Mimus,  Ploceiis,  etc  ,  as  favourable  examples  of  this 
class  of  names."     (/?.  A.  Code.) 

6.  Mythological  names  should  be  applied  with  great  care,  and  only  when 
they  have  some  perceptible  reference  or  allusion  to  the  object  on  which 
they  are  conferred.     They  may  sometimes  be  used  as  generic  names  **  with 


PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  63 

tlie  same  propriety  as  technical  ones,  in  or  ■  ?s  where  a  direct  allusion  can  be 
iraced  between  the  narnted  actions  of  a  parsonage  and  the  observed  habits 
or  structure  of  an  animal.  Thus  when  the  name  Froone  is  given  to  a  Swal- 
low, Clotho  to  a  Spider,  Hydra  to  a  Polyp,  Athene  to  an  Owl,  Nestor  to  a 
gray-headed  Parrot,  etc.,  a  pleasing  and  beneficial  connexion  is  established 
between  classical  literature  and  physical  science."     (/>.  A.  Code.) 

7.  Avoid  hybriJ  names.  —  "Compound  words,  whose  components  are 
taken  from  two  different  languages,  are  great  deformities  in  nomenclature, 
and  naturalists  should  be  especially  guarded  not  to  introduce  any  more  such 
terms  into  zoology,  whicii  furnishes  too  many  examples  of  them  already. 
We  have  them  compounded  of  Greek  and  Latin,  as  Dcndrofalco,  Gym/io- 
corviis,  Mojioculus,  Arborophila.jlavigasterj  Greek  and  French,  as  Jacama- 
ralcyon,  Jacamerops;  Greek  and  English,  as  Biiliockoides,  GUberlsocriniles:' 
(/?.  A.  Code.) 

8.  Avoid  generic  names  closely  resembling  others  already  in  existence, 
even  when  the  etymology  may  be  different ;  as.  Pica  and  Picus,  Otoslomia 
and  Odostoiiiia,  Tachyphonris  and  Trachyphofitts,  etc.  The  danger  of  con- 
fusion in  such  cases  is  evident,  and  should  be  guarded  against. 

9.  "  Corrup;ed  words.  —  In  the  construction  of  compound  Latin  words, 
there  are  certain  grammatical  rules  which  have  been  known  and  acted  on 
^or  two  thousand  years,  anl  which  a  naturalist  is  bound  to  acquaint  himself 
with  before  he  tiies  his  skill  in  coining  zoological  terms.  One  of  the  chief 
of  these  rules  is,  that  in  compounding  words  all  the  radical  or  essential  parts 
of  the  constituent  members  must  be  retained,  and  no  change  made  except  in 

the  variable  terminations A  name  made  up  of  the  first  half  of  one 

word  and  the  last  half  of  another,  is  as  deformed  a  monster  in  nomenclature 
as  a  Mermaid  or  a  Centaur  would  be  in  zoology  ;  yet  we  find  examples  in  the 
names  Corcorax  (from  Corvtts  and  Pyrrhocorax)^  Cypsnai^ra  (from  Cypse- 
lus  and  Tajiagra),  Merulaxis  (from  Merula  and  Synallaxis),  Loxigilla 
(from  Loxia  and  pyim^illa'),  etc.  In  other  cases,  where  the  commencement 
of  both  the  simple  words  is  retained  in  the  compound,  a  fault  is  still  com- 
mitted by  cutting  off  too  much  of  the  radical  and  vital  portions,  as  is  the 
case  in  Bucorvus  (from  Bnceros  and  Corvus),  Ninox  (from  Nis7is  and  Noc- 
tita),  etc."     {B.  A.  Code.) 

10.  "Nonsense  names.  —  Some  authors  having  found  difficulty  in  select- 
ing generic  names  which  have  not  been  used  before,  have  adopted  the  plan  of 
coining  words  at  random  without  any  derivation  or  meaning  whatever.  The 
following  are  examples  :  Virak>a,  Xema,  Azeca,  Assiminia^  Quedius,  Spi- 
sula.  To  the  same  class  we  may  refer  anagrams  of  other  generic  names,  as 
Dacelo  and  Cedola  of  Alcedo,  Zapornia  of  Porzana,  etc.  Such  verbal  trifling 
as  this  is  in  very  bad  taste,  and  is  especially  calculated  to  bring  the  science 

ii  to  contempt It  is  contrary  to  the  genius  of  all  languages,  which 

appear  never  to  pro:iuce  new  worls  by  spontaneous  generation,  but  always 
to  derive  them  from  some  other  source,  however  distant  or  obscure.    And  it 


64  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

is  peculiarly  annoying  to  the  etymologist,  who  after  seeking  in  vain  through 
the  vast  storehouses  of  human  language  for  the  parentage  of  such  words, 
discovers  at  last  that  he  has  been  pursuing  an  ignis fatuits'''     {B.  A.  Code.) 

1 1.  Indicate  the  etymology  of  each  name  proposed.  —  While  it  is  not  now 
intended  that  names  erroneously  constructed  shall  be  subject  to  emendation 
(see  above,  Canon  XL.  and  Remarks),  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  etymol- 
ogy of  all  generic  names  newly  proposed  should  be  clearly  indicated. 

12.  Avoid  names  of  great  length,  or  of  harsh  and  inelegant  pronunciation. 
Words  of  more  than  five  syllables  should  as  far  as  possible  be  avoided.  In 
the  construction  of  names  it  is  obvious  that  euphony  should  be  regarded. 
Thus  such  names  as  Eschscholtzi,  Sylviorthorhyncluis,  ^trii^ymnhemipus, 
Synthliborha/jiphus,  Xiphidiorliynchus,  IVurmizicsuvie,  etc.,  are  decidedly 
objectionable. 

13.  Avoid  comparative  names.  —  Specific  names  expressive  of  compara- 
tive size,  as  minor,  minimus,  maximiis,  should  be  avoided,  as  they  may  be 
rendered  inaccurate  by  the  later  discovery  of  additional  species.  Names 
denoting  resemblance  to  another  species  or  genus  should  be  also  avoided,  as 
Picoides,  Einbcrizoides,  Pseudoluscinia,  rubeailoides,  etc.     (^B.  A.  Code.) 

14.  Generic  names  compounded  from  those  of  other  genera,  if  not  too 
long,  and  properly  formed  (not  made  corrupt  by  trying  to  render  them 
shorter),  may  sometimes  be  adopted  with  advantage,  since  they  serve  to 
express  the  position  of  a  genus  intermediate  between,  or  allied  with,  two 
other  genera.     {B.  A.  Code.) 

15.  Avoid  making  a  wrong  application  of  the  ancient  names  of  animals. 
Names  of  animals  found  in  classic  authors  have  in  numerous  cases  been 
applied  at  random  to  exotic  genera  or  species  wholly  unknown  to  the 
ancients.  This  practice  should  be  discouraged.  The  use,  however,  of  an- 
cient names,  when  correctly  applied,  is  most  desirable,  for  it  is  better  in 
framing  scientific  terms  to  select  old  words  than  to  form  new  ones.  (^.  A. 
Code.) 

16.  In  modifying  existing  names  —  as,  for  instance,  of  genera  in  naming 
subgenera  or  sections,  or  of  species  in  designating  allied  species  —  by  means 
of  prefixes  and  suffixes,  the  following  precautions  should  receive  attention. 
Before  a  Greek  derivative  eti-  and  psendo-  may  be  used,  the  former  espe- 
cially in  modifying  generic  names  ;  after  a  Greek  derivative,  -astrum,  -aides, 
or  -opsis.  Before  a  Latin  derivative,  st<b-  may  be  used ;  after  it,  -ella,  -una, 
-ina,  -ites,  etc.  The  prefix  eu-  may  be  used  before  generic  names  ;  the  pre- 
fixes S7tb-  znd  pseiido-  should  be  restricted  to  specific  names  ;  the  suffixes  are 
appl'jable  to  either  generic  or  specific  names.  Usage  has  justified  to  some 
extent  the  application  of  these  modifications  to  words  of  uncertain  etymology 
or  arbitrary  formation,  m  connection  with  which  Greek  syllables  should  be 
entirely  avoided.  So  far  as  specific  names  are  concerned,  psendo-  may  be 
employed  when  it  is  desired  to  connect  the  name  of  a  species  with  another 
with  which  it  has  been  confounded.     The  suffixes  -ella^  -una,  -ina^  are  used  in 


PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,  ArD   RECOMMENDATIONS.  65 

modifying  a  Latin  generic  name,  to  indicate  ♦hat  a  new  genus  thus  named  is 
in  some  way  related  to  the  one  whose  name  is  I'lus  modified.  They  are  also 
used  in  reforming  a  name  which  is  inadmissible  for  any  reason,  in  order  to 
preserve  a  suggestive  and  convenient  similarity.  7or  instance,  Cac'lia,  if 
employed  for  a  shell,  but  which  was  found  to  be  preoccupied  in  sor.ie  other 
class,  might  be  modified  to  Ccscilianella,  in  order  that  convenicuce  in  con- 
sulting indices  might  be  conserved  for  the  new  name  in  connection  with  the 
old  one.    (Dall,  Rep.,  p.  30.) 

17.  Geographical  specific  names  are  formed  by  adding  the  suffixes  -us, 
•ins,  -icus,  -inus,  -tins,  (or  their  feminine  or  neuter  equivalent*^,  as  the  case 
may  require,)  and  -ensi's,  the  name  itself  suffering  no  modificatioi  except  in 
its  termination. 

18.  Manuscript  names  used  by  collectors  in  their  notes  or  on  labels,  if 
well  chosen,  may  be  adopted,  the  adopter  of  the  name  of  course  supplying 
a  description  ;  and  he  should  further  state  that  the  name  has  not  previously 
been  formally  introduced.  Without  this  precaution  the  use  of  manuscript 
names  is  highly  objectionable,  and  has  been  the  source  of  great  confusion 
and  annoyance.  The  manuscript  names  of  Beck,  Solander,  Leach,  and 
others,  have  long  been  stumbling-blocks,  from  having  been  quoted  by  natu- 
ralists with  no  reference  to  the  fact  that  they  were  unaccompanied  by  descrip- 
tions, and  therefore  without  standing.     (Dall,  Rep.,  p.  23  ) 

19.  In  subdividing  an  old  genus  it  would  be  better  to  make  the  subdi- 
visions agree  in  gender  with  that  of  the  original  group,  in  order  that  specific 
names  may  be  preserved  unaltered. 


§  13.    Of  the  Transliteration  of  Names. 

Recommendation  IV.  Names  adopted  from  languages  writ- 
ten in  other  than  Roman  characters,  as  the  Greek,  Russian, 
Arabic,  Japanese,  etc.,  or  from  languages  containing  characters 
not  represented  in  the  Roman  alphabet,  as  the  Spanish,  French, 
German,  Scandinavian,  Western  Slavonian,  etc.,  should  be  ren- 
dered by  the  correspcnding  Roman  letters  or  combinations  of 
letters. 

Remarks.  —  The  transliteration  of  letters  not  Roman  into  those  of  the 
Latin  alphabet  is  a  matter  of  some  difficulty  and  uncertainty,  as  philologists 
are  not  yet  in  agreement  as  to  the  rules.  The  only  alphabet  in  regard  to 
which  scholars  nearly  agree  being  the  Greek  one,  the  commonly  adopted 
system  should  be  followed,  and  also  in  case  of  names  derived  from  the 
modern  Greek  language.  In  regard  to  the  other  alphabets,  it  is  to  be 
recommended  that  in  transliterating  the  spelling  be  as  nearly  phonetic  as 

5 


lii 


'  'i 
.i  I 


66  CODE   OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

possible,  and  in  accordance  with  the  sound  indicated  by  the  letters  of  the 
Latin  alphabet.  This  is  to  prevent  such  transliterations  as  yessocnsis  for 
jessoensis,  Chernik  for  Tschernik,  y  and  ch  having  sounds  in  the  Latin  alpha- 
bet different  from  those  which  they  are  intended  to  indicate  in  the  above 
words.  There  are  two  methods  of  transHterating  the  Russian  alphabet. 
One  is  by  rendering  the  letters  by  the  corresponding  Latin  letters,  which 
method  should  always  be  followed  in  geographical  names,  with  the  pro- 
viso, however,  that  where  the  Russian  name  in  the  nominative  case  ends 
with  the  letter  ^  the  ending  Latinizing  the  word  is  to  be  appended  to  the 
soft  consonant  preceding  the  j  :  e.  g.,  nom.  Orloff  (ending  in  Russian  n)^ 
gen.  Orlovi,  adject.  Orlovianus,  and  not  Orioffi,  Orloffianus,  this  being 
in  conformity  with  the  spirit  of  the  Russian  language,  which  has  gen.  Or- 
lova.  The  other  method  of  transliterating  the  Russian  letters,  much  used 
by  Russians  themselves,  is  to  render  them  by  the  corresponding  letters 
of  the  Polish  language.  The  alphabet  of  the  latter  is  only  quasi- Roman, 
however,  though  most  of  the  letters  have  the  same  value  as  the  Roman  let- 
ters. This  method  of  transliteration  should  only  be  resorted  to  when  a  Rus- 
sian autlior  is  in  the  habit  of  so  transliterating  his  own  name,  and  it  is  known 
to  the  scientific  world  in  tlut  form  :  for  instance,  Severzowi,  and  not 
Severzovi,  he  himself  invariably  spelling  his  name  Severzow  when  writing 
it  in  Roman  letters. 

In  regard  to  names  derived  from  the  Japanese  language,  it  is  to  be  re- 
marked that  the  Japanese  have  now  officially  adopted  a  system  of  transliter- 
ation according  to  the  "  Italian  pronunciation,"  which  should  be  followed. 

In  most  modern  alphabets  which  are  based  upon  the  Roman  one  occur 
a  few  peculiar  letters  which  have  to  be  transliterated,  as  the  Spanish  fl;  the 
French  e,  t\  d,  and  f/  the  German  d,  o,  ii;  the  Scandinavian  a,  ^j  the 
Slavonian  c,  etc.  The  Spanish  n  may  be  rendered  bv  doubling  the  conso- 
nant so  marked,  or  by  «/',  according  to  circumstances  ;  *;:'e  French  /,  e,  and 
<J,  simply  by  omitting  the  marks  of  accent,  and  f  :y  ' ;  the  German  a,  o, 
and  u,  by  es,  ce,  and  ue ;  the  Scandinavian  a  z.n^.  0,  by  ao  and  ce ;  the  Slavo- 
nian c  or  cz,  by  tsch.  However,  if  a  name  has  a  different  but  settled  trans- 
literation, this  should  be  employed,  as,  for  instance,  Taczanowskii,  and  not 
Tatschanovskii,  as  the  person  using  such  transliteration  must  be  content  to 
have  his  name  mispronounced,  as  in  the  case  quoted,  the  usual  pronunciation 
being  Takzanowski  (and  we  have  seen  it  Latinized  by  French  authors  into 
Tackzanowskia  /).  But  what  about  names  like  Tetrao  mlokosiewiczii,  named 
after  an  obscure  forester  somewhere  in  Russia?  The  best  recommendation 
we  can  make  is  to  avoid  them  altogether.  Do  not  burden  our  nomenclature 
with  names  of  persons  whom  science  does  not  know,  or  with  names  which 
civilized  people  cannot  read  at  sight,  nor  pronounce  when  read,  nor  remem- 
ber when  read  and  pronounced. 


PRINCIPLES,  CANONS,  AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  C>J 


§  14.    Of  the  Description  of  Zoological  Objects. 

Recommendation  V.  When  naming  a  new  species  or  sub- 
species, always  give  a  diagnosis,  as  short  as  possible,  but  still 
containing  all  tne  essential  features  by  which  the  species  or 
subspecies  may  be  distinguished  from  the  other  known  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  to  which  it  is  referred.  Base  the  diagnosis 
on  the  type  specimen,  and  indicate  the  museum  where  the  type 
is  deposited,  and  the  catalogue  number  by  which  it  may  be  iden- 
tified. Give  a  comparison  with  the  nearest  allied  forms,  and 
tabulate,  if  possible,  the  characters  of  the  new  form  in  a  '  key ' 
to  the  genus,  or  a  section  of  it. 

Recommendation  VI.  When  establishing  a  new  genus,  al- 
ways mention  at  least  the  family  to  which  it  is  considered  to 
belong,  and  a  single  typical  species  ;  give  then  the  diagnostic 
characters  by  which  the  members  of  the  genus  may  be  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  allied  genera. 


§  1 5.    Of  the  Bibliography  of  Names. 

Recommendation  VII,  In  preparing  tables  of  bibliographi- 
cal references  in  works  of  a  revisionary  or  monographic  charac- 
ter, all  published  works  which  throw  light  upon  the  history  of 
the  organisms  in  question  are  subject  to  citation. 

Remarks.  —  The  object  of  such  citation  is  twofold;  —  (i)  to  afford  a 
guide  to  the  literature  of  the  subject ;  (2)  to  show  what  name  or  combi- 
nation of  names  is  tenable  for  the  organism  under  consideration,  and  the 
authorities  for  such  names. 

Recommendation  VIII.  Citations  are  to  be  made  in  chrono- 
logical order,  the  earliest  name  given  to  the  organism  standing 
first,  and  the  other  designations  following  in  due  sequence  ; 
then  under  each  designation  are  to  be  arranged,  also  in  chrono- 
logical order,  the  several  works  or  papers  which  treat  of  the 
organism  under  such  des'gnation.  The  date  of  publication  is 
always  to  be  made  a  part  of  the  citation. 


68  CODE  OF  NOMENCLATURE. 

Remarks.  —  The  pre-Linnaean  or  early  historical  references  are  thus 
separated  from  the  nomenclatural  or  synonymatic,  on  which,  however,  the  lat- 
ter often  depend,  and  are  therefore  historically  important.  All  bibliographi- 
cal references  are  in  a  measure  historical,  but  a  distinction  has  been  made 
between  such  as  are  strictly  historical  and  those  mainly  biological.  While 
it  may  be  impracticable  to  separate  them  into  distinct  series,  it  will  greatly 
facilitate  the  labor  of  later  students  of  the  group  if  authors  will  indicate  the 
character  of  the  knowledge  conveyed  in  the  work  cited  by  a  brief  parentheti- 
cal statement  following  the  citation,  as  biographical,  descriptive,  embryo- 
logical,  monographic,  geographical  distribution,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be, — 
a  practice  already  adopted  by  some  writers.  The  extent  to  which  biblio- 
graphical references  may  be  profitably  cited  will  vary  with  the  nature  of  the 
work  in  hand,  but  in  works  of  a  monographic  character,  they  should  include 
all  essential  works,  whether  relating  to  the  status  of  names,  or  to  the 
development,  relationship,  habits,  or  distribution  of  the  organism  under 
consideration. 

Since  pre-Linnaean  authors  are  necessarily  subject  to  citation,  although 
their  names  of  groups  are  untenable  (unless  later  adopted  by  binomial  writ- 
ers), the  relation  of  their  work  to  the  science  becomes  duly  recognized,  and 
they  acquire  such  credit  as  the  character  of  their  work  may  entitle  them  to 
receive.  Much  has  been  said  on  the  score  of  justice  in  relation  to  the  early 
authors;  and  it  has  been  claimed  that  to  ignore  their  names  of  groups  in  our 
nomenclature  is  to  do  them  great  injustice.  Your  Committee,  however,  begs 
leave  to  submit,  as  already  stated  under  Canon  XIV.,  that  the  matter  of  jus- 
tice or  injustice  in  relation  to  authors  is  not  to  be  considered  in  matters  of 
nomenclature,  which  should  be  based  exclusively  on  certain  general  prin- 
ciples of  utility,  convenience,  and  practicability.  In  every  historical  resumi 
of  our  knowledge  of  particular  groups  or  species,  every  author  who  has  con- 
tributed to  our  knowledge,  whether  pre-Linnncan  or  modern,  polynomial  or 
binomial,  receives  his  due  modicum  of  recognition,  meted  in  proportion  to 
the  merit  of  his  endeavors.  So  that  he  is  not  only  recognized  in  biblio- 
graphical citation,  but  in  every  sketch  of  the  progress  of  our  knowledge  of 
the  organisms  about  which  he  may  have  written. 

Recommendation  IX.  "^^hen  the  diagnostic  characters  or 
the  limits  of  a  group  havf  ii  changed,  such  change  should  be 
shown  by  an  abridged  indication  of  the  character  of  the  change, 
as  '  mut.  char.,'  *  pro  parte,'  to  follow  the  citation. 

§  1 6.    Of  the  Selection  of  Vernactilar  Names. 

Recommendation  X.  Vernacular  names,  though  having  no 
standing  in  scientific  nomenclature,  and  being  not  strictly  sub- 


PRINCIPLES,   CANONS,   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS.  O9 

ject  to  the  law  of  priority,  have  still  an  importance  that  demands 
the  due  exercise  of  care  in  their  selection,  especially  with  refer- 
ence to  their  fitness  and  desirability. 

Remarks  —  It  not  infrequently  happens  that  well-known,  abundant,  and 
familiar  species  have  several  nearly  equally  familiar  vernacular  designations, 
in  which  case  the  most  euphonious  and  otherwise  most  fitting  should  be 
selected  and  given  prominence.  In  the  case  of  two  equally  unobjectionable 
names,  the  earliest  should  be  given  preference.  In  general,  vernacular  names 
may  well  be  selected  on  the  auctorum  plurimortim  principle. 

Since  many  species  known  to  science  are  without  vernacular  names,  oth- 
erwise than  unknown  barbarous  ones,  and  since  it  is  necessary,  or  at  least 
desirable,  sooner  or  later  to  supply  them  with  vernacular  designatious,  these 
should  be  as  far  as  possible  formed  by  translating,  or  in  part  adopting,  the 
technical  names  of  science  ;  and  authors  of  monographic  works,  like,  for 
example,  the  British  Museum  'Catalogue  of  Birds,'  or  faunal  works,  like 
many  which  might  be  named,  (but  which  unfortunately  in  too  many  cases 
ignore  vernacular  names,)  would  do  their  fellow  naturalists,  and  through 
them  the  public,  a  favor  by  considerately  supplying  vernacular  designations 
to  species,  particularly  in  such  departments  of  Zoology  as  Mammalogy  and 
Ornithology,  and  indeed  Vertebrates  generally,  together  with  the  better  known 
or  more  exemplary  forms  among  Invertebrates. 


CHECK-LIST 


OF 


NORTH    AMERICAN    BIRDS. 


ACCORDING  TO   THE  CANONS  OF  NOMENCLATURE 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOGISTS'  UNION. 


CHECK-LIST/ 


Order  PYGOPODES.     Diving  Birds. 

Suborder   PODICIPEDES.     Grebes. 
Family  PODIOIPID-ffi.     Grebes. 

Genus  JECHMOPHORUS   Coues. 

^chmophorus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  April,  1862,  229.    Type, 
Podiceps  occidcntalis  Lawr. 

1.  il^chmophorus  Occident  alls  (Lawr.). 

Western  Grebe. 

Podiceps  occidcntalis  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  894. 
jEchmophorus  occidcntalis  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  229. 

[B  704,  C  608,  R  729,  C  845.] 

Habitat.     Western  North  America,  eastward  to  Manitoba. 

Genus  COLYMBUS  Lixn^us. 

Colymbus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  135,    Type,  by  elimination, 
Colymbus  cristatus  Linn. 

Subgenus  COLYMBUS. 

2.  Colymbus  holbcellii  (Reinh.). 

HolboelPs  Grebe. 

Podiceps  holbocllii  Reinh.  Vid.  Med.  1853,  76. 

Colymbus  holbocllii  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  428. 

^  For  a  detailed  statement  of  tlie  scope  and  plan  of  the  present  Check- List  of 
North-Arrerican  Birds,  see  anteh,  pp.  14,  15. 


74 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B  702,  C  6io,  R  731,  C  847.] 

Hab.  North  Aiiierica  at  large,  including  Greenland.  Also  Eastern 
Siberia,  and  southward  to  Japan.  Breeds  in  high  latitudes,  migrating 
south  in  winter. 

Subgenus  DYTES  Kaup. 

Dytcs  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  49.     Type,  Colymbus  au- 
ritus  Linn. 

3.  Colymbus  auritus  Linn. 

Horned  Grebe. 

Colymbus  aurihis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  135. 

[B706,  C611,  R  732,  C  848.] 

Hab.  Northern  Hemisphere.  Breeds  from  the  Northern  United 
States  noi  ihward. 

4.  Coljonbus  nigricollis  califomicus  (Heerm.). 

American  Eared  Grebe. 

Podiceps  califomicus  Heerm.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  179. 
Colymbus  nigricollis  califomicus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VHI. 
1885,  356. 

[B  707,  C  612,  R  733  a,  C  850.] 

Hab.  Northern  and  Western  North  America,  from  the  Mississippi 
Valley  westward. 

Subgenus  PODICEPS  Latham. 

Podiceps  Lath.  Ind    Orn.  IL  1790,  780.     Type,  by  elimination,  Co- 
lymbus fluviatilis  Tunst. 

5.  Colymbus  dominicus  Linn. 

St.  Domingo  Grebe. 

Colymbus  domitiicus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  223. 

[B7o8^,  C6...  R  734,  C851.] 

Hab.  Texas  and  Southern  California  southward  through  Tropical 
America  to  Paraguay,  including  the  West  Indies. 


i 


ORDER  PYGOPODES.  75 

Genus  FODILYMBUS  Lesson. 
Podilymbus  Less.  Traitc,  L  1831,  595.    Type,  Colymbus podiceps  Linn. 

6.  Podilymbus  podiceps  (Linn.). 

Pied-billed  Grebe. 

Colymbus  podiceps  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  136. 
Podilymbus p>  .uceps  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  898. 

[B  709,  C  614,  R  735.  C  852.] 

Hab.  British  Provinces  southward  to  Brazil,  Buenos  Ayres,  and 
Chili,  including  the  West  Indies  and  the  Bermudas,  breeding  nearly 
throughout  its  range. 


Suborder  CEPPHI.     Loons  and  Auks. 
Family  URINATORID^.    Loons. 

Genus  URINATOR  Cuvier. 
Urinator  Cuv.  Anat.  Comp.  I.  1799,  tabl.  ii.     Type,  Colymbus  imber 

GUNN. 

7.  Urinator  imber  (Gunn.). 

Loon. 

Colymbus  imber  GvsiiKRVS,  Trondh.  Selsk.  Skr.  L  1761,  pi.  iii. 
i/rinai'or  imber  STEjyi.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtschat.  1885,  313. 

[B  698,  C  605,  R  736,  C  840.] 

Hab.  Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere.  In  North  America 
breeds  from  the  northern  tier  of  States  northward ;  ranges  in  winter 
south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

8.  Urinator  adamsii  (Gray). 

Yellow-billed  Loon. 

Colymbus  adamsii  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1859.  167. 

Urinator  adamsii  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  43. 


76 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B— ,  C6o5^,  R737,  C841.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  west  of  Hudson  s  Bay.     Casual  in  Northern 
Europe  and  Asia. 

9.  Urinator  arcticus  (Linn.). 

Illac'k-throated  Loon. 

Colj tubus  arcticus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  135. 
Urinator  anticus  Stejn.  Pr,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  43. 

[B  699,  C  606,  R  738,  C  842.] 

Hab.     Northern  part  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.     In  North  Amer- 
ica migrating  south  in  winter  to  the  Northern  United  States. 

10.  Urinator  pacificus  (Lawr.). 

Pacific  Loon. 

Colymbus pacijicus  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  889. 
Urinator pacijicus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  43. 

[B700,  C6o6«,  R739,  C843.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  south  in  winter  to  Cape 
St.  Lucas  and  Guadalupe  Island. 

11.  Urinator  lumme  (Gunn.). 

Red-throated  Loon. 

Colymbus  lumme  Gunn.  Trond.  Selsk.  Skr.  I.  1761,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2. 
Urinator  lumme  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  18S2,  43. 

[B  701,  C  607,  R  740,  C  844.] 

Hab.     Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  migrating  southward 
in  winter  nearly  across  the  United  States. 


Family  ALCID.^.    Auks,  Murres,  and  Puffins. 


Subfamily  FRATERCULINuE.    Puffins. 


Genus  LUNDA   Pallas. 

Lunda  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  II.  1826,  363.     Type,  Alca  drrhata 
Pall. 


ORDER   PYGOPODES.  77 

13.  Lunda  cirrhata  Pall. 

Tufted  Puffin. 

Aha  cirrhata  Pall.  Spic.  Zool.  V.  1769,  7,  pi.  i.,  pi.  ii.  figs,  i,  2,  3. 
Lunda  cirrhata  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  II.  1826,  363,  pi.  82. 

[B  712,  716,  C  619,  R  745,  C  856.J 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific  from  Caliiernia  to 
Alaska,  and  from  Japan  to  Bering's  Strait.  Accidentai  on  the  coast 
of  Maine. 

Genus  FRATERCULA  Brisson. 
Fratercula  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  81.    Type,  Alca  arctica  LiNN. 

13.  Fratercula  arctica  (Linn.). 

'^uflia. 

Alca  arctica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed,  10,  I.  1758,  13. 
Fratercula  arctica  Schaffer,  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  61. 

[B  715,  C  618,  R  743,  C  854.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  breeding  on  the 
North  American  coast  from  the  Bay  of  Fundy  northward.  South  in 
winter  to  Long  Island,  and  casually  further. 

13  i/.  Fratercula  arctica  glacialis  (Temm.). 

Large-billed  Puffin. 

Mormon  glacialis  "Leach,"  Temm.  Man.  d'Orn.  2d  ed.  II.  1820,  933. 
Fratercula  arctica  ^glacialis  Blasius,  List  B.  Europ.  1862,  24. 

[B714,  C6i8^,  R743^,  C855.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  from  S^^ntzbsrgeii  to 
Baffin's  Bay. 

14.  FratercTila  comiculata  (Naum.). 

Horned  Puffin. 

Mormon  corniculata  Naum.  Isis,  1821,  782,  pi,  vii.  figs.  3,  4. 
Fratercula  corniculata  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac  St.  Pdtersb.  II.  1837,  348. 

[B  713,  C  617,  R  744,  C  853.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  the  Kurile 
Islands  to  Sitka. 


78 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Subfamily  PHALERIN^.    Auklets,  Murrelms.  Guillemots. 

Genus  CERORHINCA  B(3naparte. 

Cerorhinca  Bonap.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  182S,  427.    Type,  C.  occidentalis 
Bp.  =  A  lea  monocerata  Pall. 

15.  Cerorhinca  monocerata  (Pall.). 

Rhiuoceros  Auklet. 

Alca  monocerata  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  II.  1826,  362. 
Cerorhina  monocerata  Cass,  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  905. 

[B  717,  718,  C  620,  R  746,  C  857.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  breeding  southward 
to  California  and  Japan ;  in  winter,  southward  to  Lower  California. 

Genus  PTYCHORAMPHUS   Brandt. 

Ptychoramphus  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb.  II.  1837,  347.     Type, 
C/rfa  aleutica  Pall. 

16.  Ptychoramphus  aleuticus  (Pall.). 

Cassia's  Auklet. 

Uria  aleutica  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  II.  1726,  370. 
Ptychoramphus  aleuticus  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Petersb.  II.  1837, 
347. 

[6724,0625,  R  751,  C  862.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  the  Aleutian  Islands  to 
San  Diego,  breeding  southward  to  the  Farallones. 


Genus  CYCLORRHYNCHUS  Kaup. 

Cyclorrhynchas  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  15.     Type,  Alca 
psittacula  Pall. 

17.  Cyclorrh3mchus  psittaculus  (Pall.). 

Paroquet  Auklet. 

Alca  psittacula  Pall.  Spic  Zool.  V.  1760,  13,  pi.        pi.  v.  figs.  4-6. 
Cyclorhyiichus  psittaculus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  Aug.  5, 
1884,  216. 


ORDER   PYGOPODES.  79 

[B  725,  C  621,  R  747,  C  858.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  the  Aleutian 
and  Kurile  Islands  northward. 

Genus  SIMORH7NCHTJS  Merrem. 

Subgenus  SIMORHYNCHUS. 

Simorhynchus  Merrem,  in  Er.-ch  &  Gruber's  Encycl.  i  sect.  II. 
18 19,  403.     Type,  A  lea  cristatella  Pall. 

18.  Simorhynchus  cristatellus  (Pall.). 

Crested  Auklet. 

Alca  cristatella  Pall.  Spic.  Zool.  V.  1769,  20,  pi.  iii.,  pi.  v.  figs.  7-9. 
Simorhynchus  cristatellus  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XLII.  1856,  774. 

[B  719,  720,  C  622,  R  748,  C  859.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Kadiak  and 
Japan  northward. 

Subgenus  PEALERIS  Temminck. 

Phaleris  Temm.  Man.  Orn.  1820,  p.  cxii.     Type,  by  elimination,  Alca 
pygmcea  Gmel. 

19.  Simorhynchus  pygmaeus  (Gmel.). 

Whisltered  Auklet. 

Alca  pygmcsa  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  555. 

Simorhynchus pygmcpus  Brandt,  Mel.  Biol.  VII.  1869,  222. 

[B721,  C  dzz,  R  749,  C  860.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Unalashka 
through  the  Aleutian  chain  to  Kamtschatka. 

SuBGE.-^us   CICEHONIA  Reichenbach 

Ciceronia  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  iii.     Type,  Phaleris  microceros 
Bk  \^Dr  =z  C/riapusilla  Palz.. 

20.  Simorhjnichus  pusillus  (Pall.). 

Least  Auklet. 

Uriapusilla  Pall.  Zoog.  Rnsso-As.  II.  1826,  373,  pi.  70. 
Simorhynchus  pusillus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  324, 


8o 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B  722,   723,  C  624,  R  750,  C  861.] 

Had.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Sitka  and  Japan 
northward  to  Bering's  Strait. 


/•/;-- 


Genus  SYNTHLIBORAMFHUS   Brandt. 

Synthliboramphus  Brandt,   Bull,  Ac   St.  Petersb.   II.   1337,  347. 
Type,  Aka  antiqua  Gmel. 

21.  S3nithliboraxnphus  antiqnus  (GxMel.). 

Ancient  Murrelet. 

Alca  antiqua  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  554. 

Synthliboramphus  antiqims  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Petersb.  II.  1837, 
347- 

[B  734,  736,  C  627,  R  753,  759,  C  864,  S70.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Sitka  and  Japan 
northward.     Accidental  in  Wisconsin. 

22.  Synthliboramphus  wumizusume  (Temm.). 

Temniinek's  Murrelet. 

Uria  wumizusume  Temm.  PI.  Col.  1838,  579. 

SynthliborhampJuts  wtimizusume  Reich.  Vollst.  Naturg.  Vog.  Na- 
tatores,  1845,  pi.  iv.  fig.  31. 

[B  737,  C  628,  R  754,  C  865.] 

Hab.     Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Washington 
Territory  northward,  and  Japan. 


Genus  BRACH7RAMFHUS   Brandt. 

Brachyratnphus  Brandt,  Ball.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb.  II.  1837,  346.     Type, 
Colymbus  marmoratus  Gmel. 

23.  Brach3nramphus  marmoratus  (Gmel.). 

Marbled  Murrelet. 

Colymbus  marmoratus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  583. 
Brachyramphus  marmoratus  Brandt,   Bull.  Ac.   St.   Petersb.   II. 
1837,  346. 

[B  732,  733»  C  629,  R  755,  C  866.] 


ORDER  PYGOPODES.  8l 

Hab.  Co?sts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific  ;  on  the  American 
coast  from  'San  Diego  northward,  and  breeding  as  far  south  as  Van- 
couver Island. 

24.  Brachyramphus  kittlitzii  Brandt. 

Klttlltz's  3Iurrelet. 

Brachyramphus  kittlitzii  V>K\iiDi,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  P^tersb.  II.  1837,  346. 
[B  735,  C  630,  R  756,  C  867.] 
Hab.     Kamtscha;:ka  and  Aleutian  Islands,  east  to  Unalashka. 

25.  Brachyramphus  hjrpoleucus  Xantus. 

Xautus's  3Iurrelet. 

Brachyrhamphiis  hypoleucus  Xantus,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Nov. 
1859,  299. 

[B  -,  C  — ,  R  757,  C  868.] 

Hab.  Coast  of  Southern  California,  from  San  Diego  to  Cape 
St.  Lucas. 

26.  Brach3rramphus  craveri  (Salvad.). 

Craveri's  3Iurrelet. 

Uria  craveri  Salvad.  Atli  Soc.  It.  Sc.  Nat.  VIII,  1866,  Estr.  p.  17. 
Brachyrhatnphus  craverii  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  66. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  758,  C  869.] 

Hab.     Island  of  Natividad,  Gulf  of  California. 

Genus  CEPPHUS   Pallas. 

Cepphus  Pall.  Spic.  Zool.  V.  1769,  33.    Type,  C.  lacteolus  Pall. 
=  C.  grylle,  albino. 

27.  Cepphus  grylle  (Linn.). 


Slacls  Guilleuiot. 


Alca grylle  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  130. 

Cepphus  grylle  Brehm,  Handb.  Vog.  Deutschl.  183T,  987. 

[B  ']2(i,part,  C  6^1, part,  R  ^60, part,  C  871, /^rrA] 

Hab.  Coasts  of  Northern  Eu'-ope,  south  to  Denmark  and  the  Brit- 
ish Islands.  Coast  of  Maine,  south  in  winter  to  Philadelphia  ;  New- 
foundland (?). 

6 


82 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


28.  Cepphus  mandtii  (Light.). 

Mandt's  Guillemot. 

Uria  mandtii  Light,  in  Mandt's  Obs.  Itin.  Dissert.  1822,  30. 
Cepphus  mandtii  Bp.  Cat.  Parzud.  1856,  12. 

[B  "] 26^  part,  C  6^1,  part,  R  '] Go,  part,  C  871,/dr/-/.] 

Hab.  Arctic  regions  of  both  continents  ;  south  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  North  America  in  winter  to  New  Jersey,  breeding  to  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  Labrador;  Alaskan  coast,  south,  in  winter,  to  Norton 
Sound. 

29.  Cepphus  columba  Pall. 

Pigeon  Guillemot. 

Cepphus  columba  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  II.  1826,  348. 

[B  727,  C  632,  R  761,  C  872.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  southward  from 
Bering's  Strait  to  Northern  Japan  and  Southern  California. 

Subfamily  ALCIN.^.    Auks  and  Murres. 


Genus  URIA  Brisson. 

Uria  Briss.  Om.  VI.   1760,   70.     Type,  by  elimination,   Colymbus 
troile  Linn. 

30.  Uria  troile  (Linn.). 

Murre. 

Colymbus  troile  Linn.  Faun.  Suec.  ed.  1761,  52;    S.  N.  ed.  12,  I. 

1766,  220. 
Uria  troile  Lath.  Ind.  Om.  II.  1790,  796. 

[B  729,  730,  C  634,  R  763,  C  874.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  southward  on  the 
coast  of  North  America,  in  winter,  to  Southern  New  England ;  breeding 
from  Nova  Scotia  northward. 

30  a.  Uria  troile  califomica  (Bryant). 

California  Murre. 

Catarractes  californicus  Bryant,  Pr.  Best.  Soc.  1861,  ir,  figs.  3  5. 
Uria  troile  califomica  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  483. 


ORDER   PYGOPODES.  83 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  763  a,  C  875.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  breeding  from  Cali- 
fornia north  to  the  Prybilof  Islands. 

31.  Uria  lomvia  (Linn.). 

Briinnich's  3Iurre. 

Alca  lomvia  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  130. 

Uria  lomvia  Bryant,  Proc.  Best.  Soc.  N.  H.  VI I L  May,  1861,  75. 

[B73i,C635,  R764«,  C876.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  Eastern  Arctic 
Oceans ;  south  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  to  New  Jersey, 
breeding  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  northward. 

31  a.  Uria  lomvia  arra  (Pall.). 

Pallas's  Murre. 

Cepphtis  arra  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  IL  1826,  347. 

Uria  lomvia  arra  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  Sept.  1884,  485. 

[B -,  C -,  R  764,  C -.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific  and  Western  Arctic 
0  eans. 

Genus  ALCA  Linn^us. 

Alca  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  130.    Tyne,  by  elimination,  Alca 
torda  Linn. 

32.  Alca  torda  Linn. 

Razor-billed  Auk. 

Alca  torda  Linn,  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  130. 

[£>  711,  <^  oi5,  1^  742,  <^  077.J 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  south  in  winter  on 
the  North  American  coast  to  Southern  New  England. 

Genus  FLAUTUS   Brunnich. 
Plaufus  Brunn.  Zool.  Fund.  1772,  78.    Type,  Alca  impennis  Linn. 


84 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


33.  Plautns  impennis  (Linn.). 

Great  Auk. 

Aka  impenr.is  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  130. 

Plautus  impennis  Steenstr.  V'id.  Med.  Nat.  For.  Kj^b.  1855,  k/4. 

[B  710,  C  615,  R  741,  C878.] 

Hab.  Formerly  the  coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  from 
Massachusetts  and  Ireland  northward  nearly  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 
Believed  to  be  now  extinct. 


Subfamily  ALLIN.<Sj.    Dovekies. 

Genus  ALLE  Link. 

Alle  Link,  Beschr.  Nat.  Samml.  Univ.  Rostock,  I.  1806,  17.     Type, 
Aka  alk  Linn. 

34.  Alle  alle  (Linn.). 
Dovekie. 

Aka  alle  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  131. 

Alle  alle  Stejneger,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  69. 

[B  738,  C  626,  R  752,  C  863.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  Eastern  Arctic 
Oceans  ;  in  North  America  south  in  winter  to  New  Jersey ;  breeds  in 
high  northern  latitudes. 


Order  LONGIPENNES.     Long-winged 

Swimmers. 

Family  STEROORARIIDiS.    Skuas  and  JafcxEr-. 


Genus  MXiGALESTRIS  ?..^aparte. 

Megalestris  BowAP.  Cat.  Parzudaki,  1856, 11.    Type,  Catharacta  skua 
Brunn. 


ORDER  LONGIPENNES. 


•s 


35.  Megalestris  skua  (Brunn.). 

Skua. 


Catharacta  skua  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764.  33. 

Megalestris  skua  Ridgw,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Sept,  4, 1880,  208. 

[B  652,  C  539,  R  696,  C  764.] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  chiefly  northward. 
South  to  Spain  and  Massachusetts.  Apparently  rare  on  the  coast  of 
North  America. 

Genus  STERCORARIUS   Brisson. 

Stercorarius  Briss.  Orn.  V.  1760,  149.     Type,   Larus  parasiticus 
Linn. 

36.  Stercorarius  pomarinus  (Temm.). 

Pomariue  Jaeger. 

Larus  pomarinus  T^^'su.  Man.  d'Orn.  1815,  514. 

Stercorarius  pomarinus  Vyewa..  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXII.  1819,  158. 

[B  653,  C  540,  R  697,  C  765.] 

Hab.  Seas  and  inland  waters  of  northern  portions  of  the  Northern 
Hemisphere,  south  in  winter  to  Africa  and  Australia,  and  probably 
South  America.  Not  known  to  occur  in  winter  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America  north  of  Long  Island. 

37.  Stercorarius  parasiticus  (Linn.). 

Parasitic  Jaeger. 

Larus  parasiticus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  136. 
Stercorarius  parasiticus  Schaff.  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  62,  pi.  37. 

[B  654,  C  541,  R  698,  C  766.] 

Hab.  Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  southward  in  winter 
to  South  Africa  and  South  America.  Breeds  in  high  northern  dis- 
tricts, and  winters  from  the  Middle  States  and  California  southward 
to  Brazil  and  Chili. 


38.  Stercorarius  longicaudus  Vieill. 

Long-tailed  Jaeger. 

Stercorarius  longicaudus  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXII.  1819,  157. 


86 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B  65s,  C  542,  R  699,  C  767.] 

Hab.     Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  in  high 
northern  districts ;  south  in  winter  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Family  LARID-ffi.     Gulls  and  Terns. 
Subfamily  LARINuE.    Gulls. 


Genus   GAVIA   Boie. 

Gavia  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  563.     Type,  Larus  eburneus  Phipps  =  La- 
rus  albus  Gunn. 

39.  Gavia  alba  (Gunn.). 

Ivory  Gull. 

Larus  albus  Gunn.  in  Leem's  Beskr.  Finm.  Lapp.  1767,  285. 
Gavia  alba  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  V.  1882,  39. 

[B  676,  677,  C  550,  R  657,  C  785.] 

HaB.  Arctic  Seas,  south  in  winter  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America  to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  casually  to  New  Brunswick, 
and  on  the  Pacific  side  to  Bering's  Sea. 

Genus  RISSA   Stephens. 

Rissa  "Leach,"  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  1825,  180.    Type,  Larus 
iridactylus  Linn. 

40.  Rissa  tridactyla  (Linn.). 

Kittiwake. 

Larus  iridactylus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  136. 
Rissa  tridactyla  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  62. 

[B  672,  C  552,  R  658,  C  782.J 

Hab.  Arctic  regions,  south  in  Eastern  North  America  in  winter  to 
the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Middle  States. 

40  a.  Rissa  tridactyla  pollicaris  Ridgw. 

Pacific  Kittiwake. 

Rissa  tridactyla  pollicaris  "  Stejn.  MS."  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am. 
II.  1884,  202. 


ORDER  LONGIPENNES. 


87 


[B  — ,  C  552  a,  R  658  a,  C  783.] 
Hab.     Coasts  of  North  Pacific  and  Bering's  Sea. 

41.  Rissa  brevirostaris  (Bruch). 

Ked-Iegged  Kitti^vake. 

Larus  brevirostris  Bruch,  J.  f.  O.  1853,  103. 

Rissa  brevirostris  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  855. 

[B  674,  675,  C  553,  R  659,  C  784.J 

Hab.    Coast  and  islands  of  Bering's  Sea. 


'.f. 


Genus  LARUS   Linnaeus. 

Larus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed-  10,  I.  1758,  136.    Type,  by  elimination,  L. 
caniis  Linn. 

42.  Lams  glaucus  Brunn. 

Glaucous  Gull. 

Larus  glaucus  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  44. 

M7>i  [B  656,  C  543,  R  660,  C  768.] 

Hab.     Arctic  regions,  south  in  winter   in   North  America  to  the 
Great  Lakes  and  Long  Island.     North  Pacific. 

'"^.  Lams  leucoptems  Faber. 

Iceland  Gull. 

Larus  leucopterus  Faber,  Prodr.  Isl.  Orn.  1822,  91. 

[B  658,  C  544,  R  661,  C  769.] 

Hab.     Arctic  regions,  south  in  winter  in  North  America  to  Massa- 
chusetts, occasionally  much  further  south. 

44.  Lams  glaucescens  Naum. 

Glaucous-winged  Gull. 

Larus  glaucescens  Naum.  Naturg.  Vog.  Deutschl.  X.  1840,  351. 

[3  657,  659,  C  545,  R  662,  C  770.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  south  to  Cali- 
fornia ;  on  the  Asiatic  side  south  to  Japan. 


88 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


45.  Larus  kumlieni  Brewst. 

Kumiien's  UuU. 

Larus  kumlieni  Bkkw ST.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VIII.  I083,  216. 

[B~,C-  R-,C-.] 

Hab.     North  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  breeding  in  Cum- 
berland Gulf ;  south  in  winter  to  the  coast  of  the  Middle  States. 

4G.  Larus  nelsoni  Hensh. 

Nelson's  Gull. 

Larus  nelsoni  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  250. 
[B  -,  C  -,  R  — ,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Coast  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 

47.  Lams  marinus  Linn. 

Great  Black-backed  Gull. 

Larus  marinus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  136. 

[B  660,  C  546,  R  663,  C  771.] 

Hab.    Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic  ;  south  in  winter  to  Long  Island 
and  Italy. 

48.  Larus  schistisagus  Stejn. 

Slaty-backed  Gull. 

Larus  schistisagus  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  231. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  — ,  C  -.] 

Hab.     North  Pacific,  chiefly  on  the  Asiatic  side;   Herald  Island, 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  Alaska. 

49.  Larus  occidentalis  Aud. 

Western  Gull. 

Larus  occidentalis  Aud,  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  S^o* 

[B  662,  C  547^,  R  664,  C  774.] 

Hab.    Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  breeding  from  Southern 
California  northward. 


ORDER  LONGIPENNES. 


89 


[50.]  Lams  afElnis  Reinh. 

Siberian  Gull. 


Larus  affinis  Reinh.  Vid.  Med.  1853,  78. 

[B  —  C  — ,  R  665,  C  776.] 

Hab.     Greenland  ;  Asia  and  Europe,  southward  in  winter  to  North 
Africa. 


51.  Lams  argentatus  Brunn. 

Herring  Gull. 

Larus  argentatus  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  ,  764,  44. 

[B  — ,  C  547,  R  666,  C  772.] 

Hab.     Old  World,  south  to  the  Azores  ;  Cumberland  Sound ;  occa- 
sional on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States. 

51  a.  Lams  argentatus  smithsonianus  Coues. 

American  Herring  Gull. 

Larus  smithsonianus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  296. 
Larus  argentatus   var.   smithsonianus  Coues,    Check   List,    1873, 
no.  547  a. 

[B  661,  C  547  a,  R  666  a,  C  773.] 

Hab.     North  America   generally,  breeding  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
from  Maine  northward  ;  in  winter  south  to  Cuba  and  Lower  California. 

52.  Lams  cachinnans  Fall. 

Pallas's  Gull. 

Larus  cachift nans  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  II.  1826,  318. 

[B  -  C  -,  R  667,  C  775.] 
Hab.     Asia,  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  Oceans  j 
coast  of  Alaska,  south  in  winter  to  California. 

53.  Lams  californicus  Lawr. 

California  Gull. 

Larus  californicus  La  vr.  Ann.  Lye.  N,  Y.  VI.  1S54,  79. 

[B  663,  C  548^,  R  668,  C  777.] 
Hab.     Western  Province  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  to  Mexico. 


90 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   DIRDS. 


54.  Lams  delawarensis  Ord. 

Kiug-billed  Gull. 

Larus  delawarensis  Okd,  Guthrie's  Geog.  2(1  Am.  ed.  1815,  319. 

[B  664,  C  548,  R  669,  C  778.] 

Hab.     North   America   at   large ;    south   in   winter   to  Cuba   and 
Mexico. 

ho.  Lams  brach3n:hynchus  Rich. 

Short-billed  Gull. 

Larus  brachyrhynchus  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,421. 

[B  665,  673,  C  549,  R  670,  C  780.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America  and  Pacific  coast,  south  in  winter  to  Southern 
California. 

[56.]    Larus  canus  Linn. 

Mew  Gull. 

Larus  canus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  136. 
[B--  C-,  R67i,C779.] 
Hab.     Europe  and  Asia  ;   accidental  in  Labrador. 

57.  Lams  heennanni  Cass. 

Heermann's  Gull. 

Larus  heermanni  Ca'^s.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VI.  1852,  187. 

[B666,  C  551,  R  672,  C  781.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  British  Columbia  to 
Panama. 

^2).  Lams  atricilla  Linn. 

Laughing  Gull. 

Larus  atricilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  ro,  I.  1758,  136. 

[B  667,  C  554,  R  673,  C  786.] 

Hab.     Eastern  tropical  and  warm  temperate  America,  chiefly  along 
the  sea-coast,  from  Maine  to  Brazil ;   Pacific  coast  of  Middle  America. 


ORDER   LONGIPENNES. 


91 


59.  Lams  franklinii  Sw.  &  Rich. 
FraukUu's  Gull. 


Lams  franklinii  ^\f .  &  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  424,  pi.  71. 

[B  668,  669,  C  555.  R  674,  C  787.] 

Hab.     Interior  of  North  America,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the 
United  States ;  south  in  winter  to  Central  and  South  America. 

60.  Lams  Philadelphia  (Ord). 

Bonaparte's  Gull. 

Sterna  Philadelphia  Ord,  Guthrie's  Geog.  2d  Am.  ed.  II.  1815,  319. 
Lariis  pl{iladelphia  Gray,  List  Brit.  B.  1863,  235. 

[B  670,  C  556,  R  675,  C  788.] 

Hab.     Whole   of    North   America,  breeding   mostly   north   of    the 
United  States  ;  south  in  winter  to  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Genus  RHODOSTETHIA  Macgillivray. 

Rhodostet'nia  Macgil.  Man.  Brit.  Orn.  II.  1842,  253.     Type,  Larus 
roseus  Macgil. 

61.  Rhodostethia  rosea  (Macgil.). 

Ross's  Gull. 

Lams  roseus  Macgil.  Mem.  Warn.  Soc.  V.  1824,  249. 
Rhodostethia  rosea  Bonap.  Rev.  Grit.  Orn.  Eur.  Degland,  1850,  201. 

[B  678,  C  557,  R  676,  C  789.] 

Hab.'    Arctic  regions  ;  Point  Barrow,  Alaska ;   Melville  Peninsula ; 
England,  Faroes,  Heligoland,  etc. 

Genus  XEMA  Leach. 

Xema  "Leach,"  Ross's  Voy.   App.  1819,  p.  Ivii.     Type,  Larus 
sabinii  Sab. 


62.  Xema  sabinii  (Sab.). 

Sabine's  Gull. 

Larus  sabinii^.  Sab,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XII.  1818,  520,  pi.  29. 
Xema  sabini  Edw.  &  Beverl.  App.  Ross's  Voy.  Baff.  Bay,  4to  ed. 
1 819,  Ivii. 


9* 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B  680,  €558,  R  ^,77,  C  790.] 

Hab.     Arctic  regions  ;   in  North  America  south  in  winter  to  New 
York,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  Great  Salt  Lake ;  casual  south  to  Peru. 

Subfamily  STERNIN-<E.    Terns. 

Genus  GELOCHELIDON   Brehm. 

GelochelidoH  Brehm,  Naturg.  Vog.  Deutschl.  1831,  774.     Type,  G. 
7neridionalis  Brehm  =  Sterna  nilotica  Hasselq. 

63.  Oelochelidon  nilotica  (Hasselq.). 

Gull-billed  Tern. 

Sterna  nilotua  Hasselq.  Raise  nach  Pal.  Deutsche  Ausg.  1762,  325. 
Oelochelidon  nilotica  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  Oct,  1884,  3^6. 

[B  681,  C  560,  R  679,  C  792.] 

Hab.     Nearly  cosmopolitan ;   in  North  America  chiefly  along  the 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  of  the  United  States. 


Genus  STERNA  Linn/eus. 


Subgenus  THALASSEUS  Boie. 

Thalasseus  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  563.    Type,  Sterna  caspia  Pall. 
tschegrava  Lepech. 


=  S. 


64.  Sterna  tschegrava  Lepech. 

Caspian  Tern. 

Sterna  tschegrava  Lepech.  Nov.  Comm.  Petrop.  XIV.  1770,  500, 
pi.  13,  fig.  2. 

[B  682,  C  561,  R  680,  C  793.] 

Hab.     Nearly  cosmopolitan  ;  in  North  America  breeding  southward 
to  Virginia,  Lake  Michigan,  Texas,  Nevada,  and  California. 


Subgenus  ACTOCHELIDON  Kaup. 

Actochelidon  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  31.     Type,  Sterna 
cantiaca  Gmel.  =  S.  sandvicensis  Gmel. 


ORDER   LONGIPENNES. 


93 


65.  Sterna  maxima  Bodd. 

Iloyul  Tern. 

Sterna  maxima  Bodd.  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  58. 

[B  683,  C  562,  R  681,  C  794.] 

Hab.  Tropical  America,  and  warmer  parts  of  North  America,  north- 
ward to  Massachusetts,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  California.  West  coast 
of  Africa,  north  to  Tangiers. 

66.  Sterna  elegans  Game. 

Klegant  Tern. 

Sterna  elegans  Game.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IV.  1848,  129. 
[B  684,  C  563,  R  682,  C  795.] 
Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  America,  from  California  to  Chili. 

67.  Sterna  sandvicensis  acuflavlda  (Cabot). 

Cabot's  Tern. 

Sterna  act(flavida  Cabot,  Pr.  Boston  See.  N.  H.  II.  1847,  257. 
Sterna  sandvicensis  acuflavida  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II,  1884, 
288. 

[B  685,  C  564,  R  683,  C  796.] 

Hab.  Tropical  America,  northward  along  'e  Atlantic  coast,  irregu- 
larly, to  Southern  New  England. 

Subgenus  STEHNA. 

Sterna  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  137.     Type,  by  elimination,  .S". 
hirundo  Linn. 


[68.]  Sterna  trudeaui  Aud. 

Trudeau's  Tern. 

Sterna  trudeaui  Aud.  Om.  Biog.  V.  1839,  125,  pi.  409. 

[B687,  C  571,  R  684,  C  802.] 

Hab.     Southern  South  America.     Casual,  or  accidental,  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  of  the  United  States  (New  Jersey,  Long  Island). 


94 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


69.  Stoma  forsteri  Nutt. 

Forster's  Tern. 

Sterna  forsteri  Nutt.  Man.  II.  1834,  274. 

[B  691,  686,  C  566,  R  685,  C  798.] 

Har.  North  America  generally,  breeding  from  Manitoba  south- 
ward to  Virginia,  Illinois,  Texas,  and  California  j  in  winter  southward 
to  Brazil. 

70.  Sterna  himndo  Linn. 

Common  Tern. 

Sterna  hirundo  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758.  137. 

[B  689,  C  565,  R  686,  C  797-] 

Had.  Greater  part  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  and  Africa.  In 
North  America  chiefly  confined  to  the  Eastern  Province,  breeding 
from  the  Arctic  coast,  somewhat  irregularly,  to  Florida  and  Texas,  and 
wintering  northward  to  Virginia.  Apparently  not  occurring  in  the 
Pacific. 

71.  Sterna  paradi&8e&  Brunn. 

Arctic  Tern. 

Sterna  paradiscea  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  46. 

[B  690,  693,  C  567,  568,  R  687,  C  799.] 

Hab.  Northern  Hemisphere ;  in  North  America  breeding  from 
Massachusetts  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  wintering  southward  to  Vir- 
ginia and  California. 

72.  Sterna  dougalli  Montag. 

Roseate  Tern, 

Sterna  dougalli  Montag.  Orn.  Diet.  Suppl.  1813,  — . 

[B  692,  C  569,  R  688,  C  800.] 

Hab.  Temperate  and  tropical  regions ;  north  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America  to  Massachusetts,  and  casually  to  Maine. 

73.  Sterna  aleutica  Baird. 

Aleutian  Tern. 

Sterna  aleutica  Baird,  Tr.  Chicago  Ac.   Nat.  Sci.  I.  1869,  321, 
pi.  31,  fig.  I. 


ORDER   LONGIPENNES.  95 

[B  — ,  C  572,  R  689,  C  803.] 
Hab.     Coast  of  Alaska  from  Kadiak  to  Norton  Sound. 

Subgenus  STERNULA   Boie. 
Sternula  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  563.    Type,  Sterna  minuta  Linn. 

74.  Sterna  antillarum  (Less.). 

Least  Tern. 

Sternula  antillarum  Less.  Descr.  Mam.  et  Ois.  1847,  256. 
Sterna  antillarum  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  552. 

[B  694,  C  570,  R  690,  C  801.] 

Hab.  Northern  South  America,  northward  to  California  and  New 
England,  and  casually  to  Labrador,  breeding  nearly  throughout  its 
range. 

Subgenus  HALIFLANA  Wagler. 

Haliplana  Wagl.  Isis,  1832,  1224.     Type,  Sterna  fuliginosa  Gmel. 

75.  Sterna  fuliginosa  Gmel. 

Sooty  Tern. 

Sterna  fuliginosa  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  605. 

[B  688,  C  573,  R  691,  C  804.] 

HAii.  Tropical  and  subtropical  coasts  of  the  globe.  In  America 
from  Chili  to  Western  Mexico  and  the  Carolinas,  and  casually  to  New 
England. 

[76.]  Sterna  anaethetus  Scop. 

Bridled  Tern. 
Sterna  ancethetus  Scop.  Del.  Faun,  et  Flor.  Ins.  II.  1786,  no.  72,  92. 
[B— ,  C574,  R692,  C805.] 
Hab.     Tropical  regions  generally.     Casual  in  Florida. 

Genus  HYDROCHELIDON  Bote. 
Hydrochelidon  Boie,  Is's,  1822,  563.     Type,  Sterna  nigra  Linn. 


96 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


77.  Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis  (Gmel.). 

Black  Tern. 

Sterna  sttyiuamensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  604. 

Hydrc^h<:lidon  nigra  surinamensis  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 40. 

[B  695,  C  575,  R  693,  C  806.] 

Hab.  Temperate  and  tropical  America.  From  Alaska  and  the 
Fur  Countries  to  Chili,  breeding  from  the  Middle  United  States 
northward. 

[78.]   Hydrochelidon  leucoptera  (Meisn.  &  Schinz). 

White- winged  Black  Tern. 

Sterna  leucoptera  Meisn.  &  Schinz,  Vog.  Schvveiz,  181 5,  264. 
Hydrochelidon  leucoptera  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  563. 

[B— ,  C575^/>,  R694,  C807.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Hemisphere,  accidental  in  North  America  (Wis- 
consin). 

Genus  ANOXJS   Stephens. 

Anous  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  i.  1826,  139.     Type,  Sterna  sto- 
lida  Linn. 

79.  Anous  stolidus  (Linn.). 
Noddy. 

Sterna  stolida  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  137. 
Anous  stolidus  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1841,  100. 

[B  696,  C  576,  R  695,  C  808.] 

Hab.  Tropical  and  subtropical  regions  ;  in  America  from  Brazil 
and  Chili  north  to  the  Gulf  and  South  Atlantic  States. 


Family  RYNOHOPID-ffl.     Skimmers. 


Genus  RYNCHOPS  Linn. 


Rynchops  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  138.    Type,  R.  nigra  Linn. 


ORDER  TUBINARES. 


97 


80.  Rynchops  nigra  Linn. 

Black  Skimmer. 

Rynchops  nigra  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  L  1758,  228. 

[B  697,  C  577,  R  656,  C  809.] 

Hab.     Warmer  parts  of  America,  north  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to 
New  Jersey,  and  casually  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 


Order   TUBINARES.      Tube-nosed 

Swimmers. 

Family  DIOMEDEIDiE.     Albatrosses. 


Genus  DIOMEDEA  Linn^us. 
Diomedea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  132.    Type,  D.  exulans  Linn. 

81.  Diomedea  nigripes  Aud. 

Black-footed  Albatross. 

Diomedea  nigripes  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  327. 
[B—  C579,  R700,  C811.] 
Hab.     North  Pacific,  including  west  coast  of  North  America, 

82.  Diomedea  albatnis  Pall. 

Short-tailed  Albatross. 

Diomedea  albatrus  Pall.  Spic.  Zool.  V.  1769,  28. 

[B  631,  C  578,  R  701,  C  810.] 

Hab.     Pacific  Ocean,  including  western  coast  of  America,  north- 
ward to  Bering's  Sea. 

s 

Genus  THALASSOGERON   Ridgway. 

Thalassogeron  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  H.  1884,  357-     Type,  Duh 
medea  culminata  Gould. 


98 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[83.]   Thalassogeron  culminatus  (Gould). 

Yellow-nosed  Albatross. 

Diomedea  culminata  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1843,  107. 

Thalassogeron  culminatus  Kidgw.  Water  B    N.  Am.  II.  1884,  358. 

[B  632,  C  — ,  R  702,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Indian  and  South  Pacific  Oceans :   casual  off  the  coast  of 
Oregon. 

Genus  FHCEBETRIA  Reich enbach. 

Phocbetria  Reich.  Syst.  A  v.  1852,  p.  v.     Type,  Diomedea  fuliginosa 
Gmel. 

84.  Phcebetria  fuliginosa  (Gm.). 

Sooty  Albatross. 

Diomedea  fuliginosa  Gmel.  S  N.  I.  ii.  1788.  568. 
Phoebetria  Jidiginosa  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  v. 

[P.  633,  C  580,  R  703,  C  812.] 

Hab.     Oceans  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  northward  to  the  coast 
of  Oregon. 


Family  PROOELLARIID.^.     Fulmars  and  Shearwaters. 


Subfamily  PR0CELLARIIN-<E.    Fulmars. 


Genus  OSSIFRAGA  Hombron  &  Jacquinot. 

Ossifraga  Home.  &  Jacq.  Compt.  Rend   XVIII.  1844,  356.     Type, 
Procellaria  gigantea  Gmel. 

[85.]  Ossifraga  gigantea  (Gm.). 

Giant  Fulmar. 

Procellaria  gigantea  Gmel.  S-  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  563. 
Ossifraga  gigantea  Reich.  Sy.«-t.  Av.  1852,  p.  iv. 

[B634,  C581,  R704,  C813.] 

Hab.     Southern  Oceans  j  casual  off  the  coast  of  Oregon. 


ORDER  TUBINARES.  99 

Genus  FULMARUS   Stephens. 

Subgenus  FULMARUS. 

Fulmarus  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  i.  1826,  233.    Type,  Fro- 
cellaria  glaciulis  Linn. 

^^.  Fulmarus  glacialis  (Linn.). 

Fulmar. 

P roc ellaria  glacialis  LiNN.  Faun.  Suec.  2d  ed.  1761,  51 ;  S.  N.  ed.  12, 

I.  1766,  213. 
Fulmarus  glacialis  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  i.  1826,  234,  pi.  27. 

[B  635,  C  582,  R  705,  C  814.] 

Hab.     North   Atlantic,  s.'Uth   on   the   American   coast  to  Massa- 
chusetts. 

86<?.  Fulmarus  glacialis  minor  Kj^rbcelling. 

Lesser  Fulmar. 

Procellaria  minor  Kj^rb.  Danm.  Fugle,  1852,  324. 
Fulmarus  glacialis  \>.  mi^or  Bohap.  Consp.  II.  1856,  187. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  — ,  C  -.] 

Hab.     N  >rth  Atlantic. 


56 1'.  Fulmarus  glacialis  glupischa  Stejn. 

Pacific  Fulmar. 

Fulmarus  glacialis  ghipischa  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  234. 
[B  636,  C  582^7,  R  705^,  C  815.] 
Hab.     North  Pacific,  south  on  the  American  coast  to  Mexico. 

86  r.  Fulmarus  glacialis  rodgersii  (Cass.). 

Rodgers's  Fulmar. 

Fulmarus  rodgersii  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  290. 
Fubnarus  glacialis  var.  rodgersi  CoUES,  Key,  1872,  327. 

[B  — ,  C  582^,  R  705^,  C  816.] 

Hab.     Bering's  Sea. 


100  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Subgenus  FRIOCELLA.    Hombron  &  Jacquinot. 

Priocella  Homb.  &  Jacq.  Compl.  Rend.  XVIII.  1844,  357.     Type, 
P.  garnoti  Homb.  &  Jacq.  :^  Procellaria glacialoides  Smith. 

87.  Fuhuams  glacialoides  (Smith). 

Slender-billed  Fulmar. 

Procellaria  glacialoides  Smith,  Illustr.  S  Afr.  B.  1849  (?),  t  5:. 
Fulmarus ghicialoides  Stejn.  Auk,  1884,  p.  233. 

[B  637,  C  583,  R  706,  C  817.] 

Hab.     Seas  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  and  northward  along  Pa- 
cific coast  of  North  America. 

Genus  PUFFINUS   Brisson. 

Puffinus  Briss.  Orn.   VI.   1760,   131.      Type,   Procellaria  puffinus 
Brunn. 

88.  Puffinus  borealis  Cory. 

Cory's  Shearwater. 

Puffinus  borealis  Cory,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VI.  April,  1881,  84. 
[B  — ,  C  —  R  — ,  C  888.] 
Hab.     Off  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 

89.  Puffinus  major  Faber. 

Greater  Shearwater. 

Puffinus  major  Faeer,  Prodr.  Isl.  Orn.  1822,  56. 
[B  647,  C  597,  R  709>  C  832.] 

Hab.    Atlantic  Ocean;  south  to  Cape  Horn  and  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

[90.]  Puffinus  puffinus  (Brunn.). 

Manx  Shearwater. 

Procellaria  puffinus  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  29. 
Puffinus  puffinus  Light.  Nomencl.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  100. 

[B649,  C  599,  R7">  C834.] 

Hab.     North  Atlantic,  chiefly  on  the  eastern  side;   accidental  in 
Greenland,  and  rare  or  casual  off  the  North  American  coast  (?). 


ORDER  TUBINARES. 


lOI 


91.  PufllDis  creatopus  Coues. 

Pi  ik-footed  Shearwater. 

Puffinus  creatopHs  "  CoorEU,  MS.,"  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
April,  1864,  131. 

[B-,  C  598,  R  710,  C  833.] 

Hab.     Pacific  Ocean  ;  on  the  American  coast  from  Lower  California 
to  Juan  Fernandez  Islands. 

92.  Puffinus  auduboni  Finsch. 

Audubon's  Shearwater. 

Puffinus  aicduboni  Finscn,  P.  Z.  S.  1872,  iii. 
[B650,  C  600,  R  712,  C  835.] 
Hab.    Warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  north  casually  to  New  Jersey. 

93.  Puffinus  gavia  (Forst.). 

Black-vented  Shearwater. 

Procellaria  gavia  FoRLT.  Descr.  An.  1844,  148. 
Puffinus  gavia  Finsch,  J.  f.  O.  1872,  256. 

[B—  C601,  R713,  C836.] 

Hab.     Pacific  Ocean,  chiefly  southward  ;  coast  of  Lower  California. 

94.  Puffinus  Strickland!  Ridgw. 

Sooty  Shearwater, 

Puffinus  stricklandi  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  H.  1884,  390. 

[B  648,  C  602,  R  714,  C  837.] 

Hab.    North   Atlantic,   south  on   the   American   coast   to   South 
Carolina. 

95.  Puffinus  griseus  (Gmel.). 

Dark-bodied  Shearwater. 

Procellaria  grisea  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  564. 
Puffinus  griseus  Finsch,  J.  f.  O.  1874,  209. 

[B-,  C603,  R715,  C838.] 

Hab.     South  Pacific,  north  on  the  American  coast  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 


102  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

96.  PufBnus  tenuirostais  (Temm.)- 

Slender-billed  Shearwater. 

Procellaria  tetiuirostris  Temm.  PI.  Col.  1828,  587. 
Puffinus  tenuirosiris  Temm.  &  Schleg.  Faun.  Jap.  Aves,  1849,  *3'> 
pi.  86. 

[B— ,  C604,  R  716,  C  839.] 

Hab.     North  Pacific  \  from  Sitka  to  Kotzebue  Sound  on  the  Ameri- 
can coast. 

Subgenus  PRIOFINUS   Hombron  &  Jacquinot. 

Priofinus  Hombr.  &  Jacq.  Compt.  Rend.  XVIII.  1844,  355.    Type, 
Procellaria  cinerea  Gmel. 

[97.]   Puffinus  cinereus  (Gmel.). 

Black-tailed  Shearwater. 

Procellaria  cinerea  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  563. 
Puffinus  cinereus  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  835. 

[6651,0595,  R  707,  C  830.] 

Hab.     South  Pacific ;  accidental  off  the  coast  of  California. 

Genus  iESTREIATA   Bonaparte. 
jEstrelata  Bonap.  Consp.  II.  1856,  188.     Type,  Procellaria  hasitata 

KUHL. 

[98.]  iEstrelata  hasitata  (Kuhl). 

Black-capped  Petrel. 

Procellaria  hasitata  Kuhl,  Mon.  Proc.  Beitr.  Zool.  i  Abt.  1820,  142. 
^strelata  hcusitata  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  139. 

[B  638,  C  585,  R  717.  C  819.] 

Hab.    Warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  straying  to  Florida, 
Long  Island,  England,  and  France. 

f  -TX)'  [99.]  iEstrelata  gularis  (Peale). 

Peale's  Petrel. 

Procellaria  gularis  Peale,  Zool.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.  1848,  299. 
CEstrelaia  gularis  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  IV.  1881,  94. 


ORDER  TURIN  ARES.  IO3 

[B-,  C— ,  R-  C887.] 
Hab.     Antarctic  Ocean  ;  accidental  in  Western  New  York. 

100.  iBstrelata  fisheri  Ridgw. 

Fisher's  Petrel. 

(Estrelata  fisheri  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  26,  1883,  656. 
[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.    Coast  of  Alaska  (Kadiak). 

Genus  BULWERIA   Bonaparte. 

Biilweria  Bonap.  Cat.  Met.  Ucc.  Eur.  1842,  81.    Type,  Procellaria 
bidweri  Jard.  &  Selby. 

[101.]  Bulweria  bulweri  (Jard.  &  Selby). 
Bulwer's  Petrel. 

Procellaria  bulweri  Jard.  &  Selby,  Illustr.  Orn. ,  pi.  d^- 

Bulweria  bulweri  Boucard,  Cat.  Av.  1876,  69. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R  718,  C  820.] 

Hab.     Eastern  Atlantic,  including  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa. 
Accidental  in  Greenland. 

Genus  DAFTION  Stephens. 

Daption   Steph.   Gen.  Zool.  XIII.    1825,  239.     Type,  Procellaria 
capensis  Linn. 

[102.]  Daption  capensis  (Linn.). 

Pintado  Petrel. 

Procellaria  capensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  132. 
Daption  capensis  Steph  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  i.  1825,  241. 

[B  639,  C  584,  R  719,  C  818.] 

Hab.    Oceans  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  north  to  about  latitude 
25°.    Accidental  on  the  coasts  of  California  and  England. 


Genus  HALOC7FTENA  Coues. 

Halocyptena  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  March,  1864,  78.    Type, 
H.  microsoma  CoUES. 


104  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

108.  Halocyptena  microsoma  Coues. 

Least  Petrel. 
Halocyptena  microsoma  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc'.  Phila.  1864,  79. 
[B— ,  C  586,  R  y.'o,  C  821.] 
Hab.     Coast  of  Lower  California. 

Genus  FROCELLARIA  Linnaeus. 

Procellaria  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  131.     Type,  by  elimination, 
P.  pelagica  Linn. 

104.  Procellaria  pelagica  Linn. 

Stormy  Petrel. 

Procellaria  pelagica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  131. 

[B  645,  C  587,  R  721,  C  822.] 

Hab.     Atlantic  Ocean,  south  on  the  American  side  to  the  New- 
foundland Banks.     West  coast  of  Africa  and  coast  of  Europe. 

Genus  OCEANODROMA  Reichenbach. 

Oceanodroma  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  iv.     Type,  Procellaria  fur- 
cata  Gmel. 

105.  Oceanodroma  furcata  (Gmel.). 

Fork-tailed  Petrel. 

Procellaria  furcata  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  561. 
Oceanodroma  furcata  Reich.  Syst.  Av   1852,  p.  iv. 

[B  640,  C  591,  R  726,  C  826.] 

Hab.     North  Pacific,  south  on  the  American  coast  to  Oregon. 

106.  Oceanodroma  lencorhoa  (Vieill.). 

Leach's  Petrel. 

Procellaria  leucorhoa  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXV.  1817,  422. 
Oceanodroma  leucorhoa  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  97. 

[B  642,  C  588,  R  723,  C  823.] 


ORDER  TUBINARES. 


105 


1^ 
'•J' 


Hap.  North  Atlantic  and  North  Pacific  Oceans  ;  south  on  the 
coast  of  the  United  States  to  Virgir "^  and  California;  breeds  from 
Maine  and  the  Hebrides  northward  on  Jr  coa its  of  the  Atlantic. 


''•/ 


107.  Oceanodroma  melania  (Bonap.). 

Black  Petrel. 

Procellaria  melania  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XXVIII.  .854,  662. 
Oceanodroma  melania  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  371. 

[B  — ,  C  589.  R  724,  C  824.] 

Hab.     South  Pacific,  northward  to  Lower  California. 

108.  Oceanodroma  hoxnochroa  (Coles). 

Ashy  Petrel. 

Cymochorea  hoinochroa  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  77. 
Oceanodroma  homochroa  Ridgv/.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  356. 

[B  643,  C  590,  R  725,  C  825.] 

Hab.     Coast  of  California. 

Subfamily  OCEANITINJS. 

Genus  OCEANITES   Keyserling  &  Blasius. 

Oceanites  Keys.  &  Blas.  Wirb.  Eur.  I.  1840,  xciii.     Type,  Procel- 
laria oceanica  Kuhl. 

109.  Oceanites  oceanicus  (Kuhl). 

Wilson's  Petrel. 

Procellaria  oceanica  Kuhl,  Beitr.  Zool.  Men.  Proc.  1820,  136,  pi.  10, 

fig.  I- 
Oceanites  oceanica  Light.  Nomencl.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  99. 

[B  644,  C  593,  R  722,  C  828.] 

Hab.     North  and  South  Atlantic  and  Southern  Oceans. 


Genus  CYMODROMA  Ridgway. 

Cymodroma  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  418.     Type,  Procel- 
laria grallaria  Vieill. 


I06  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[110.]  Cyxnodroxna  grallaria  (Vieill.). 

^Vllite-beliiea  I'etrel. 

ProceUaria gralla}ia\\VA\A..  Nouv.  Diet.  XXVI.  1817,418. 
Cytnodroma grallaria  Riuow.  Water  13.  N.  Am.  li.  1884,  419. 

[B  646,  C  594,  R  728,  C  829.] 

Hab.     Tropical  oceans  generally;  accidental  on  the  coast  of  Florida. 

Genus  FELAGODROMA   Reichlnbach. 

Pelagodrofna  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  iv.     Type,  Procellaria  ma- 
rina Lath. 

[111.]  Pelagodroma  marina  (Lath.). 

White-faced  Petrel. 

Procellaria  viarina  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II.  ii.  1790.  826. 
Pela^odroJiia  tnarina  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  iv. 

[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     South  Atlantic,  and  Southern  Seas.     Casual  off  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts. 


Order  STEGANOPODES.     Totipalmate 

Swimmers. 

Family   PHAETHONTID^.    Tropic  Birds. 

Genus  FHASTHON  Linn^us. 
Phaethon  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  134.    Type,  P.  athereus  Linn. 

112.  Phaethon  flavirostris  Brandt. 
YeUow-biUed  Tropic  Bird. 

Phaethon  flavirostris  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb.  II.  1837,  349. 


ORDER  STEGANOPODES. 


[B  629,  C  538,  R  654,  C  763.] 


107 


Had.     West  Indies  and  Atlantic  coast  of  Central  America,  north  to 
Florida ;  accidental  in  Western  New  York.     Sainoan  Islands. 

113.  Fhaethon  sethereuB  Linn. 

Red-billed  Tropic  Bird. 

Phaethon  athereus  LiNX.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  134. 

[B  -,  C  —  R  655,  C  762.] 

Hab.     Coasts  of  tropical   America,  north  on   the  Pacific  coast  to 
Lower  California  ;   accidental  on  the  Newfoundland  Banks. 


Family  SULIDJS.     Gannets. 

Genus  SULA  Brisson. 

Subgenus  SULA. 

Sttla  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  495.    Type,  by  elimination,  Pdecanus 
sula  Linn. 


[114.]  Sula  cyanops  Sund. 

Blue-faced  Booby. 

Dysponts  cyanops  Sund.  Phys.  Tidskr.  Lund,  1837,  pt.  5. 
Sula  cyanops  Sund.  Isis,  1842,  858. 

[B— ,C— ,  R65i,C-.] 

Hab.     South   Pacific,   West   Indies,   and   northward   to   Southern 
Florida. 

115.  Sula  sula  (Linn.). 

Booby. 

Pelecanus  sula  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  12  ed.  I.  1766,  218. 
Suia  sula  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI H.  1885,  356. 

[B  618,  C  52s,  R  652,  C  747.] 
Hab.     Coasts  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  north  to  Georgia. 


108  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   UIRDS. 

[UG.]  Sula  piscator  (Linn.). 

Ked-fuoted  liooby. 

Pelccanus piscator  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  134. 
SuiapiicatorMoaw.  Consp.  II.  1857,  166. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  653,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Coast  and  islands  of  tropical  and  subtropical  seas,  north  to 
Western  Mexico  and  Florida. 


Subgenus  DYSPGRUS  Illiger. 

Dysporus  Illig.  Prodr.  1811,  279.    Type,  by  elimination,  Pelecanus 
bassanus  Linn. 

117.  Sula  bassana  (Linn.). 

Gannct. 

Pelccanus  bassanus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  133. 
Hula  bassana  Boie,  I  sis,  1822,  p.  563. 

[B  617,  C  524,  R  650,  C  746.] 

Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  south  in  winter  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  and  Africa;  breeds  from  Nova  Scotia  and  the  British 
Islands  northward. 


Family  ANHINGID-ffi.     Darters. 


Genus  ANHINGA  Brisson. 

Anhinga  Brisson,  Cm.  VL  1760,  476.     Type,  Anhinga  Marcgr. 
=  Plotus  anhinga  Linn. 

118.  Anhinga  anhinga  (Linn.). 

Anhinga. 

Plotus  anhinga  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  218. 
Anhinga  anhinga  Stejn.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  I93» 

[B  628,  C  536,  R  649,  C  760.] 

Hab.    Tropical  and  subtropical  America,  north  to  the  Carolinas 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River. 


ORDER  STEGANOPODES. 


109 


Family  PHALAOROCORACID-ffl.    Cormorants. 


Genus  FHALACROCORAZ  Brisson. 

Subgenus  PHALACROCORAX. 

Phalacrocorax  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  511.     Type,  Pdecanus  carlo 
Linn. 

119.  Phalacrocorax  carbo  (Linn.). 

Cormorant. 

Pelecanus  carbo  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  \.  ^758,  133. 
Phalacrocorax  carbo  CuviER,  R^gne  Animal,  L  1817,  524. 

[B  620,  C  528,  R  642,  C  750.] 

Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  south  in  winter  on  the  coast 
of  the  United  States,  casually,  to  the  Carolinas ;  breeding  (formerly) 
from  Massachusetts  northward. 

120.  Fhalacrocoraz  dilopLus  (Sw.  &  Rich.). 

Double-crested  Cormorant. 

Pelecanus  {Carbo)  dilcphus  Sw.  &  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  H.  1831,  473. 
Phalacrocorax  dilophus  Nutt.  Man.  IL  1834,  483. 

[B623,  C530,  R  643,  C  751.] 

Hab.  Eastern  coast  of  North  America,  breeding  from  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  northward ;  southward  in  the  interior  to  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Wisconsin. 


120  a.  Phalacrocorax  dilophus  floridanus  (Aud.). 

Florida  Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax  floridanus  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  IIL  1835,  3^7' 
Phalacrocorax  dilophus  floridanus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  III. 
Aug.  24,  1880,  205. 

[B  624,  C  530  a,  R  643 '?,  C  753.] 

Hab.     Coast  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  nortliward  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Southern  Illinois. 


no  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

120^.  Phalacrocorax  dilophus  cincinatus  (Brandt). 

White-crested  Cormorant. 

Carbo  cincinatus  Brandt,  Bull.  Sc.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb.  III.  1838,  55. 
Phalacrocorax  dilophus  cmcitinattis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III. 
Aug.  24,  1880,  205 

[B  622,  C  529,  R  643^,  C  752.] 

Hab.    West  coast  of  North  America,  south  in  winter  to  California. 

120  r.  Phalacrocorax  dilophus  albociliatus  Ridgw. 

Farallone  Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax  dilophus  albociliatus  Ridgw.  Free.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash. 
II.  Apr.  10,  1884,  94. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.    Coast  of  California,  south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas  and  Revilla- 
Gigedo  Islands. 

121.  Phalacrocorax  mexicanus  (Brandt). 

Mexican  Cormorant. 

Carbo  mexicanus  Brandt,  Bull.  Sc.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb.  III.  1838,  55. 
Phalacrocorax  mexicanus  Scl.  &  Salv.  Nom.  Neotr.  1873,  124. 

[B  625,  C  531,  R  644,  C  754.] 

Hab.     W^est  Indies,  South  and  Central  America  to  Southern  United 
States  j  north  in  the  interior  to  Kansas  and  Southern  Illinois. 


Subgenus  COMPSOHALIEUS  Ridoway. 

Compsohalieus  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  145.    Type,  Carbo 
penicillatus  Brandt. 

122.  Phalacrocorax  penicillatus  (Brandt). 

Brandt's  Cormorant. 

Carbo  penicillatus  Brandt,  Bull.  Sc.  Ac.  St.  Pdtersb   III.  1838,  55. 
Phalacrocorax  penicillatus  Heerm.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII. 
1854,  178. 

[B  626,  C  532,  R  645,  C  755.] 


ORDER   STEGANOPODES. 


Ill 


Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  to 
Washington  Territory. 

Subgenus  URILE  Bonaparte. 
Urile  BoNAP.  Consp.  II.  1856,  175.     Type,  Pelecanus  urilc  Gmel. 

123.  Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  Pa  Li.. 

Pelagic  Cormoraut. 

Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  II.  1826,  303. 

[B-,  C-,  R-,  C— .] 

Hab.     Aleutian  and   Kurile  Islands,  and  Kamtschatka,  south  to 
Japan. 

123  a.  Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  robustus  Ridgw. 

Violet -green  Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  robustus  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884, 
160. 

[B  627,  C  535,  R  646,  C  758.] 

Hab.     Coast  of  Alaska,  from  Norton  Sound  to  Sitka. 
123/5.   Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  resplendens  (Aud.). 

Baird's  Cormorant. 

Phaiu^rocorax  resplendens  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839.  148. 
Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  resplendens  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.    I. 
1884,  160. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R  646^,  C  759.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Washington  Territory 
south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas  and  Mazatlan. 

124.  Phalacrocorax  urile  (Gmel.). 

Red-faced  Cormorant. 

Pelecanus  urile  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  575. 
Phalacrocorax  urile  Ridgw.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  162. 

[B— ,  C534,  R647,  C757.] 

Hab.     Prybilof  and  Aleutian  Islands,  and  coast  of  Kamtschatka. 


112  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


Family  PELECANID^.    Pelicans. 

Genus  PELECANUS   Linn^us. 

Pelecanus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  L  1758,  132.     Type,  by  elimination,  P. 
onocrotalus  Linn. 

Subgenus  CYRTOPELICANUS  Reichenbach. 

Cyrtopclicanus  Reich.  Syst.  A  v.  1852,  p.  vii.    Type,  Pelecanus  ery- 
throrhynchos  Gmel. 

125.  Pelecanus  erjrthrorhynchos  Gmel. 

American  White  Pelican. 

Pelecanus  erythrorhynchos  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  571. 

[B  615,  C  526,  R  640,  C  748.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  north  in  the  interior  to  about 
Lat.  61°,  south  to  Central  America ;  now  rare  or  accidental  in  the 
Northeastern  States  ;  abundant  in  the  Middle  Province  and  along  the 
Gulf  coast ;  common  on  the  coast  of  California  and  Western  Mexico. 

Subgenus  LEPTOPELICANUS   Reichenbach. 

Leptopelicanus  Reich.  Syst.  A  v.  1852,  p.  vii.     Type,  Pelecanus  fuscus 
Linn. 

126.  Pelecanus  fuscus  Linn. 

Brown  Pelican. 

Pelecanus  fuscus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  215. 

[B  616,  C  527,  R  641,  C  749.] 

Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  north  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  to  North  Carolina;  accidental  in  Illinois. 

127.  Pelecanus  califomicus  Ridgw. 

California  Brown  Pelican. 

Pelecanus  (Jiiscns?)  califomicus  RiDGW.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884, 

143- 
F\elecanus'\  califomicus  RiDGW.  1.  c 


ORDER  ANSERES.  II3 

[B— ,C-,  R-,C-.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,  and 
p.  jbably  to  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Family  FREGATID-ffl.     Man-o'-War  Birds. 

Genus  FREGATA  Cuvier. 

Fregata  Cuv.  Leg.  d'Anat.  Comp.  L  1799-1S00,  tab.  ii.     Type,  PeU" 

cuuus  aquilus  Linn. 

128.  Fregata  aquila  (Linn.). 

Man-o'-War  Bird. 

Pelecanus  aquilus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  133. 
Fregata  aquila  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  vi. 

[B  619,  C  537,  R  639,  C  761.] 

Hab.  Tropical  and  subtropical  coasts  generally  ;  in  America,  north 
to  Florida,  Texas,  and  California,  and  casually  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
to  Nova  Scotia. 


Order   ANSERES.      Lamellirostral 

Swimmers. 

Family  ANATID.^.     Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans. 
Subfamily  MERGIN-ffl.    Mergansers. 

Genus  MERGANSER   Brisson. 
Merganser  Briss.  Orn.  VL  1 760, 230.    Type,  Mergus  merganser  Linn. 
129.  Merganser  americanus  (Cass.). 

American  Merganser. 

Mergus  americanus  Cassin,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VL  1853,  187. 
Merganser  americanus  Stejn.  Orn.  Exp).  Kamtsch.  1885,  177, 

8 


I  14  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[B6ii,C  521,  R  636,  C  743.] 

Hab.     North  America  generally,  breeding  south  to  the  Northern 
United  States. 

130.  Merganser  serrator  (Linn.). 

Ked-breasted  3Ierganser. 

Mergus  serrator  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  129. 
Merganser  serrator  Schaffer,  Mus.  Orn.  1789,  66. 

[B  612,  C  522,  R  637,  C  744.] 

Hab.     Northern  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere  j   south,  in  win- 
ter, throughout  the  United  States. 

Genus  LOFHODYTES   Reichenbach. 

Lophodytes  REICHENBACH,  Syst.   Av.  1832,  p.  ix.     Type,  Mergus 
cttcullatus  Linn. 

131.  Lophod3rtes  cucullatus  (Linn.). 

Hooded  3Ierganser. 

Mergus  cucullatus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  129. 
Lophodytes  cucullatus  Reichenbach,  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  ix. 

[B  613,  C  523,  R  638,  C  745-] 
Hab.     North  America  generally,  south  to  Mexico  and  Cuba,  breed- 
ing nearly  throughout  its  range. 

Subfamily  ANATIN^.    River  Ducks. 

Genus  ANAS  Linn^us. 
Anas  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  122.    Type,  A.  boschas  Linn. 

132.  Anas  boschas  Linn. 

Mallard. 

Anas  boschas  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  127. 

[B  576,  C  488,  R  601,  C  707.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  Northern  Hemisphere  ;  in  America  south 
to  Panama  and  Cuba,  breeding  southward  to  the  Northern  United 
States. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


"5 


133.  Anas  obscura  Gmel. 

Black  Duck. 


Ul^ 


Anas  obscura  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  541. 

[B  577,  C  489,  R  602,  C  708.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  west  to  Utah  and  Texas,  north  to 
Labrador,  breeding  southward  to  the  Northern  United  States. 

134.  Anas  fulvigula  Ridgw. 

Florida  Duck. 

Anas  obscura  \zx.  fulvigula  Ridgw,  Am.  Nat.  VIII.  Feb.  1874,  iii. 
Anas  fulvigula  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880,  203. 

[B  — ,  C  489  ^;  R  603,  C  709.] 
Hab.     Florida;  Kansas. 

Subgenus  CHAULELASMUS  Bonaparte. 

Chaulelasmus  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  56.     Type,  Anas  strepera 
Linn. 

135.  Anas  strepera  Linn. 

Gadwall. 

Anas  strepera  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  125. 

[B584,  C491,  R604,  C711.] 

Hab.     Nearly  cosmopolitan.      In   North   America  breeds  chiefly 
within  the  United  States. 


Subgenus  MAHECA  Stephens. 

Mareca  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XIL  pt.  ii.  1824,  130.     Type,  Anas 
Penelope  Linn. 

136.  Anas  penelope  Ltnn. 

Widgeon. 

Anas  penelope  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  126. 

[B  586,  C  492,  R  606,  C  712.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World.  In  North  America  breeds 
in  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  occurs  occasionally  in  the  Eastern  United 
States. 


Il6  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

137.  Anas  axnericana  Gmel. 

Baldpate. 

Anas  americana  Gmelin,  S.  N.  I.  1788,  526. 

[B585,  C493,  R607,  C713.] 

Hab.  North  America,  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  south  to  Guatemala 
and  Cuba. 

Subgenus  NETTION  Kaup. 

Nettion   Kaup,   Sk.   Ent.   Europ.  Thierw.    1829,  95.     Type,  Anas 
crecca  Linn. 

[138.]  Anas  crecca  Linn. 

F^uropean  Teal. 

Anas  crecca  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  126. 

[B  580,  C  494,  R  611,  C  714.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Casual  in  Eastern  North 
Anerica  and  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

139.  Anas  carolinensis  Gmelin. 

Green-winged  TeaL 

Anas  carolinensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  1788,  533. 

[B  579,  C  495,  R  612,  C  715.] 

Hab.  North  America,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the  United  States, 
and  migrating  south  to  Honduras  and  Cuba. 

Subgenus  QUERQUEDULA  Stephens. 

Querquedula  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  pt.  ii.  1824,  142.     Type, 
Anas  querquedula  Linn. 

140.  Anas  discors  Linn. 

Blue-Tvinged  Teal. 

Anas  discors  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  205. 

[B581,  C496,  R609,  C  716.] 

Hab.  North  America  in  general,  but  chiefly  the  Eastern  Province  ; 
north  to  Alaska,  and  south  to  the  West  Indies  and  Northern  Sc  'h 
America  j  breeds  from  the  Northern  United  Slates  northward. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


117 


141.  Anas  cyanoptera  Vieill. 

Ciunaniou  Teal. 

Anas  cyanoptera  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  V.  1816,  104. 

[B582,  C497,  R610,  C717.] 

Hab.  Western  America  from  Columbia  River  south  to  Chili,  Pata- 
gonia, and  Falkland  Islands  ;  east  in  North  America  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains ;  casual  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Genus  SPATULA  Boie. 
spatula  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  564.     Type,  Anas  clypeata  Linn. 

142.  Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.). 

Shoveller. 

Anas  clypeata  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  124. 
Spatula  clypeata  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  564. 

[B  583,  C  498,  R  608,  C  718.] 

Hab.  Northern  Hemisphere.  In  North  America  breeding  from 
Alaska  to  Texas  ;   not  abundant  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 


Genus  DAFILA   Stephens. 
Dafila  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  pt.  ii.  1824,  126. 

143.  Dafila  acuta  (Linn.). 

Pintail. 

Anas  acuta  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  126. 
Dajila  acuta  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  56. 

[B  578,  C  490,  R  605,  C  710.] 

Hab.  Northern  Hemisphere.  In  North  America  breeds  from  the 
northern  parts  of  the  United  States  northward,  and  migrates  south  to 
Panama  and  Cuba. 

Genus  AIX  Boie. 
Aix  Boie,  Isis,  1828,  329.     Type,  Anas  sponsa  Linn. 


Il8  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

144.  Aiz  sponsa  (Linn.). 

Wood  Duck. 

Anas  sponsa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  128. 
Aix  sponsa  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  57. 

[B  587,  C  499,  R  613,  C  719.] 

Hab.     Temperate  North  America,  breeding  throughout  its  range. 

Genus  NETTA   Kaup. 

Netta  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Europ.  Thierw.  1829,  102.    Type,  Anas  rufina 
Pall. 

[145.]   Netta  nifina  (Pall.). 
Rufous-crested  Duck. 

Anas  rufina  Pall.  It.  II.  App.  1773,  73 !• 

Netta  rufina  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nai.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  _,  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  886.] 

Hab.     Eastern  Hemisphere ;  accidental  in  Eastern  United  States. 

Genus  AYTHYA   Boie. 

Aythya  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  564.     Type,  by  elimination,  Anas  ferina 
Linn. 

146.  Aythya  americana  (Eyt.). 

Redhead. 

Fuligula  americana  Eyton,  Monogr.  Anat.  1838,  155. 
Aythya  americana  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  793. 

[B  591,  C  503,  R  618,  C  723.] 

Hab.     North  America,  breeding  from  California  and  Maine  north- 
ward. 

147.  Aythya  vallisneria  (Wils.). 

Canvas-back. 

Anas  vallisneria  Wilson,  Am.  Cm.  VIII.  1814,  103. 
Aythya  valisneria  Boie,  Isis,  1826,  980. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


119 


[Bs92,  C  504,  R617,  C  724.] 

Hab.     Nearly  all  of  North  America,  breeding  from  the  Northwest- 
ern States  northward  to  Alaska. 

Subgenus  FULIGULA  Stephens. 

Fulif^nla  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  pt.  ii.  1824,  187.     Type,  by 
elimination,  Anas  fuligtila  Linn. 

148.  Aythya  marila  nearctica  Stejn. 

American  Scaup  Duck. 

Aythya  marila  nearctica  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  161. 
[B  588,  C  500,  R  614,  C  720.] 
Hab.     North  America,  breeding  far  north. 

149.  Aythya  affinis  (Eyt.). 

Lesser  Scaup  Duck. 

Fuligula  affinis  Eyt.  Men.  Anat.  1838,  157. 

Aythya  affinis  Stejn.  Orn.  Kxpl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  l6l. 

[B  589,  C  501,  R  615,  C  721.] 

Hab.     North   America  in   general,  breeding   chiefly  north  of  the 
United  States,  migrating  south  to  Guatemala  and  the  West  Indies. 

150.  Aythya  collaris  (Donov.). 

Ring-necked  Duck. 

Anas  collaris  Donov.  Br.  Birds,  VI.  1809.  pi.  147. 

Aythya  collaris  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  356. 

[B  590,  C  502,  R  616,  C  722.] 

Hab.     North  America,  breeding  far  north  and  migrating  south  to 
Guatemala  and  the  West  Indies. 


Genus  GLAUCIONETTA   Stejneger. 

Glaucionetta  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  409.     Type, 
Anas  clangula  Linn. 


120  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

151.   Glaucionetta  clangula  americana  (Donap.). 

Ainerioan  Goldeu-eye. 

Clangula  americana  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  58. 
Glaucionetta  clangula  americana  SxejN.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  409. 

[BS93>C  505,  R  620,  C  725.] 

Hab,  North  America,  breeding  from  Maine  and  tlie  British  Prov- 
inces northward;   in  winter,  south  to  Cuba. 

i52.   Glaucionetta  islandica  (Gmel.). 

Barrow's  Golden-eye. 

Anas  islandica  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  178S,  541. 

Glaucionetta  islandica  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  409. 

[B  594,  C  506,  R  619,  C  726.] 

Hab.  Northern  North  America,  south  in  winter  to  New  York,  Illi- 
nois and  Utah  ;  breeding  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  northward, 
and  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado  ;  Greenland  ;  Iceland. 

Genus   CHARITONETTA   Stejn eger. 

Charitonetta  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  18S5,  163.     Type,  Anas 
albeola  Linn. 

153.  Charitonetta  albeola  (Linn.). 

Buftle-head. 

Anas  albeola  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  124. 
Charitonetta  albeola  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  166. 

[B59S>  C  507,  R621,  C  727.] 

Hab.  North  America ;  south  in  winter  to  Cuba  and  Mexico. 
Breeds  from  Maine  northward,  through  the  Fur  Countries  and  Alaska. 

Genus  CLANGULA   Leach. 

Clangula  Leach,  in  Ross's  Voy.  Disc.  1819,  App.  p.  xlviii.     Type, 

Anas glacialis  LiNN. 

154.  Clangula  hyemalis  (Linn.). 

Old-squaw^. 

Anas  hyemalis  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  126. 

Clangula  /liemalis  Brehm,  Handb.  Vog.  Deutschl.  1831,933. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


121 


[li  597,  C  508,  R  623,  C  728.] 

Hab.  Northern  Hemisphere;  in  North  America  south  to  the  Poto- 
mac and  the  Ohio ;   breeds  far  northward. 

Genus  HISTRIONICUS   Lesson. 

Histrioniius  Lesson,  Man.  d'Orn.  IL  1828,415,     Type,  Anas  histri- 
onica  LiXN. 

155.  Histnonicus  histrionicus  (Linn.). 
Harlequin  Duck. 

Anas  histTionica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  127. 
Histrionicus  histrionicus  BoucARD,  Cat.  A  v.  1876,  60. 

[B  596,  C  510,  R  622,  C  730.] 

Hab.  Northern  North  America,  breedin^r  from  Newfoundland,  the 
Northern  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  northward  ;  south 
in  winter  to  the  Middle  States  and  California  ;  Eastern  Asia  ;  Iceland. 

Genus  CAMPTOLAIMUS  Gray. 
Camptolainius  Gray,  List  Gen.  1S41, 95.    Type,  Anas  labradoria  Gm. 

15C.   Camptolaimus  labradorius  (Gmel.). 

Labrador  Duck. 

Anas  labradoria  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  1788,  537. 
Camptolaimus  labradorus  Gray,  List  Gen.  1841,  95. 

[B  600,  C  510,  R  624,  C  730.] 

Hab.  Formerly  Northern  Atlantic  coast,  from  New  Jersey  (in 
winter)  northward,  breeding  from  Labrador  northward.  Now  ex- 
tremely rare,  and  perhaps  extinct. 


Genus  ENICONETTA  Gray. 
Eniconeita  Gray,  List  Gen.  1840,  T^-     Type,  Anas  stelleri  Pall. 

157.  Eniconetta  stelleri  (Pall.). 

Steller's  Duck. 

Anas  stelleri  Pall.  Spicil.  Zool.  VL  1769,  35. 
Eniconetta  stelleri  Gkay,  List  Gen.  1840,  75. 


122  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN    BIRDS. 

[B598,  C5ii,R625.  C731.] 
Hah.     Arctic  and  subarctic  coasts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

Genus  ARCTONETTA  Gray. 
Arctonetta  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1855, 12.    Type,  Fuligulajischeri  Brandt. 

158.  Arctonetta  fischeri  (Brandt). 

spectacled  Kider. 

Fuli^^ula  fischeri  Brandt,  Mdm.  Acad.  St.  P(5tersb.  VI.  1849,  6,  10. 
A rc/onez/it jisi/ieri  hLAKiSToa,  Ibis,  1803,  150. 

[^  599.  C  512,  R626,  C  732.] 

Hab.     Coast  of  Alaska,  north  to  Point  Barrow. 

Genus  SOMATERIA   Leach. 

Subgenus  SOMATERIA. 

Somateria  Leach,  in  Ross's  Voy.  Disc.  1819,  App.  p.  xlviii.    Type, 
Anas  inollissima  LiXN. 

I  ^/)  rr  159.  Somateria  mollissima  (Linn.). 

Eider. 

Arias  inollissima  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  124. 
Somateria  inollissima  Boie,  I  sis,  1822.  564. 

[B  606, >7r/,  C  ^\Z,part,  R  627,  C  733.] 

Hab.  Northern  Europe  and  Northeastern  North  America,  includ- 
ing Greenland  and  Northern  Labrador ;  south  in  winter  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  to  Maine. 

160.  Somateria  dresseri  Sharpe. 

American  Eider. 

Somateria  tfresseri  SuARPE,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat  Hist.  July,  1871,  51. 

[B  606,  part,  C  513,/drr/,  R  627  a,  C  734.] 

Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  from  Maine  to  Labrador; 
south  in  winter  to  the  Delaware. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


123 


IGl.  Somaterla  v.nigra  Gray. 

i'uciUe  Eider. 

Somateiia  v-nigra  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  212. 

[B  607,  C  514,  R  628,  C  735.] 

Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific  ;  in  the  interior  to  the  Great 
Slave  Lake  district,  and  in  Eastern  Siberia. 

Subgenus  ERIONETTA  Coues. 

Erionetta  Coues,  Key  N,  A.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  709.     Type,  Anas 
spec  tab  His  Linn. 

1C2.  Somateria  spectabilis  (Linn.). 

King  Kider. 

Anas  spectabilis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  123. 

Somateria  spectabilis  Leach,  in  Ross's  Voy.  Disc.  18 19,  App.  p.  xlviii. 

[B  60S,  C  515,  R  629,0  736.] 

Hab.  Northern  part  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  in  the  Arc- 
tic regions  ;  in  North  America  south  casually  in  winter  to  New  Jersey 
and  the  Great  Lakes. 


Genus  OIDEMIA  Fleming. 

Subgenus  OIDEMIA. 

Oidemia  Fleming,  Philos.  Zool.  IL  1822,  260.    Type,  by  elimination, 
Anas  nigra  LiNN. 

1G3.  Oidemia  americana  Sw.  &  Rich. 

American  Scoter. 

Oidemia  americana  Sw.  &  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  H.  1S31,  450. 

[B  604,  C  516,  R  630,0  737.] 

Hab.  Ooasts  and  larger  lakes  of  Northern  North  America  ;  breeds 
in  Labrador  and  the  northern  interior ;  south  in  winter  to  New  Jersey, 
the  Great  Lakes,  and  Oalifornia. 

Subgenus  MELANITTA  Boie. 

Melanitta  BoiE,  Isis,  1822,  564.    Type,  by  elimination.  Anas  fusca 
Linn. 


124  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[164.]   Oidemia  fusca  (Linn). 
Velvet  Scoter. 

Anas  fusca  LiXN   S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  123. 

Oidemia  fusca  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  pt.  ii.  1824,  216. 

[B-,C— ,  R63i,C— .] 

Hab.  Northern  Old  World ;  accidental  (?)  in  Alaska  and  Green- 
land. 

165.  Oidemia  deglandi  Bonap. 

White-winged  Scoter. 

Oidemia  dcj;landi  Boxap.  Rev.  Grit,  de  I'Orn.  Europ.  de  Dr.  Degl., 
1850,  108. 

[B  601,  C  517,  R  632,  C  738.] 

Hab.  Northern  North  America,  breeding  in  Labrador  and  the  Fur 
Countries  ;  south  in  winter  to  the  Middle  States,  Southern  Illinois,  and 
Southern  California. 

Subgenus  PELION13TTA  Kaup. 

Pelioneita.  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  107.      Type,  Anas 
pe}spi:ulaius  LiXN. 

166.  Oidemia  pergpicillata  (^  nn.). 

Surf  Scoter. 

Anas perspicillata  Lixx.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  125. 

Oidejnia perspicillaia  Stephens,  Gen.  Zool.  XII.  pt.  ii.  1824,  219. 

[B  602,  603,  C  518,  518^,  R  633,  C  739,  740] 

Hab.  Coasts  and  larger  inland  waters  of  Northern  North  America ; 
in  winter  south  to  the  Carolinas,  the  Ohio  River,  and  Lower  California. 

Genus  ERISMATURA   Bonaparte. 

Erismatura  Bonap.  Saggio  Dis.tr.  Meth.  1832,  143.     Type,  Anas 
rubidus  Wils. 

167.  Erismatura  rubida  (Wils.). 

Ruddy  Duck. 

Anas  rubidus  V^ii.so'H,  Am.  Orn.  VIII.  1814,  128. 
Erismatura  rubida  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838,  59. 


ORDER  ANSERES. 


125 


[B  609,  C  519,  R  634,  C  741.] 

Hab.  North  America  in  general,  south  to  Cuba,  GuatPmala,  and 
Northern  South  America,  breeding  throughout  most  of  its  North  Amer- 
ican range. 

Genus  NOMONYX   Ridgway. 

Nomojiyx  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  II.  1880,  15.     Type,  Anas 
dominie  a  LiNN. 

[168.]  Nomon3r2  dominicus  (Linn.). 

Masked  Duck. 

Anas  dojninica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  1766,  201. 

Nomonyx  dominicus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  II.  1880,  15. 

[B610,  C520,  R635,  C  742.] 

Hab.  Tropical  America ;  accidental  in  Eastern  North  America 
(Wisconsin  ;  Lake  Champlain). 

Subfamily  ANSERIN-<aEi.    Geese. 

Genus  CHEN  Bote. 
Chen  BoiE,  Isis,  1822,  563.     Type,  Anser  hyperboreus  Pall. 

169.  Chen  hyperborea  (Pall.). 
Lesser  Snow  Goose. 

Anser  hyperboreus  Pall.  Spicil.  Zool.  VI.  1769,  25. 
Chen  hyperborea  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  563. 

[B  — ,  C  480^,  R  591  a,  C  696.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  breeding  in  Alaska; 
south  in  winter  to  Southern  Illinois  and  Southern  California. 


169  dr.  Chen  hyperborea  nivalis  (Forst.). 

Greater  Snow  Goose. 

Anas  nivalis  Forster,  Philos.  Trans.  LXII.  1772,  413. 

Chen  hyperboreus  nivalis  Ridgw.  Pr.  Biol.  See.  Wash.  II.  1884,  107. 

[BS63,  C480,  R591,  €695.] 


126  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Hab.     North  America,  breeding  far  north,  and  migrating  south  in 

'vinter,  chiefly  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  reaching  Cuba. 
I  »  1 0  ^  I  L°l  '  I 

170.  Chen  rossii  (Baibd). 

Ross's  Snow  Goose. 

Anser  rossWV>\\Kii  MSS.,"  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i86i,  73. 
Chen  rossii  ^mGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880,  203. 

[B— ,C48i,  R592,  C697.] 

Hab.    Arctic  America  in  summer,  Pacific  coast  to  Southern  Cali- 
fornia in  winter. 

Genus  ANSER  Brisson. 
Anser  Brisson,  Orn.  VI.  1760,  261.    Type,  Anas  anser  Linn. 
[171.]  Anser  albifirons  (Gm.). 

White-fronted  Goose. 

Anas  albifrons  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  509. 

Anser  albifrons  Bechst.  Gem.  Naturg.  Deutschl.  IV.  1809,  898. 

[B-,  C-,  R593,Ce^2.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  Eastern  Hemisphere  and  Greenland. 

171  a.  Anser  albifrons  gambeli  (Hartl.). 

American  White-fronted  Goose. 

Anser  gambeli  Hartlaub,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.  1852,  7. 
Anser  albifrons  \ZT.  gambeli  QoxjES,  Key,  1872,  282. 

[B  565,  566,  C  478,  R  593  a,  C  693.] 

Hab.     North  America,  breeding  far  northward  ;   in  winter  south  to 
Mexico  and  Cuba. 

Genus  BRANTA  Scopoli. 

Branta  ScoPOLi,  Ann.  I.  Hist.  Nat.  1760,  67.     Type,  Anas  bernicla 
Linn. 

172.  Branta  canadensis  (Linn.). 
Canada  Goose. 

Anas  canadensis  Link,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  123. 

Branta  canadensis  Bannister,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  131. 


ORDER  ANSERES.  12/ 

[B  567,  C  485,  R  594,  C  702.] 

Hab.     Temperate  North  America,  breeding  in  the  Northern  United 
States  and  British  Provinces ;  south  in  winter  to  Mexico. 

172  a.  Brr  .ta  canadensis  hutchinsii  (Sw.  &  Rich.). 

Hutchins's  Ooose. 

Anser  hutchinsii 'tiW.  &  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  II.  1831,  470. 
Branta  canadettsis  var.  hutchinsii  CouES,  Key,  1872,  284. 

[B  569,  C  485  b,  R  594^,  C  704.] 

Hab.     North   America,  breeding   in   the  Arctic   regions,   and  mi 
grating  south  in  winter,  chiefly  through  the  Western  United  States 
and  Mississippi  Valley  ;   Eastern  Asia. 

112  b.   Branta  canadensis  occidentalis  (Baird). 

White-cheeked  Goose. 

Bernicla  occidentalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  766. 
Branta  canadensis  occidentalis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  355- 

[B  567  rtr,  C  — ,  R  594  f,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  Sitka  south,  in  winter,  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

112  c.   Branta  canadensis  minima  Ridgw. 

Cackling  Goose. 

Branta  minima  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  No.  2,  April  20, 

18S5,  23. 
Branta  canadensis  minima  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885, 

355- 

[B  568,  C  485  a,  R  594  b,  C  Tozypart."] 

Hab.     Coast  of  Alaska,   migrating   southward    into   the   Western 
United  States,  east  to  Wisconsin. 

173.  Branta  bernicla  (Linn.). 

Brant. 

Anas  bernicla  LiNir.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  124. 
Branta  bernicla  Scopoli,  Ann.  I.  Hist.  Nat.  1769,  6^. 

[B  570,  C  484,  R  595'  C  700-] 


128  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ;  in  North  Amer- 
ica chiefly  on  the  Atlantic  coast ;  rare  in  the  interior,  or  away  from 
salt  water. 

174.  Branta  nigricans  (Lawr.). 

Black  Brant. 

Anser  tiigricans  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  IV.  1846,  171. 
Branta  nigricans  Bannister,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  131. 

[B571,  C— ,  R596,  C  701.] 

Hab.  Arctic  and  Western  North  America ;  rare  or  casual  in  the 
Atlantic  States. 

[175.]   Branta  leucopsis  (Bechst.). 

Barnacle  Goose. 

Anas  leucopsis  Bechstein,  Orn,  Taschb.  Deutschl.  1803,  424. 
Branta  leucopsis  Bannister,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  131. 

[B  572,  C  483,  R  597,  C  699.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World  ;  casual  in  Eastern  North 
America. 

Genus  FHILACTE   Bannister. 

Philacte  Bannister,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  131.    Type,  Anas 
catia<nca  Sevast. 

17G.  Philacte  canagica  (Sevast.). 

Emperor  Goose. 

Anas  canagica  Sevastianoff,  N.  Act.  Petrop.  XIII.  1800,  346. 
Philacte  canagica  Bannister,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  131. 

[B  573,  C  482,  R  598,  C  698.] 

Hab.     Coast  and  islands  of  Alaska. 


Genus  DENDROCYGNA  Swainson. 

Dendrocyona  Swainson,  Classif.  Birds,  II.  1837,  365.     Type,  Anas 
arcuata  Cuv. 


ORDER  ANSERES.  1 29 

177.  Dendrocygna  autumnalis  (Linn.). 

Black- bellied  Tree-duck. 

Anas  autumnalis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  127. 
Dendrocygna  autumnalis  Eyton,  Monogr.  Anat.  1838,  109. 

[B  574,  C  487,  R  599>  C  7c6.] 

Hab.     Southwestern  border  of  the  United  States  and  southward 
(Mexico,  West  Indies,  etc.). 

178.  Dendrocygna  fulva  (Gmel.). 

Fulvous  Tree-duck. 

Anas  fulva  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  1788,  530. 

Dendrocygna  fulva  Burmeister,  Reise  durch  die  La  Plata  Staaten, 
1856,  515. 

[B  575,  C  486,  R  600,  C  705.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United    States   (Louisiana,  Texas, 
Nevada,  California)  and  southward. 


Subfamily  CYGNINjE.    Swans. 

Genus  OLOR   Wagler. 
Olor  Wagler,  I  sis,  1832,  1234.     Type,  Anas  cygnus  Linn. 

[179.]  Olor  cyguus  (Linn.). 
Whooping  Swan. 

Anas  cygnus  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  122. 

O/^r  ^j^;/«j  Bonaparte,  Catal.  Parzudaki,  1856,  15. 

[B  —,  C  — ,  R  586,  C  690.] 

Hab.     Europe  and  Asia ;  Greenland. 

180.  Olor  columbianus  (Ord). 

Whistling  Swan. 

Anas  columbianus  Ord,  in  Guthrie's  Geogr.  2d  Am.  ed.  18 15,  319. 
Olor  columbianus  Stejn,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  210. 

[B  561  bis,  C  477,  R  588,  C  689.] 

Hab.     The  whole  of  North  America,  breeding  far  north. 


130  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

181.  Olor  buccinator  (Rich.). 

Trumpeter  Swan. 

Cy^nus  buccinator  Richards.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  I.  1831,  464. 
Olor  buccinalor  V^ XGiJE.Ky  Isis,  1832,  1234. 

[B  562,  C  476,  R  589,  C  688.] 

Hab.  Chiefly  the  interior  of  North  America,  from  the  Gulf  coast 
to  the  Fur  Countries,  breeding  from  Iowa  and  Dakota  northward  ;  west 
to  the  Pacific  coast,  but  rare  or  casual  on  the  Atlantic. 


Order  ODONTOGLOSS^.     Lamelliros- 

TRAL   GrALLATORES. 
Family  PHCENICOPTERID-ffi.    Flamingoes. 

Genus  FHCUNICOFTERnS   Linn. 

Phoenicopterns   Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.   1758,  139.     Type,  P.  ruber 
Linn. 

182.  Phoenicopterus  ruber  Linn. 

American  Flamingo 

Phoenicopterus  ruber  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  139. 
[B  502,  C  475.  R  585,  C  687.] 

Hab.     Atlantic  coasts  of  subtropical  and  tropical  America ;  Flor- 
ida Keys. 


ORDER  HERODIONES. 


131 


Order  HERODIONES.     Herons,  Storks, 

Ibises,  etc. 

Suborder   IBIDES.    Spoonbills  and  Ibises. 

Family  PLATALEID-ffl.     Spoonbills. 

Genus  AJAJA  Reich. 
Ajaja  Reich.  Handb.  1852,  p.  xvi.     Type,  Platalea  ajaja  Linn. 

183.  Ajaja  ajaja  (Linn.). 
Roseate  Spoonbill. 

Platalea  ajaja  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  140. 
Ajaja  ajaja  Boucard,  Cat.  Av.  1876,  54. 

(B  501,  C  488,  R  505,  C  653.) 

Hab.     Southern  United  States  southward  to  the  Falkland  Islands 
and  Patagonia. 

Family  IBIDID^.     Ibises. 


Genus  GUARA  Reichenbach. 
Guara  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xiv.    Type,  Tantalus  ruber  Linn. 

184.  Guara  alba  (Linn.). 

White  Ibis. 

Scolopax  alba  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  145. 
Guara  alba  Stejn.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  9. 

[B  499,  C  446,  R  501,  C  651.] 

Hab.     South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  southward  to  the  West  In- 
dies and  Northern  South  America ;  casually  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to 


132  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Long  Island ;  in  the  interior  to  the  Lower  Ohio  Valley  and  Great 
Salt  Lake. 

[185.]  Guara  rubra  (Linn.). 

Scarlet  Ibis. 

Tantalus  ruber  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  241. 
Guara  rubra  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xiv. 

[B  498,  C  447,  R  502,  C  652.] 

Hab.  Florida,  Louisiana  (?),  and  Texas,  southward  to  the  West 
Indies  and  Northern  South  America.  No  record  of  its  recent  occur- 
rence in  the  United  States. 


Genus  PLEGADIS   Kaup. 

Plegadis  Kaup,  Skizz.  Entw.  Gesch.  1829,  82.     Type,  Tantalus  falci- 
nellus  Linn.  =  Tringa  autumnalis  Hasselq. 

186.  Plegadis  autumnalis  (Hasselq.). 

Glossy  Ibis. 

Tringa  autumnalis  Hasselquist,  Raise  nach  Palast.  Deutsche  Ausg. 

1762,  306. 
Plegadis  autumnalis  Stejn.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  160. 

[B  500,  C  445,  R  503,  C  649.] 

Hab.  Northern  Old  World,  West  Indies,  and  Eastern  United 
States.    Only  locally  abundant,  and  of  irregular  distribution  in  America. 

187.  Plegadis  guarauna  (Linn.). 

White-faced  Glossy  Ibis. 

Scolopax guarauna  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  242. 

Plegadis  guarauna  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  I.  Oct.  2,  1878,  163. 

[B  — ,  C  445  jis,  445  ter,  R  504,  C  650.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States  (Texas,  Utah,  Nevada,  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia, etc.),  southward  to  Mexico,  West  Indies,  and  Central  and  South 
America. 


ORDER  IIERODIONES. 


133 


Suborder   C ICONIC.     Storks,  etc. 

Family  CICONIID-^.     Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

Subfamily  TANTALINuSl.    Wood  Ibises. 

Genus  TANTALUS   Linn^us. 
Tantalus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  140.    Type,  T.  loculator  Linn. 

188.  Tantalus  loculator  Linn. 

Wood  Ibis. 

Tantalus  loculator  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  140. 

[B  497,  C  444,  R  500,  C  648.] 

Hab.  Southern  United  States,  from  the  Ohio  Valley,  Colorado, 
Utah,  California,  etc.,  south  to  Buenos  Ayres ;  casually  northward  to 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

Subfamily  CICONIINuE.    Storks. 


Genus  M7CTERIA  LiNNiEus. 
Mycteria  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758, 140.    Type,  M.  americana  Linn. 

[189.]  Mycteria  americana  Linn. 

Jabiru. 

Mycteria  americana  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  140. 
[B  — ,  C  448  bis,  R  499,  C  654.] 
Hab.    Tropical  America,  north  casually  to  Southern  Texas. 


134  check-list  of  north  american  birds. 

Suborder  HERODII.    Herons,  Egrets,  Bitterns,  etc. 

Family  ARDEID-^.     Herons,  Bitterns,  etc 
Subfamily  BOTAURIN-^.    Bitterns. 

Genus  BOTAURUS   Hermann. 

Subgenus  BOTAURUS. 

Boiaurus  Hermann,  Tabl.  Affin.  Anim.  1783,   13^.    Type,  Ardea 
stellaris  Linn. 

190.  Botaums  lentiginosus  (Montag.). 

American  Bittern. 

Ardea  letitiginosa  Montag.  Orn.  Diet.  Suppl.  1813,  — . 
Boiaurus  lentiginosus  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XI.  ii.  1819,  592. 

[B  492,  C  460,  R  497,  C  666.] 

Hab.    Temperate  North  America,  south  to  Guatemala  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Subgenus  ARDETTA  Gray. 

Ardetta  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  App.  1842,  13.    Type,  Ardea  tninuta 
Linn. 

191.  Botaurus  ezilis  (Gmel.). 

Least  Bittern. 

Ardea  exilis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  645. 
Botaurus  exilis  Reichenow,  J.  f.  O.  1877,  244. 

[B  491,  C  461,  R  498,  C  667.] 

Hab.    Temperate  North  America,  from  the  British  Provinces  to 
the  West  Indies  and  Brazil. 


l'C'-/1hl 


ORDER  HERODIONES. 


135 


Subfamily  ABDEIN^.    Herons  and  Egrets. 


Genus  ARDEA  Linn. 
Subgenus  ARDEA. 

Ardea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  Ui-    Type,  by  elimination,  A. 
cinerea  Linn. 

192.  Ardea  occidentalis  Aud. 

Great  White  Heron. 

Ardea  occidentalis  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II L  1835,  542. 
[B  489,  C  451,  R  486,  C  6s(>,part.] 
Hab.     Florida ;  Jamaica ;   accidental  in  Southern  Illinois. 

193.  Ardea  wardi  Ridgw. 

Ward's  Heron 

Ardea  wardi  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan   1882,  5. 
[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  —  C  — .] 
Hab.     Florida. 

194.  Ardea  herodias  Linn. 

Great  Blue  Heron. 

Ardea  herodias  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  I43- 
[B  487,  C  449>  R  487,  C  655.] 

Hab.     North  America,  from  the  Arctic  regions  southward  to  the 
West  Indies  and  Northern  South  America. 

[195.]  Ardea  cinerea  Linn. 

European  Blue  Heron. 

Ardea  cinerea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  143. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  488,  C  657.] 

Hab.     Most  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere;  accidental  in  Southern 
Greenland. 


136  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Subgenus  HERODIAS  Boie. 

Herodias  BoiE,  Isis,  1S22,  559.     Type,  by  elimination,  Ardaa  egretta 
Gmel. 

196.  Ardea  egretta  Gmel. 

American  Kgret. 

Ardea  egretta  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  629. 

[B  486,  486*,  C  452,  R  489,  C  658.] 

Hab.  Temperate  and  tropical  America,  from  New  Jersey,  Minne- 
sota, and  Oregon  south  to  Patagonia ;  casually  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
to  Nova  Scotia. 

Subgenus  OARZETTA  Kaup. 

Garzetta  Kaup,  Skizz.  Entw.  Gesch.  1829,  76.    Type,  Ardea  gar- 
zetta  Linn. 

197.  Ardea  candidissima  Gmel. 

Snowy  Heron. 

Ardea  candidissima  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  633. 

[B  485,  C  453,  R  490,  C  659.] 

Hab.  Temperate  and  tropical  America,  from  Long  Island  and 
Oregon  south  to  Buenos  Ayres  ;  casual  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Nova 
Scotia. 

Subgenus  DICHROMANASSA  Ridgway. 

Dichromanassa  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  IV. 
Feb.  5,  1878,  246.    Type,  Ardea  rufa  Bodd. 

198.  Ardea  rufa  Bodd. 

Reddish  Egret. 

Ardea  rufa  Bodd.  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  54. 

[B  483,  482,  C  455,  R  491,  C  661.] 

Hab.  Gulf  States  and  Mexico  south  to  Guatemala,  Jamaica,  and 
Cuba  ;  north  to  Southern  Illinois. 

Subgenus  H7DRANASSA  Baird. 

Hydranassa  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  660  (in  text).      Type,  Ardea 
ludoviciana  Wils.  =  A.  tricolor  Mull. 


ORDER  HERODIONES.  I37 

191).  Ardea  tricolor  ruflcoUic  (Gosse). 

Louisiana  Heron. 

Egntta  rnjkollis  Gosse,  B.  Jamaica,  1847,  338. 

Ardea  tricolor  rujicollis  RiLtGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  484,  C  154,  R  492,  C  660.] 

Hab.  Gulf  States,  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  West  Indies, 
casually  northward  to  New  Jersey  and  Indiana. 

Subgenus  FLORIDA  Bairo. 
Florida  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  671.    Type,  Ardea  caerulea  Linn. 

200.  Ardea  ccemlea  Linn. 

Little  Blue  Uerou. 

Ardea  caerulea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  143. 

[B  490,  C  456,  R  493,  C  662.] 

Hab.  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  and  Kansas,  southward  through  Central 
America  and  the  West  Indies  to  Guiana  and  New  Grenada  ;  casually 
north  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Massachusetts  and  Maine. 


\K> 


Subgenus  BUTORIDES  Blyth. 

Butorides  "Blyth,   1849,"  Bonap.  Consp.   II.   1855,  128.     Type, 
Ardea  javanica  Horsf. 

201.  Ardea  virescens  Linn. 

Green  Heron. 

Ardea  virescens  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  144. 

[B  493,  C  457,  R  494,  C  663.] 

Hab.     Canada  and  Oregon,  southward  to  Northern  South  America 
and  the  West  Indies  ;  rare  or  absent  in  the  Middle  Province. 

Genus  NYCTICORAZ  Stephens. 


Subgenus  NYCTICORAX. 

Nycticorax  Steph.   Gen.   Zool.   XI.   ii.   18 19,  608. 
nycticorax  Linn. 


Type,  Ardea 


138  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

202.  Nycticorax  nycticoraz  neevius  (Bodd.). 

Black- crowned  Night  Heron. 

Ardea  ncevia  Bodd.  Tabl.  PI.  Enl.  1783,  56. 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  ncevius  Zeledon,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  113. 

[B  495,  C  458,  R  495,  C  664.] 

Hab.  America,  from  the  British  Possessions  southward  to  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  including  part  of  the  West  Indies. 

/  ,  ^.^  -.mu. .  Subgenus  NYCTHEB.ODIUS   Reichenbach. 

Nyctherodius  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xvi.    Type,  Ardea  violacea 
Linn. 

203.  Nycticorax  violaceiis  (Linn.). 

Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 

Ardea  violacea  Linn,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  143. 
Nycticorax  violacea  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1827,  446. 

[B  496,  C  459,  R  496,  C  665.] 

Hab.  Warm-temperate  Eastern  North  America,  from  the  Carolinas 
and  the  Lower  Ohio  Valley  south  to  Brazil  j  casually  north  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  west  to  Colorado. 


Order  PALUDICOL^     Cranes,  Rails,  etc. 

Suborder   GRUES.     Cranes. 

Family  GRUID^.    Cranes. 

Genus  GRUS   Pallas. 
Grus  Pall.  Misc.  Zool.  1766,  (3^.    Type,  Ardea  grus  Linn. 


ORDER  PALUDICOLiE. 


139 


204.  Grus  americana  (Linn.). 

Whooping  Crane. 

Ardea  americana  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  142. 

Grus  americana  Sw.  &  Rick.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  IL  1831,  372. 

[B  478,  C  462,  R  582,  C  668.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  from  the  Fur  Countries  to  Flor- 
ida, Texas,  and  Mexico,  and  from  Oliio  to  Colorado.  Formerly  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  at  least  casually,  to  New  England. 

205.  Grus  canadensis  (Linn.). 

Little  Brown  Crane. 

Ardea  canadensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  141. 
Grus  canadensis  Temm.  Man.  L  1820,  p.  c. 

[B  4S0,  C  463,  R  584,  C  669.] 

Hab.  Arctic  and  subarctic  America,  breeding  from  the  Fur  Coun- 
tries and  Alaska  to  the  Arctic  coast,  migrating  south  in  winter  into 
the  Western  United  States. 

206.  Grus  mexicana  (Mull.). 

Sandhill  Crane. 

Ardea  i^grus)  mexicana  Mull.  S.  N.  Suppl.  1776,  no. 
Grus  mexicana  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  VIIL  1885,  356. 

[B  479»  C  — ,  R  583,  C  670.] 

Hab.  Southern  half  of  North  America  ;  now  rare  near  the  Atlantic 
coast,  except  in  Georgia  and  Florida. 


Suborder  RALLI.     Rails,  Gallinules,  Coots,  etc. 


Family  ARAMID^.    Courlans. 


Genus  ARAMUS  Vieillot. 
Aramus  Vieill.  Analyse,  1816,  58.     Type,  Ardea  scolopacea  Gmel. 


I40  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

207.  Aramus  giganteus  (Bonap.). 

Limpkin. 

Rail  us  giganteus  BoNAP,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  V.  1825,  31. 
Arafnus giganteus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  657. 

[B481,  C  464,  R581,  C671.] 

Hab.     Florida,  West  Indies,  and  Atlantic  coast  of  Central  America. 


Family  RALLID.^.    Rails,  Gallinules,  and  Coots. 

Subfamily  RALLIN.<Sj.    Rails. 

Genus  RALLUS  Linnaeus. 
Rallus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  153.    Type,  R.  aquaticus  Linn. 

208.  Rallus  elegans  Aud. 

lOng  Rail. 

Rallus  elegans  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  III.  1835,  27,  pi-  203. 

[B  552,  C  466,  R  569,  C  676.] 

Hab.  Fresh-water  marshes  of  the  Eastern  Province  of  the  United 
States,  from  the  Middle  States,  Northern  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Kan- 
sas southward.     Casually  north  to  Massachusetts,  Maine,  and  Ontario. 

209.  Rallus  beldingl  Ridgw. 

Belding's  Rail. 

Callus  beldingi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  345. 
[B— ,C-,  R-,  C-.] 
Hab.     Espiritu  Santo  Islands,  Gulf  of  California. 

210.  Rallus  obsoletus  Ridgw. 

California  Clapper  Rail. 

Rallus  elegans  vzx.  obsoletus  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VTII.  1871,  in. 
Rallus  obsoletus  Ridgw.  BuU.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  V.  July,  1880,  139. 


ORDER   PALUDICOL^. 


[B  — ,  C  466  a,  R  570,  C  674.] 


141 


Hab.  Salt  marshes  of  the  Pacific  coast,  from  Washington  Terri- 
tory (?)  to  Lower  California. 

r;  I  jj-  211.  Rallus  longirostris  crepitans  (Gmel.). 

Clapper  Rail. 

Rallus  crepitans  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  713. 

Rallus  longirostris  crepitans  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  V.  July, 
1880,  140. 

[B  553,  C  465,  R  571,  C  673.] 

Hab.  Salt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  from 
New  Jersey  southward  ;  resident  from  the  Potomac  southward.  Casual 
north  to  Massachusetts. 


),^'-  211a.  Rallus  longirostris  saturatus  Hensh. 

Liouisiana  Clapper  Rail. 

Rallus  longirostris  saturatus  "  Henshaw  MS."  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt. 
Orn.  Club,  V.  July,  1880,  140. 

[B—  C— ,  R57i«,  C675.] 
,,^  /       ,  yllAB.     Salt  marshes  of  the  Gulf  States,  from  Florida  to  Louisiana. 

,jf2i,  {1/212.  Rallus  virginianus  Linn. 

Virginia  Rail. 

Rallus  virgin/anus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  263. 

[B  554,  C  467,  R  572,  C  677.] 

Ha3.     North  America,  from  the  British  Provinces  south  to  Guate- 
mala and  Cuba. 


Genus  FORZANA  Vieillot. 
Subgenus  PORZANA. 
Porzana  Vieill.  Analyse,  18 16,  61.     Type,  Rallus  porzana  Linn. 

[213.]  Porzana  porzana  (Linn.). 

Spotted  Crake. 

Rail  us  porzana  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  262. 
Porzana  porzana  Boucard,  Cat.  Av.  1876,  7. 


142  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  -   C  -,  R  573,  C  678.] 
Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World  ;  occasional  in  Greenland. 

214.  Forzana  Carolina  (Linn.). 

Sora. 

Rallus  carolimis  Ltv^.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  153. 
Porzana  caroluia  Baird,  Lit.  Rec.  &  Jour.  Linn.  Assoc.  Penn.  Coll. 
Oct.  1845,  255. 

[B  555,  C  648,  R  574,  C  679.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  but  most  common  in  the  Eastern 
Province,  breeding  chiefly  northward.  South  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Northern  South  America. 

Subgenus  COTURNICOPS   Bonaparte. 

Cottirnicops  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XLIII.  1856,  599.    Type,  Fulica 
noveboracensis  Gmel. 

215.  Forzana  noveboracensis  (Gmel.). 

Yellow  Rail. 

Fulica  noveboracensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  701. 
Porzana  noveboracensis  Baird,  Lit.  Rec.  &  Jour.  Linn.  Assoc.  Penn. 
Coll.  Oct.  1845,  255. 

[B  557,  C  469,  R  575' C  680.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  Hudson's 
Bay  west  to  Utah  and  Nevada.  No  extralimital  record  except  Cuba 
and  the  Bermudas. 

Subgenus  CRECISCUS  Cabanis. 
Creciscus  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  428.     Type,  Rallus  jamaicensis  Linn. 

21G.  Forzana  jamaicensis  (Gmel.). 

Black  Rail. 

Rallus  jamaicensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  718. 
Porzana  jamaicensis  Baird,  Lit.  Rec.  &  Jour.  Linn.  Assoc.  Penn. 
Coll.  Oct.  1845,  257. 

[B  556,  C  470,  R  576,  C  681.] 


ORDER  PALUDICOL^. 


143 


Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  north  to  Massachusetts,  North- 
ern Illinois,  and  Oregon ;  south  to  West  Indies  and  in  Western  South 
America  to  Chili. 

216  a.  Porzana  jamaicensis  coturniculus  Baird. 

Farallone  Rail. 

Porzana  jamaicensis  var.  co/urniLuius  "Baird,  MS."  Ridgw.  Am. 
Nat.  VIII.  Feb.  1874,  in. 

[B  — ,  C  470  a,  R  576  a,  C  682.] 
Hab.     Farallone  Islands,  California. 

Genus  CREZ  Bechstein. 

Crex  Bechst.  Orn.  Taschb.  Deutschl.  1802,  336.     Type,  /?a//us  crex 
Linn. 

[217.]   Crex  crex  (Linn.). 

Corn  Crake. 

Rallns  crex  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  153. 
Crex  crex  Stejn.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  128. 

[B  558,  C  471,  R  577,  C  683.] 

Hab.     Europe  and  Northern  Asia ;  casual  in  Greenland,  Bermudas, 
and  Eastern  North  America. 

Subfamily  GALLINULIN^E.    Gallinules. 


Genus  IONORNIS   Reichenbach. 
lonornis  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xxi.    Type,  Fulica  martinica  Linn. 

218.  lonornis  martinica  (Linn.). 

Purple  Gallinule. 

Fulica  martinica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  259. 
lonornis  martinica  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xxi. 

[B  561,  C  473,  R  578.  C  685.] 

Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  casually  northward  to  Maine, 
New  York,  Wisconsin,  etc. ;  south  throughout  the  West  Indies  to 
Brazil. 


144  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Genus   GALLINULA   Brisson. 
Gallinula  Briss,  Orn.  VI.  1760,  2.    Type,  Fulica  chloropus  Linn. 
219.  Gallinula  galeata  (Light.). 

Florida  GalUnuIe. 

Crex galeata  Light.  Verz.  Doubl.  1823,  80. 
Gallinula  galeata  Bonap.  Am.  Orn.  IV.  1832,  128. 

[B  560,  C  472,  R  579.  C  685.] 

Hab.     Temperate  and  tropical  America,  from  Canada  to  Brazil  and 
Chili. 

Subfamily  FULICIN.^.    Coots. 

Genus  FULICA   Linnaeus. 
Fulica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  152.    Type,  F.  atra  Linn. 

[220.]  Fulica  atra  Linn. 
European  Coot. 

Fulica  atra  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  I7cf    152. 

[B  _,  C  -,  R  — ,  C  885.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  in  general ;  acci- 
dental in  Greenland. 

221.  Fulica  americana  Gmel. 

American  Coot. 

Fulica  cmericana  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  704. 
[B  559,  C  474,  R  58°.  C  686.] 

Hab.     North  America,  from  Greenland  and  Alaska  southward  to 
the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 


ORDER   LIMICOL/E. 


145 


Order   LIMICOL^.     Shore  Birds. 


Family  PHALAROPODID^.     Phalaropes. 


Genus  CRYMOPHILUS  Vieillot. 
Crymophilus  ViEiLL.  Anal.  18 16,  62.     Type,  Tringa  fulicaritts  Linn. 

222.  Crymophilus  fulicarius  (Linn.). 

Red  Phalarope. 

Tringa  fiilicaria  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  148. 
Crymophilus  fulicarius  Stejn.  Auk,  IL  1885,  183. 

[B  521,  C  411,  R  563,  C  604.] 

Hab.  North  parts  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  in  the  Arctic 
regions  and  migrating  south  in  winter ;  in  the  United  States  south 
to  the  Middle  States,  Ohio  Valley,  and  Cape  St.  Lucas  j  chiefly 
maritime. 

Genus  FHALAROPUS   Frisson. 

Subgenus  PHALAROPUS. 

Phalaropus  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  12.     Type,  by  elimination,  Tringd 
lobata  Linn. 


223.  Fhalaropus  lobatus  (Linn.). 

Northern  Phalarope. 

Tringa  lobata  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  148,  824. 
Fhalaropus  lobatus  Stejn.   Auk,  H.  1885,  183  (nee  Latham  qui 
Crymophilus  fulicarius,  nee  Wilson  qui  Ph.  tricolor). 

[B  520,  C  410,  R  564,  C  603.] 

Hab.     Northern  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  in  arc- 
tic latitudes  ;  south  in  winter  to  the  tropics. 

Subgenus  STEGANOPUS  Vieillot. 

SteganopusYiYAXA..  N.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXH.  1819,  136.     Type, 
S.  tricolor  Vieill. 

10 


146  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   131RDS. 

224.  Fhalaropus  tricolor  (Vieill.). 

Wilson's  Phularopc. 

Steganopus  tricolor  VvsA\A..  N.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXII.  1819.  136. 
Phalaropus  tricolor  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  18S5,  183. 

[B  519,  C  409,  R  565,  C  602.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  chiefly  the  interior,  breeding 
from  Northern  Illinois  and  Utah  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  re- 
gion j   south  in  winter  to  Brazil  and  Patagonia. 


Family  RECURVIROSTRID-ffi.     Avocets  and  Stilts. 

Genus  RECURVIROSTRA   Linn/EUS. 

Recurvirostra  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  151.     Type,  R.  avosetta 
Linn. 

225.  Recurvirostra  americana  Gm. 

Aniericau  Avocet. 

Recurvirostra  americana  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  693. 

[B  517,  C  407,  R  566,  C  600.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  from  the  Saskatchewan  and 
Great  Slave  Lake  southward  \  in  winter,  south  to  Guatemala  and  the 
West  Indies.     Rare  in  the  Eastern  Province. 

Genus  HIMANTOFUS   Brisson. 

Himantopus  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  33.     Type,  Charadrius  hitnanto- 
pus  Linn. 

22G.  Himantopus  mexicanus  (Mull.). 

Black-necked  Stilt. 

Charadrius  mexicanus  Mull.  S.  N.  Suppl.  1776,  117. 
Himantopus  mexicanus  Ord,  Wils.  Orn.  VII.  1824,  52. 

[B  518,  C  408,  R  567,  C  601.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  from  the  Northern  United  States 
southward  to  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  and  Peru.  Rare  in  the  Eastern 
Province,  except  in  Florida. 


ORDER  LlMICOLiE. 


147 


Family  SCOLOPACID^.     Snipes,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

Genus  SCOLOFAX  Linn^us. 
Scolopax  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  145.     Type,  6".  rusticola  Linn. 

[227.]  Scolopax  rusticola  Linn. 

Kuropean  Woodcock. 

Scolopax  rusticola  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  146. 
[B~,  C  413,  1^524,  C  606.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World;  occasional  in  Eastern 
North  America. 

Genus  FHILOHELA  Gray. 
Philohela  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1841,  90.    Type,  Scolopax  minor  Gm. 
228.  Philohela  minor  (Gmel.). 

American  Woodcock. 

Scolopax  7Hinor  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  661. 
Philohela  minor  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1841,  90. 

[B  522,  C  412,  R  525,  C  606.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  north  to  the  British 
Provinces,  west  to  Dakota,  Kansas,  etc.  ;  breeding  throughout  its 
range.     No  extralimital  records. 


Genus  GALLINAG-O  Leach. 

Gallinago  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  Birds,  1816,  31. 
Scolopax  major  Linn. 


Type, 


[229.]  Gallinago  gallinago  (Linn.). 

European  Snipe. 

Scolopax  gallinago  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  to,  L  1758,  147. 
Gallinago  gallinago  Light.  Norn.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  93. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  526,  C  607.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World ;  frequent  in  Greenland, 
accidental  in  the  Bermudas. 


148  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

230.  Gallinago  delicata  (Ord). 

Wilson's  Snipe. 

Scohpax  delicata  Okd,  Wils.  Orn.  IX.  1825,  p.  ccxviii. 
Gallinago  delicata  Ridgw.  .MS. 

[6523,0414.  R526^,  C608.] 

Hab.  North  and  Middle  America,  breeding  from  the  Northern 
United  States  northward  ;  south  in  winter  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Northern  South  America. 


Genus  MACRORHAMFHTJS  Leach. 

Macrorhamphus  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.  18 16,  31.     Type 
Scohpax grisea  Gmel. 

231.  Macrorhamphus  griseus  (Gmel.). 

Dowitcher. 

Scohpax  grisea  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  658. 

Macrorhamphus  griseus  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.  1816,  31. 

[B524,  C  415,  R527,  C  609.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  breeding  far  north. 

232.  Macrorhamphus  scolopaceus  (Say). 

Long-billed  Dowitcher. 

Limosa  scohpacea  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1823,  170. 
Macrorhatfiphus  scolopaceus  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1852,  4,  pi.  \. 

[B52S,  C  415^,  R527dr,  C  610.] 

Hab.  Mississippi  Valley  and  Western  Province  of  North  America, 
from  Mexico  to  Alaska.  Less  common  but  of  regular  occurrence 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 


Genus  MICROPALAMA   Baird. 

Micropalama  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  726.     Type,  Tringa  himanto- 
fus  Bonap. 


ORDER   LIMICOL^.  I49 

233.  Micropalama  himantopus  (Bonap.). 

stilt  Sandpiper. 

Trini^a  himantopus  Bonap.  Ann,  Lye.  N.  Y.  II.  1826,  157. 
Micropalama  himantopus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  726. 

[B  536,  C  416,  R  528,  C  611.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  breeding  north  of  the 
United  States,  and  migrating  in  winter  to  the  West  Indies  and  Cen- 
tral and  South  America. 


Genus  TRINGA   Linnaeus. 
Subgenus  TRINGA. 

Tringa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  148.     Type,  by  elimination,  T. 
canutus  LiNN. 

234.  Tringa  canutus  Linn. 

Knot. 

Trin-^a  canutus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  149. 

[B  526,  C  426,  R  529,  C  626.] 

Hab.  Nearly  cosmopolitan.  Breeds  in  high  northern  latitudes, 
but  visits  the  Southern  Hemisphere  during  its  migrations. 

Subgenus  ARQUATELLA  Baird. 

Arquatella  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  714.     Type,  Tringa  mariiima 
Brunn. 

235.  Tringa  maritima  Brunn. 

Purple  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  maritima  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  54. 
[B  528,  C  423,  R  530,  C  620.] 

Hab.  Northern  portions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ;  in  North 
America  chiefly  the  northeastern  portions,  breeding  in  the  high  north, 
migrating  in  winter  to  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  the  shores  of  the  larger  streams  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 


150  CHLCK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

23G.  Tringa  couesi  (Ridgw.). 

Aleutian  Sandpiper. 

Arqnatelld  couesi  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Cm.  Club,  V.  July,  1880,  160. 
Tringa  couesi  Hartlauu,  Journ.  f.  Orn.  1883,  280. 

[H-.C-,  R531,  C621.] 

Hab.     Aleutian  Islands  and  coast  of  Alaska,  north  to  St.  Michael's. 

237.  Tringa  ptilocnemis  Cuues. 

I'rybilof  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  ptilocnemis  Coues,  Elliott's  Alaska,  1873  (not  paged). 
[B  — ,  C  426  ^;>,  R  532,  C  622.] 
Hab.     Prybilof  Islands,  Alaska. 

Subgenus  ACTODROMAS  Kaup. 

Actcdromas  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  37.     Type,  Tringa 
minuta  Leisl. 

238.  Tringa  acuminata  (Horsf.). 

Sharp-tailed  Sandpiper. 

Totanus  acnminatns  Horsf.  Linn.  Trans.  XHI.  1821,  192. 
Tringa  acuminata  Swixh.  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  315. 

[B-,  C— ,  RS33.C619.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Asia,  and  coast  of  Alaska,  migrating  south  to  Aus- 
tralia. 

239.  Tringa  maculata  Vieill. 

Pectoral  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  maculata  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV.  18 19,  465. 

[B531,  C420,  R534,  C616.J 

Hab.  The  whole  of  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
greater  part  of  South  America.  Breeds  in  the  Arctic  regions.  Of 
frequent  occurrence  in  Europe. 


ORDER   LIMICOL/E. 


I5» 


240.  Tringa  fuscicoUis  Vieill. 

Wliitu-ruuipeil  Suuilpiper. 

Tringa  fmcicollis  ViEiLL.  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXI V.  1819,461. 

[^^533.  ^421,  K  536,  C  617.] 

Hah.  Eastern  Province  of  Norih  America,  breeding  in  the  high 
north.  In  winter,  the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America,  south 
to  the  Falkland  Islands.     Occasional  in  Europe. 

-41.  Tringa  bairdii  (Coues). 

BairU's  Sandpiper. 

Actoci/ Off  I  as  bairdii  QovES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i86r,  194, 
Tritiga  bairdii  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1867,  332. 

[B— ,  C419,  R  537,  C  615.] 

Hab.  The  whole  of  North  and  South  America,  but  chiefly  the  in- 
terior of  North  and  the  western  portions  of  South  America.  Rare 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  not  yet  recorded  from  the  Pacific  coast. 

-42.   Tringa  minutilla  Vieill. 

Least  Sandpiper. 

Ttifiga  mifititilla  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV.  1819,  452. 

[B  532,  C  418.  R  538,  C  614.] 

Hab.  The  whole  of  North  and  South  America,  breeding  north  of 
the  United  States.     Accidental  in  Europe. 


7.-    ^^i'j/ 


Subgenus  PELIDNA  Cuvier. 
Pelidtia  Q\2V.  R^gne  An.  1S17,  490.     Type,  Tringa  aipina  Lixx. 

[243.]   Tringa  aipina  Linn. 

Dunlin. 

Tritiga  alpitta  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  149. 

[B  -  C  -,  R  539,  C  623.] 

Hab.     Northern   parts   of   the   Old   World  \    accidental   in  North 
America. 


152  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

243  a.  Tringa  alpina  pacifica  (Coues). 

Red-backed  Sandpiper. 

Pelidna pacifica  CouES,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  189. 
Tringa  alpina  pacifica  RiDGW.  MS. 

[B  530,  C  424,  ::i  539  «,  C  62  ;.] 

Hab.     North  America   in   general,  breeding  far  north.      Eastern 
Asia. 

Subgenus  ANCYLOCHEILUS  Kaup. 

Ancylocheilus  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  50.     Type,  Tringa 
subarqiiata  Temm.  =  T.  ferruginea  Brunn. 

244.  Tringa  fenuginea  Brunn. 

Curlew  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  ferruginea  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  53. 
[B  529,  C  425,  R  540,  C  625.] 
Hab.     Old  World  in  general ;  occasional  in  Eastern  North  America. 

Genus  EURYNORHYNCHUS   Nilsson. 

Eurynorhynchus  NiLSS.   Orn.   Suec.   II.  1821,  29.     Type,  Platalea 
pygmcea  Linn. 

[245.]  Eurynorhynchus  pygmeeus  (Linn.). 

Spoon-bill  Sandpiper. 

Platalea pygvicpa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  140. 
Eurynorhynchus  pygmceus  Pearson,  Jour.  As.  Soc.  Bang.  V.  1836, 
127. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  542*  C  884.] 

Hab.     Asia;  in  summer  along  the  Arctic  coast,  in  winter  Southern 
and  Southeastern  Asia.    Accidental  on  the  coast  of  Alaska. 

Genus  EREUNETES   Illiger. 

Ereunetes  Illig.  Prodr.  1811,262.     Type,  E.  petrificatus  ILLIG.  = 
Tringa  pusilla  Linn. 


ORDER   LIMICOLiE.  153 

246.  Ereunetes  pusillus  (Linn.). 

Seuiipalmated  Sandpiper. 

Tringa pusilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed,  12,  I.  1766,  252. 
Ereunetes pusillus  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i860,  195. 

[B535,  C  417,  R  541,  C  612.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  breeding  north  of  the 
United  States  j  south  in  winter  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 

247.  Ereunetes  occidentalis  Lawr. 

Western  Sandpiper. 

Ereunetes  occider talis  Lawr.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  107. 

[B  — ,  C  417  «,  R  541  a,  C  613.] 

Hab.  Chiefly  Western  Province  of  the  United  States,  occasional 
eastward  to  the  Atlantic  coast ;  breeding  far  north  and  migrating  in 
winter  to  Central  and  South  America. 

Genus  CALIDRIS   Cuvier. 

Calidris  Cuv.  Leg.  Anat.  Comp.  L  1 799-1 800,  tabl.  ii.     Type,  Tringa 
arenaria  Linn. 

248.  Calidris  arenaria  (Linn.). 

Sanderling. 

Tringa  arenaria  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  251. 

Calidris  arenaria  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.  1816,  28. 

[B  534,  C  427,  R  542,  C  627.] 

Hab.  Nearly  cosmopolitan,  breeding  in  the  Arctic  and  Subarctic 
regions,  migrating,  in  America,  south  to  Chili  and  Patagonia. 


Genus    LIMOSA   Brisson. 
Limosa  Briss.  Orn.  V.  1760,  261.    Type,  Scolopax  limosa  Linn. 

249.  Limosa  fedoa  (Linn.). 

Marbled  Godwit. 

Scolopax  fedoa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  146. 
Limosa  fedoa  Ord,  Wils.  Orn.  VIL  1S24,  30. 


154  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  547,  C  428,  R  543,  C  628.] 

Hab.  North  America  ;  breeding  in  the  interior  (Missouri  region 
and  northward),  migrating  in  winter  southward  to  Central  America 
and  Cuba. 

250.  Limosa  lapponica  baueri  (Naum.). 

Pacific  Godwit. 

Lifiiosa  baueri  Naumaxx,  Vcig  Deutschl.  VIII.  1834,  429. 
Limosa  lapponica  baueri  ^i'e.]'^.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1885,  122. 

[B— ,  C  430,  R544,  CC31.] 

Hab,  Shores  and  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  from  Australia  to 
Alaska.  On  the  American  coast  recorded  south  of  Alaska  only  from 
I.ower  California. 

251.  Limosa  hsemastica  (Linn.). 

Hudsoiiiau  Godwit. 

Scolopax  hcemastica  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  147. 
Limosa  hccmastica  CouES,  Birds  Northwest,  1S74,  760. 

[B  548,  C  429,  R  545,  C  629.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  and  the  whole  of  Middle  and  South 
America.     Breeds  only  in  the  high  north. 

[252.]  Limosa  limosa  (Linn.). 

Black-tailed  Godwit. 

Scolopax  limosa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  147. 

Limosa  limosa  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  356. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  546,  C  630.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 


Genus  TOTANUS  Bechstein. 

Totanus  Bech.  Orn.  Tasch.   Deutschl.  1803,  282.     Type,  Scolopax 
totanus  Linn. 


ORDER  LIMICOLyE. 


155 


Subgenus  GLOTTIS  Koch. 

Glottis  Koch,  Baier.  Zool.  18 16,  304.    Type,  Totanus  glottis  Bechst. 
=  Scolopax  nebularius  Gunner. 

[253.]  Totanus  nebularius  (Gunn.). 

Green-shank. 

Scolopax  nebularius  Gunner,  in  Leem,  Lapp.  Beskr.  1767,  251. 
Totanus  nebularius  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  18S2,  yj. 

[B  538,  C  434,  R  547,  C  635.] 
Hab.     Eastern  Hemisphere  ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

254.  Totanus  melanoleucus  (Gmel.). 

Greater  Yellow-legs. 

Scolopax  melanoleuca  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  659. 
Totanus  tnelanoleucus  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  VI.  1816,  398. 

[B  539,  C  432,  R  548,  C  dzi^ 

Hab.  America  in  general,  breeding  in  the  cold  temperate  and  sub- 
arctic portions  of  North  America,  and  migrating  south  to  Chili  and 
Buenos  Ayres. 

255.  Totanus  flavipes  (Gmel.). 

Yellow-legs. 

Scolopax  flavipes  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  659. 
Totamis flavipes  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  VI.  1816,  410. 

[B  540,  C  433,  R  549,  C  634] 

Hab.  America  in  general,  breeding  in  the  cold  temperate  and  sub- 
arctic districts,  and  migrating  south  in  winter  to  Southern  South 
America.  Less  common  in  the  Western  than  in  the  Eastern  Province 
of  North  America. 


/•2/ 


—  Subgenus  RHYACOPHILUS  Kaup. 


Rhyacophilus  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thlerw.  1S29,  140.    Type,  Tringa 
glareola  Linn. 


156  CHECKLIST   OF   NORTH-AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

2oG.  Totanus  solitarius  (Wils.). 

Solitary  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  solitaria  WiLS.  Am.  Orn,  VII.  1813,  53,  pi.  58,  fig.  3. 
Totanus  solitarius  Bonap.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  V.  1825,  86. 

[B  541,  C  435,  R  550,  C  637.] 

Hab.  North  America,  breeding  occasionally  in  the  Northern  United 
States,  more  commonly  northward,  and  migrating  southward  as  far  as 
Brazil  and  Peru. 

[257.]   Totanus  ochropus  (Linn.). 

Greeu  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  ochropJuts  (err.  typ.)  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  149. 
Totanus  ochropjis  Temm.  Man.  1815,  420. 

[B-,C-,R  551,0636.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Accidental  in  Nova 
Scotia. 

Genus   SYMFHEMIA   Rafinesque. 

SympJiemia  Rafinesque,  Jour,  de  Phys.  VII.  1819,  418.     Type,  Sco- 
lopax  scmipalinata  Gmel. 

258.  Symphemia  semipalmata  (Gmel.). 

Wiilet. 

Scolopax  semipalmata  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  659. 
Symphemia  semipalmata  Hartl.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  342. 

[B537,  C  43i>R  552,  C  632.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  south  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Brazil. 

Genus  HETERACTITIS   Stejneger. 

Heteractitis  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  236.     Type,  Scolopax  inca- 
nus  Gmel. 

259.  Heteractitis  incanns  (Gmel.). 

Wandering  Tatler. 

Scolopax  incanus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii,  1788,  658. 
Heteractitis  incanus  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  236. 


ORDER  LIMICOL/E.  1 57 

[B  542,  C  440,  R  553,  C  642.] 

Hab.  Eastern  islands  and  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  frequent 
during  migrations  on  the  coast  of  Alaska. 

Genus  FAVONCELLA   Leach. 

Pavo7icellii  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.   1816,  29.     Type, 
Tringa  pugnax  Linn. 

[260.]   Favoncella  pugnax  (Linn.). 

Kuff. 

Tringa  pugnax  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  148. 

Pavoncella  ptignax  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.  1816,  29. 

[B  544,  C  437.  R  554,  C  639.] 

Hab.  Northerii  parts  of  the  Old  World,  straying  occasionally  to 
Eastern  North  America. 

Genus  BARTRAMIA   Lesson. 

Bartramia  Less.  Traitd,  183 1,  553.     Type,  B.  laticauda   Less.  = 
T?-inga  longicauda  Bechst. 

261.  Bartramia  longicauda  (Bechst.). 

Bartramian  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  longicauda  Bechst.  Uebers.  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  IL  1812,  453. 
Bartramius  longicaudus  Bonap.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zoo).  XX.  1857,  59. 

[B  545,  C  438,  R  555.  C  640.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Alaska, 
breeding  throughout  its  North  American  range  ;  migrating  in  winter 
southward,  as  far  even  as  Southern  South  America.  Occasional  in 
Europe. 

Genus  TRYNGITES  Cabanis. 

Tryngites  Cab.  Jour,  fur  Orn.  1856,  418.     Type,  Tringa  rufescens 
ViEiLL.  =  T,  subruficollis  Vietll. 


158  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

262.  Tryngites  subruficollis  (Vieill.). 

Butt-breasted  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  subruficollis  \VEAiA..  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV.  1819,465. 
Tryngites  subrujicollis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  356. 

[B  546,  C  439,  R  556,  C  641.] 

Hab.  North  America,  especially  in  the  interior ;  breeds  in  the 
Yukon  district  and  the  interior  of  British  America,  northward  to  the 
Arctic  coast ;  South  America  in  winter.  Of  frequent  occurrence  in 
Europe. 

Genus  ACTITIS   Illiger. 
Actitis  Illig.  Prodr.  181 1,  262.     Type,  Tringa  hypoleucos  Linn. 

263.  Actitis  macularia  (Linn.). 

Spotted  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  macularia  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  249. 

Actitis  macularia  Naumann,  Vog.  Deulschl.  VIII.  1836.  34. 

[B  543.  C  436,  R  557.  C  638.] 

Hab.  North  and  South  America,  south  to  Brazil.  Breeds  through- 
out temperate  North  America.     Occasional  in  Europe. 


Genus  NUMENIUS   Brisson. 
Numenius  Briss.  Orn.  VI.  1760,  311.     Type,  Scolopax  arquata  Linn. 

264.  Numenius  longirostris  Wils. 

Long-billed  Curlew. 

Numenius  longirostris  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  VIII.  1814,  24,  pi.  64,  fig.  4. 

[B  549,  C  441,  R  558,  C  643.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  migrating  south  to  Guatemala 
and  the  West  Indies.  Breeds  in  the  South  Atlantic  States,  and  in  the 
interior  through  most  of  its  North  American  range. 


ORDER   LIMICOLiE.  159 

205.   Numenius  hudLonicus  Lath. 

Iludsuniuu  Cur»«^w. 

Numenius  hudsonicus  Lavh.  Ind.  Orn.  II.  1790,  712. 

[B  550,  C  442,  R  559>  ^  645.] 

Hab.  All  of  North  and  South  America,  iricluding  the  West  Indies  ; 
breeds  in  the  high  north,  and  winters  chiefly  south  of  the  United 
States. 

26G.  Numenius  borealis  (Forst.). 

Kskinio  Curlew. 

Scolopax  borealis  Forst.  Phil.  Trans.  LXII.  1772,  411,  431. 
Numenius  borealis  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II.  1790,  712. 

[B  551,  C  443,  R  560,  C  646.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  breeding  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  and  migrating  south  to  the  southern  extremity  of  South 
America. 


[267.]   Numenius  phaeopus  (Linn.). 

W'hiinbrel. 

Scolopax phccopus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  146. 
N'umenijfs phceopus  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II.  1790,  711. 

[B—  C— ,  R561,  C644.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World  ;  occasional  in  Greenland. 

[268.]   Numenius  tahitiensis  (Gmel.). 

Bristie-thighed  Curlew. 

Scolopcx  tahitiensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  656. 
N'umenius  tahitiensis  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880, 
201. 

[B  — ,  C  442  bis,  R  562,  C  647.] 

Hab.     Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Occasional  on  the  coast  of 
Alaska. 


l6o  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Family  CHARADRIID-ffi.     Plovers. 

Genus  VANELLUS   Brisson. 
Vanellus  Brlss.  Orn.  V.  1760,  94.    Type,  Tringa  vanellus  Linn. 

[2G9.]   Vanellus  vanellus  (Linn.). 

Lapwing. 

Tringa  vanellus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  148. 
Vanellus  vanellus  Light.  Nom.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  95. 

[B—  C— ,  Rsi2,C593.] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  Eastern  Hemisphere.  Tn  North  America, 
occasional  in  Greenland  and  the  islands  in  Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 

Genus  CHARADRIUS  Linnaeus. 

Subgenus  SQUATAROLA  Cuvier. 

Sguatarola  Cuv.  Khg.  An.  I.  1817,467.     Type,  Tringa  squatarola 
Linn. 

270.   Charadrius  squatarola  (Linn.). 

Black-bellied  Plover. 

Tringa  squatarola  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  149. 
Charadrius  squatarola  Naum.  Vog.  Deutschl.  VII.  1834,  250. 

[B  510,  C395,  R  513,  C  V  J.] 

Hab.  Nearly  cosmopolitan,  but  chiefly  in  the  Northern  Hemi- 
sphere, breeding  far  north,  and  migrating  south  in  winter  ;  in  America, 
to  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  and  New  Grenada. 

Subgenus  CHARADRIUS  Linn^us. 

Charadrius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  150.     Type,  C.  apricarius 
Linn. 

[271.]  Charadrius  apricarius  Linn. 

Golden  Plover. 

Charadrius  apricarius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  150. 


ORDER   LIMICOL^.  l6l 

[B-C-,R  514,0583.] 
Hab.     Europe,  south  to  Africa  in  winter;  Greenland. 

272.  Charadrius  dominicus  Mull. 

American  Golden  Plover. 

C}u„radriiis  dominicus  Mull.  S.  N.  Suppl.  1776,  116. 
[B  503,  C  396,  R  515,  C  581.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  migrating  southward  throughout  North  and 
South  America  to  Patagonia. 

112  a.  Charadrius  dominicus  fulvus  (Gmel.). 

Pacific  Golden  Plover. 

Charadrius  fiilvus  Gmfl.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  6S7. 
Charadrius  dominiais  ftilvus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  1880, 
198. 

[B-C—R  515^,0582.] 

Hab.     Asia,  and  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  in  North  America, 
Prybilof  Islands  and  coast  of  Alaska. 

Genus  ^GIALITIS   Boie. 

Subgenus  OXYECHUS  Reichenbach. 

Oxyechus  Reich.   Syst.   Av.   1853,  p.  xviii.     Type,  Charadrius  vo- 
cifents  Linn. 

273.  .ZBgiaUtis  vocifera  (Linn.). 

Killdeer. 

Charadrius  voci/er us  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  150. 
jEgialites  vociferus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  45. 

[BS04,  C397,  R516,  C584.] 

Hab.    Temperate  North  America,  migrating  in  winter  to  the  West 
Indies,  and  Central  and  Northern  South  America. 

II 


l62  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

SUDGENUS  iEOIALITIS   Boie. 

/Egi'aliiis  Boie,  Isis.  1822,  558.    Type,  by  elimination,  Charadrius 
hiaticula  LiNN. 

274.  iEglalitis  semipalmata  Bonap. 

Scmipalinuted  Plover. 

jEgialites  semipalmatus  Bonap.  Geo£;.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  45. 

[BS07,  C^99,  R  517,  C  586.] 

Hab.     Arctic  and  subarctic   America,  migrating  south  throughout 
tropical  America,  as  far  as  Brazil  and  Peru. 

275.  iEgialitis  hiaticula  (Linn.). 

King  Plover. 

Charadrius  hiatiacla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  ro,  L  1758,  150. 
jEgialitis  hiaticula  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  558. 

[B— ,  C-,  R518,  C589.] 

Hab.     Northern   parts  of  the  Old  World  and  portions  of  Arctic 
America,  breeding  on  the  west  shore  of  Cumberland  Gulf. 

[276.]   iBgialitis  dubia  (Scop.). 
Little  Ring  Plover. 

Charadrius  dubius  Scopol:,  Delic.  F.  et  Fl.  Insubr.  II.  1786,  93. 
jEgialites  dubius  Walden,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc  VIII.  ii.  1872,  89. 

[B  — ,  C  4oo<'3;V,  R  519,  C  590.] 

Hab.     Most  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  breeding  northward.     Ac- 
cidental on  the  coast  of  California  and  in  Alaska. 

277.  iBgialitis  meloda  (Ord). 

Piping  Plover. 

Charadrius  vielodus  Ord,  ed.  Wils.  VII.  1824,  71. 
jEgialites  melodus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  45. 

[B  508,  C  400,  R  520,  C  587.] 

Hab.     Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  breeding  from  the  coast 
of  Virginia  (at  least  formerly)  northward  ;  in  winter,  West  Indies. 


ORDER   LIMICOLit. 

277  a.   u^gialitis  meloda  circumcincta  Ridgw. 

Belted  Piping  Plover. 


163 


A^gialilis  melodus  var.  circumcinclus  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VIII.  1874, 
109. 

[B  — ,  C  400 rt,  R  520  rt,  C  583.] 
Hab.     Missouri  River  region  ;  occasional  eastward  to  Atlantic  coast. 

278.  iEgialitis  nivosa  Cass. 

Snowy  Plover. 

uEgialitis  nivosa  Cass,  in  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  696. 

[B  509,  C  401,  R  521,  C  591.]  : 

Hab.  Western  Province  of  North  America;  in  winter,  both  coasts 
of  Central  America,  and  Western  South  America  to  Chili, 

[279.]  ^gialitis  mongola  (Pall.). 

Mongolian  Plover. 

Charadrius  mongoltts  Pall.  Relsa  Russ.  Reich.  III.  1776,  700. 
^gialUes  mongoliis  Swinh.  P.  Z.  S.  1870,  140. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R -,  C -.] 

Hab.  Northern  Asia,  southward  to  Northeastern  Africa,  India, 
Malay  Archipelago,  and  Australia.  Choris  Peninsula,  Alaska  \  acci- 
dental. 

Subgenus  OCHTHODROMUS  Reichenbach. 

Ochthodromus  Reich.  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  xviii.     Type,  Charadrius 
ivilsonius  Ord. 


280.   iEgialitis  wilsonia  (Ord). 
Wilson's  Plover. 

Charadrius  wilsonia  Ord,  Wils.  Orn.  IX.  1814,  77,  pi.  73,  fig.  5. 
uEgialites  wilsonius  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  45. 

[B  506,  C  398,  R  522,  C  585.] 

Hab.  Coasts  of  North  and  South  America,  from  Long  Island  and 
Lower  California  southward  to  Brazil  and  Peru,  including  the  West 
Indies.    Casual  north  to  Nova  Scotia. 


1 64  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Subgenus  FODASOCYS  Coues. 

Podiisocys  Coues,  I'r.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iS66,  96.    Type,  Chaia- 
lirius  montanus  1  owns. 

281.  2!gialitl8  montana  (Towns.). 

Mouiituiii  Plover. 

Charadrius  montaiius  Towns.  Jour.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1837, 

192. 
^gialilis  tnontanus  Cass,  in  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  693. 

[B  505,  C  402,  R  523,  C  592.] 

Had.     Temperate  North  America,  from  the  Great  Plains  westward  ; 
accidental  in  Florida. 


Family  APHRIZID-ffi.     Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 
Subfamily  APHRIZIN-<E.    Surf  Birds. 

Genus  AFHRIZA  Audubon. 

Aphrisa  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  249.     Type,  A.  toivnsendii  Aud. 
=  Tringa  virgata  Gmel. 

282.  Aphriza  virgata  (Gmel.). 

Surf  Bird. 

Tringa  vitgata  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  674. 
Aphriza  virgala  Gkay,  Gen.  B.  III.  1847,  pi  cxlvii. 

[B  51;,  C  403,  R  511,  C  594.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  America,  from  Alaska  to  Chili ;   Sandwich 
Islands. 

Subfamily  ARENARIIN-ffi.    Turnstones. 

Genus  ARENARLA   Brisson. 
Armaria  Briss.  Orn.  V.  1760,  132.     Type,  Tringa  interpres  Linn. 


ORDER   I    MICOLi€.  l6$ 

283.  Arenaria  liiterprcs  ('  inn.). 

Turnstone. 

Trmj^a  inUrprcs  Lixx.    -.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  T48. 
ArenarUi  inUrpres  Vii  ill.  GJ         .  II.  iii34,  102. 

[B515,  V.   '  J09,  C  598.] 

Hab.  Nearly  cosinoiX)litan.  In  America  from  Greenland  and 
Alaska  to  the  Siraits  of  Magellan  ;  more  or  less  common  in  the 
interior  of  North  America,  on  the  shor<rs  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the 
larger  rivers,     lirecds  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

284.  Arenaria  melanocepliala  (Vig.). 

Black  Turnstone. 

Strepsilas  tnelanociphaliis  ViG.  Zool.  Jour.  IV.  Jan.  1829,  356. 
Arenaria  melanocepliala  Stejx.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  229. 

[B  516,  C  4o6rr,  R  510,  C  599.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  to  Monterey, 
California  \   breeding  in  Alaska. 


Family  HiEMATOPODIDiE.     Oyster  catchers. 

Genus  H^MATOPUS   Linn^us. 

Hamatopus  Linx.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  175S,  152.    Type, /^.  ostralegus 
Linn. 

[285.]  Haematopus  ostralegus  Linn. 

Oyster-catcher. 

Hcematopus  oslralegus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  152. 

[B  -,  C  — ,  R  506,  C  595.] 

Hab.     Sea-coasts  of  the  Eastern  Hei'iisphere ;  occasional  in  Green- 
land. 


286.  Hsematopus  palliatus  Temm. 

American  Oyster-catcher. 
HcEtnatopus  palliatus  Temm.  Man.  11.  1820,  532. 


l66  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  512,  C  404,  R  5°1>  C  596.] 

IIab.     Sea-coasts  of   temperate  and    tropical   America,  from  New 

Jersey  and  Lower  California  to  Patagonia;  occasional  or  accidental 

on  the  Atlantic  coast  north  to  Massachusetts  and  Grand  Menan. 

/•  7.  :=^^/'/ 

287.  Hsematopus  bachmani  Aud. 

Black  Oyster-catcher. 

Hainatopiis  bachmani  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  245,  pi.  427. 

[B  513,  C  405,  R  508,  C  597.] 

Hab.     "*acific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  to.  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 


Family  JAOANID-^.    Jacanas. 

Genus  JACANA   Brisson. 

Jacnna  Briss.  Orn.  V.  1760,  121.     Type,  by  elimination,  Fulica  spi- 
u  Linn. 

/'^I  ^  [288.]  Jacana  gymnostoma  (Wagl.). 

Mexican  Ja^aua. 

Parra  gvmnosio»ia  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  517. 

Jacana  gymnostoma  Zeledon,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  114. 

[B— ,  C—   R  568,  C  672.] 

Hab.     Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  Texas,  south  to  Central  America  ; 
Cuba. 


ORDER   GALLING. 


167 


Order  GALLIN^^.     Gallinaceous  Birds. 


Suborder   PHASIANl.     Pheasants,  Grouse,  Par- 
tridges,  OUAILS,   ETC. 

Family  TETRAONID^.    Grouse,  Partridges,  etc. 
Subfamily  PERDICIN-<E.    Partridges. 

Genus  COLINUS   Lesson. 

Colinus  Less.  Man.  d'Orn.  IL  182S,  190.     Type,  Tetrao  virginianus 
Linn. 

289.   Colinus  virginianus  (Linn.). 

Bob-white. 

Tetrao  vir<^iniamis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  175S,  161. 
Colinus  virghiiamis  'S'iv.]':i.  KwV^W.  ]zxi.  1885,45. 

[B471,  C  3S9,  R480,  C  571.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada,  from  South- 
ern Maine  to  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States ;  west  to  Dakota, 
Eastern  Kansas,  and  Eastern  Texas. 

289  <z.   Colinus  virginianus  floridanus  (Coues). 

Florida  Bob-wliite. 

Ortyx  virginiamis  \"\r.  floridanus  CouES,  Key,  1872,  237. 
Colinus  virginianus  flo:  idanus  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1885,  45^ 

[B  — ,  C  389 <?,  R  480^!,  C  572.] 

Hab.     Florida. 


289/^.  Colinus  virginianus  texanus  (La\vr.). 

Texan  Bob-white. 

Oriyx  texanus  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VI.  April,  1853,  i. 
Colinus  virginianus  iexanus  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Jan,  1885,  45. 


l68  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[B  472,  0389/^,  R  480/^,  C  573.] 
Hab.     Southern  and  Western  Texas,  north  to  Western  Kansas. 

j,j  9  -290.  Colimis  graysoni  (Lawr.). 

Grayson's  Bob-white. 

Ortyx grays 0711  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye  N.  Y.  VII L  May,  1867,  476. 
Colimis graysoni  ^TE.]yi.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1885,  45. 

[B  _  C  -  R  -  C  -.] 

Hab.     Mexico,  north  into  Southern  Arizona. 

291.  Colinus  ridgwayi  Brewst. 

Masked  Bob-white. 

Colinus  ridgwayi  Bkewst.  Auk,  II.  April,  1885,  199. 
[B  -  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Mexican  border  of  Arizona  and  southward. 


Genus  OREORTYX   Baird. 
Oreortyx  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  642.     Type,  Ortyx picta  Dougl. 

292.  Oreortyx  pictus  (Dougl.). 

Mountain  Partridge. 

Ortyx  picta  DoucL.  Trans.  Linn.  See.  XVI.  1829,  143. 
Oreortyx  pictus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  642. 

[B  473,  C  390,  R  481,  C  574.] 

Hab.     Washington  Territory,  Oregon,  and  northern  coast  region  of 
California. 

292 tf.  Oreortyx  pictus  plumiferus  (Gould). 

Plumed  Partridge. 

Ortyx  plum  if  era  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  42. 

Oreortyx  pictus  \:ir.  plumiferus  Ridgw.  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  II L  1874, 
476. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  481  a,  C  — .] 

Hae.     Sierra  Nevada,    nd  southern  coast  ranges  of  California  to 
Cape  St.  Lucas. 


H.CI  '  ^f'^'^ 


ORDER   GALLIN/E.  1 69 

Genus  CALLIFEFLA  VVagler. 

Subgenus  CALLIPEPLA. 

Callipepla  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  277.     Type,  C.  stremta  Wagl.  = 
Ortyx  squamdtiis  ViG. 

293.  Callipepla  squamata  (Vic.). 

Scaled  Partridge. 

Ortyx  squamatus  ViG.  Zool.  Jour.  V.  1830,  275. 
Callipepla  squ.wiata  Gray,  Gen.  III.  1846,  514. 

[B  476,  C  393,  R  484,  C  577.] 

Hab.     Table-lands  of  Mexico,  into  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
and  Arizona. 

293^.  Callipepla  squamata  castanogastris  Brewst. 

Chestuut-bellied  Sealed  Partridge, 

Callipepla  sqnavtata  castanogasttis  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club, 
Vlll'.  Jan.  1883,34. 

[B  _,  C  -  R -,  C -.] 

Hab.     Eastern  Mexico  and  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

Subgenus  LOPHORTYX  Bonaparte. 

LopJiortyx  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  42.     Type,  Teirao  cali- 
foriiiciis  Shaw. 

294.  Callipepla  californica  (Shaw). 

Califoinia  Partridge. 

Tetrao  calif  amicus  Shaw,  Nat.  Misc.  1797  (?),  pi.  cccxlv. 
Callipepla  californica  Gould,  Mon.  Oclont.  1850,  pi.  xvi. 


[B  474»C  391,  R482,  C  575.] 


Hab.     Coast  region  of  Cah'fornia  and  Oregon. 


294(1.  Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Ridgway. 

Valley  Partridge. 

Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Riugw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VHL 
i-'^Ss,  355. 


I/O  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Interior  valleys  and  foot-hills  of  the  Pacific  Province,  south 
to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

295.  Callipepla  gambeli  (Nuttall). 

Gaiubel's  Partridge. 

Lophoriyx  gambeli  "  Nuttall,"  Gamb.   Pr.  Ac.   Nat.   Sci.   Phila. 

1843,  260. 
Callipepla  gatJibeii  G0VI.D,  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  pi.  xvii. 

[B  475,  C  392,  R  4S3,  C  576.] 

Hab.     Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Southern  Utah,  Arizona,  Lower 
Colorado  Valley,  and  southward  into  Western  Mexico. 

Genus  CYRTONYX  Gould. 

Cyrtonyx  Gould,  Mon.  Odont.  1S50,  14.     Type,  Ortyx  massetia  Less. 
=  O.  inontcziimcE  ViG. 

296.  Cyrtonyx  montezumse  (Vic). 

Massena  Partridge. 

Ortyx  monteziiincB  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  V.  1830,  275. 
Cyrtonyx  mojiicsiimcB  Stejx.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1S85,  46. 

[B  477,  C  394,  R  485,  C  578.] 

Hab.     Northwestern  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Northwest- 
ern Mexico. 

Subfamily  TETRAONIN^.    Grouse. 

Genus  DENDRAG-APUS   Elliot. 

Subgenus  DENDRAGAPUS. 

Dendragapjts  Elliot,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  23.     Type,  Tetrao 
obscurus  Say. 

297.  Dendragapus  obscurus  (Say). 

Dusky  Grouse. 

Tetrao  obscurus  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1823,  14. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  Elliot,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  23. 


ORDER  GALLING. 


171 


[B  459,  C  381,  R  471,  C  557.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountains,  from  Cential  Montana  to  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona. 

297  a.  Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgw, 

Sooty  Grouse. 

Canace  obscura  var.  fiiliginosa  Ridgh.   Bull,    Essex  Inst.  V.  Dec. 

1873,  190. 
Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  RiDr.w.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

i'^85,  355. 

[B— ,C38t/^,  R47i^,  C5S9.] 
Hab.     Northwest  coast  mountains,  from  California  to  Sitka. 

297^.  Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  (Sab.). 

liicnardsoa's  Grouse. 

Tetrao  richardsonii  "Sab.  MS."  Dougl.   Linn.  Trans.   XVI.  iii. 

1829,   141. 
Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsoni  Rjdgvv.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

i38s,355. 

[B-,  C  381a,  R  471  ^,0558.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountains,  from   Central  Montana  northward   into 
British  America. 

'      -     •    Subgenus  CANACHITES   Stejneger. 

Canachites  Stejnt.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  410.    Type,  Tetrao 
canadensis  Linn. 


298.  Dendragapus  cauadensis  (Linn.). 

Cauada  Grouse. 

Tetrao  canadensis  Linn.  S.N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  159. 

Dendragapus  canadensis  Ridgw  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  460,  C  380,  R  472,  C  555.] 

Hai..  British  America,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Alaska 
south  to  Northern  Michigan,  Northern  New  York,  and  Northern  New 
England. 


1/2  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

299.  Dendragapus  franklinii  (Dougl.). 

Franklin's  Grouse. 

Tetrao franklinii  Dougl.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XVL  iii.  1829,  139. 
Dendragapus  franklinii  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI H.  1885,  355. 

[B  461,  C  380^,  R  472  a,  C  556.] 

Hab.     Northern   Rocky   Mountains    (chiefly  north  of   the   United 
States)  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genus  BONASA    Stephens. 

Bonasa  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XI.   18 19,  298.     Type,  Tetrao  umbellus 
Linn. 

300.  Bonasa  umbellus  (Linn.). 

Kuifed  Grouse. 

Tetrao  umbellus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  275. 
Bonasa  umbellus  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XL  18 19,  300. 

[B  465,  C  385,  R  473,  C  565.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United   States,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Mississippi,  and  Arkansas. 

300^.  Bonasa  umbellus  togata  (Linn.). 

Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse. 

Tetrao  togat us  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  1766,  275. 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  18S5,  355. 

[P  -,  C  -,  R  — ,  C  -.] 

Hab.     The  densely  t  mbered  portions  of  Northern  Maine  and  the 
British  Provinces,  west  to  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

300  <J.  Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  (Dougl.). 

Gray  Ruffed  Grouse. 

Tetrao  umbelloides  DouGL.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XVI.  1829,  148. 
Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbelloides  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  925. 

[B465*  0385^,  R473^»C566.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mourtain  region  of  the  Ui    ed  States  and  British 
America,  north  to  Alaska. 


ORDER  GALLIN/E.  I73 

300^.  Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  (Dougl.). 

Oregon  Rufled  Grouse. 

Tetrao  sabini  DouGL.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc  XVI.  iii.  1829,  137. 
Bonasa  umbellus  var.  sabinei  CouES,  Key,  1872,  235. 

[B466,  €385/^,  R473^,  C567.] 

Hab.     Coast  mountains  of  Oregon,  Washington  Territory,  and  Briw 
ish  Columbia. 


Genus  LAGOPUS   Brisson. 
Lagopus  Briss.  Ornith.  I.  1760,  iSi.     Type,  Tetrao  lagopus  Linn. 

301.  Lagopus  lagopus  (Linn.). 

Willow  Ptarnilgau. 

Tetrao  lagopus  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  159. 

Lagopus  lagopus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI IL  1885,  20. 

[B  467,  470,  C  386,  R  474,  C  568.] 

H<»B.     Arctic  regions ;  in  America,  south  to   Sitka,  British  Prov- 
inces, and  Northern  New  York. 

301  <z.  Lagopus  lagopus  alleni  Stejn. 

Alleu's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  alba  alleni  Stejn.  Auk,  L  1884,  369. 

Lagopus  lagopus  alleni  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIIL  1885,  20. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Newfoundland. 


302.  Lagopus  rupestais  (Gmel.). 

Rock  Ptarmigan. 

Tetrao  rupestris  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  751. 
Lagopus  rupestris  Leach,  Zool.  Misc.  IL  181 7,  290. 

[B468,  C387,  R47s,C569.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  from  Alaska  to  Labrador. 


174  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

302  a.  Lagopus  mpestris  reinhardti  (Brehm). 

Reinhardt's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  rjinhardi  {t.xr.  typ.)  Brehm,  Lehrb   Eur.  Vog.  1823,  440. 
Lagopus  rupcstris  reinhardti  Blasius,  List  Eur.  B.  1862,  16. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Greenland,  and  western  shores  01  Cumberland  Gulf. 

Z02b.  Lagopus  rupestris  nelsoni  Stejn. 

Nelson's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  rupestris  nelsoni  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  1884,  226. 
[B -,  C  -  R -,  C -.] 
Hab.     Island  of  Unalashka. 

302  <:.  Lagopus  rupestris  atkhensis  (Turner). 
Turner's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  vuitus  atkhensis  Turner,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  July  29, 

1882,  227,  230. 
Lagopus  rjtpestris  atkhensis  Nelson,  Cruise  Corwin,  1883,  56  e  -j-  82. 

LB  -  C -,  R -,  C -.] 

Hab.     Atkha  Island,  Aleutian  Islands. 

303.  Lagopus  welchi  Brewst. 

Welcli's  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  welchi 'Q-RKVf si:.  Auk,  II.  April,  1885,  I94' 
[B -,  C  -  R -,  C -.] 
Hab.     Newfoundland. 

304.  Lagopus  leuciiru<3  Swains. 

Wliite-tailed  Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus  Icucurus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  II.  1831,  pi.  63. 

[B  469,  C  388,  R  476,  C  S70.] 

Hab.     Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Western  North  America, 
from  New  Mexico  north  into  British  America. 


ORDER  GALLING. 


175 


Genus  TYMPANUCHUS  Gloger. 

Tytnpamichus  "Gloger,  1842,"  fide  Sundev.  Met.  Nat.  Av.  Disp. 
1874,  114.     Type,  Tetrao  cupido  lA^i^. 

305.  Tjrxnpanuchus  americanus  (Reich.). 

Prairie  lieu. 

Cupidonia  americanus  Reich.    Syst.   Av.  1852,  p.  xxix. ;  based  on 

Vollst.  Naturjr.  Hiihnen.,  pi.  217,  figs.  1896-1898. 
Tympamtchus  cupido  aincricanus  Ridgw.  MS. 

[B464,  C3S4,  R  477,  C  563.] 

Hab.     Prairies  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  south  to  Louisiana,  east 
to  Kentucky  and  Indiana. 

30G.  Tyxnpanuchus  cupido  (Linn.). 

Ileatli  Hen. 

Tetrao  cupido  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  160. 

Tympanuchus  cupido  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI H.  1885,  355. 

[B  ^G^,part,  C  384, /rzr/,  R  j^'j'j^part,  C  563, /^r/.] 

Hab.     Island  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass. 

307.  Tympanuchus  pallidicinctus  (Ridgw.). 

Lesser  Prairie  Hen. 

Cupidonia  ctipido  vzx.  pallidicincta  RiDGW.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V.  Dec. 

1873,  199. 
Tymfianuc/ius  pallidicinctus  Ridgw.   Pr.   U.   S.  Nat.   Mus.  VIII. 

1885,  355. 

[B  — ,  C  384^,  R  477  cr,  C  564.] 
Hab.     Eastern  edge  of  the  Great  Plains,  from  Texas  northward. 


Genus  FEDIOCSITiiS   Baird. 

Pedioccetes  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  625.     Type,  Tetrao  phasianellus 
Linn 


176  CHECK-LIST   OF   NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

308.  PediocsBtes  phasianellus  (Linn.). 

iShurp-tailed  Grouse. 

Tetrao phasianrlhts  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  160. 
Pedioco'tcs phasianellus  Elliot,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,403  (ncc 
Baird,  1858,  qui  subsp.  cohtmbianus). 

[B-,C383,  R478,  C561.] 

Hab.     British  America,  from  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  British  Columbia  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  and  Alaska. 

308  a.  Pediocoetes  phasianellus  columbianus  (Ord). 

Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

Phasianus  columbianus  Ord,  Guthrie's  Geog  2d  Am.  ed.  II.  181 5, 

3'7- 
Pediaecetes phasianellus  \z.x.  columbianus  CouES,  Key,  1872,  234. 

[B463,  0383^,  R47S^,  C562.] 

Hab.     Plains  of  the  Northwestern  United  States. 

308^.  Pediocaetes  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgw. 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

Pedio'cetes  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgw.   Proc  Biol.   See.  Wash. 
IL  April  10,  1884,  93. 

[B -,  C  — ,  R -,  C -.] 

Hab.     Plains  and  prairies  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  south  to  New  Mexico. 


Genus  CENTROCERCUS   Swainson. 

Cenfrocercus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.   IL   1831,  358,  496.    Type, 
Tetrao  urophasianus  Bonap. 

309.   Centrocercus  urophasianus  (Bonap.). 

Sage  Grouse. 

Tetrao  urophasianus  Bonap.  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1827,  213. 
Centrocercus  urophasianus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  H.  1831,  497, 
pi.  58. 


ORDER   GALLIN'/E. 


[B  462,  C  3S2,  R  479,  C  560.] 


^77 


Had.  The  sage  plains  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  plateau  and  west- 
ward, from  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  to  Nevada,  Eastern 
California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory. 


Family   PHASIANID^.     Pheasants,  etc. 


Subfamily  MELEAGRIN-<E.    Turkeys. 


'loi  - 


Genus  MELEAGRIS   Linnaeus. 
Meleagris  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10, 1.  1758,  156.    Type,  M.  gallopavo  Linn. 

310.   Meleagris  gallopavo  Linn. 

Wild  Turkey. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  156. 

[B  457,  C  379rt',  R  470rt,  C  554.] 

Hab.  United  States,  from  Southern  Canada  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and 
west  to  the  Plains,  along  the  timbered  river  valleys  ;  formerly  along 
the  Atlantic  coast  to  Southern  Maine. 

310  rt.  Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  (Gould). 

Mexican  Turliey. 

Meleagris  mexicana  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  61. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  van   mexicana  Baird,  Hist.  N.  Am.   B.  IIL 
1874,  410. 

rB458,  C379,  R470,  C  553.] 

Hab.  Southwestern  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Arizona,  south 
over  the  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

^l  Oir 

12 


178 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


Suborder   PENELOPES.     Curassows  and  Guans. 


Family   CRACID.^.     Curassows  and  Guans. 
Subfamily  PENEL0PIN-<E.    Guans. 

Genus  ORTALIS   Merrem. 

Ortalis  Merr.  Av.  Rar.  Icones  et  Desc.  II.  1786,  40.     Type, /"/% j«a- 
nus  motinot  Linn. 

31L  Ortalis  vetula  maccalli  Baird. 

Chachalaca. 

Orialida  maccalli  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  611. 

Ortalida  vetula  var.  maccalli  Baird,  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  III.  1874,  398. 

[B  456,  C  378,  R  469,  C  552.] 

Had.     Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  southward  into  Mexico. 


Order  COLUMB^.     Pigeons. 


Family  OOLUMBID-ffi.     Pigeons. 


Genus  COLUMBA   Linn^us. 

Columba  Linn    S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  162.    Type,  by  elimination,  C. 
anas  Linn. 


312.  Columba  fasciata  Say. 

Band-t«iiled  Pigeon. 

Columba  fasciata  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II    1823.  10. 


ORDER  COLUMB.E.  1 79 

[B  445,  C  367,  R  456,  C  539.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  Washington  Territory  and  New 
Mexico  south  to  Guatemala. 

313.  Columba  flavirostris  Wagl. 

Red-billed  Pigeon. 

Columba  flavirostris  Wagl.  Isis,  1831,  519. 

[B  446,  C  368,  R  457,  C  540.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Arizona  and  the 
Rio  Grande  Valley  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

314.  Columba  leucocephala  Linn. 

White-crowned  Pigeon. 

Columba  leucocephala  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  164. 

[B  447,  C  369,  R  458,  C  541.] 

Hab.  Southern  Keys  of  Florida,  Greater  Antilles,  and  coast  of 
Honduras. 

Genus  ECTOFISTES  Swainson. 

Ectopistes  Swains.  Zool  Jour.  II L  1827,  362.     Type,  Columba migra- 
toria  Linn. 

315.  Ectopistes  migratorius  (Linn.). 

Passenger  Pigeon. 

Columba  migratoria  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  285  (^). 
Ectopistes  migratoria  Swains.  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1827,  362. 

[B  448,  C  370,  R  459,  C  543.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  Hudson's  Bay  southward,  and 
west  to  the  Great  Plains ,  straggling  westward  to  Nevada  and  Wash- 
ington Territory. 

Genus  ZENAIDURA  Bonaparte. 

Zenaidura  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  II.  Dec.  1854,  84.     Type,  Columba 
carolinensis  Linn.  =  C.  macroura  Linn. 


i8o 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


316.  Zenaidura  macroura  (Linn.). 

Mourning  Dove. 

Colmnba  macroura  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  1758,  164  (part). 
Zenaidura  macroura  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B451,  C371,  R460,  C  544.] 

Hab.     North  America,  from  Southern  Maine,  Southern  Canada,  and 
Oregon,  south  to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies. 

Genus  ZENAIDA   Bonaparte. 

Zcnaida  Boxap.   Geog.  &  Comp.   List,   1838,  41.     Type,  Columba 
zenaida  Boxap. 

317.  Zenaida  zenaida  (Bonap.). 

Zenaida  Dove. 

Cohnnba  zenaida  Bonap.  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  V.  1825,  30. 
Zenaida  zenaida  Kidgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  449,  C  372,  R  462,  C  545-] 

Hab.     Florida  Keys,  Greater  Antilles,  and  coast  of  Yucatan. 


Genus  ENGYFTILA   Sundevall. 

Engyptila  Sundev.  Met.  Nat.  Av.  Disp.  1872,  156.     Type,  Columba 
rjifaxilla  Rich.  &  Bern. 

318.  Engyptila  albifrons  (Bonap.). 

White-fronted  Dove. 

Leptoptila  albifrons  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  II.  Dec.  1854,  74. 
Engyptila  albifrons  Coues,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  V.  Anril,  1880,  100. 

[B  —  C  -,  R  463,  C  542.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  southward  to 
Guatemala. 

Genus  MELOFELIA    Ponaparte. 

Melopelia  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  il.  Dec.  1854,  81.     Type,  Columba  leu- 
coptera  Linn. 


ORDER  COLUMB^.  l8l 

319.  Melopelia  leucoptera  (Linn.). 

White-winged  Dove. 

Columba  leucoptera  Linn    S.  N.  ed.  lo,  L  1758,  164. 
Melopelia  leucoptera  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  IL  Dec.  1854,  81. 

[B  450,  C  373,  R  464,  C  546.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  lexas,  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Lower  California,  southward  to  Costa  Rica  and 
the  West  Indies. 

Genus   COL'^MBIGALLINA   Bote. 
Coluwbigallina  BoiE,  Isis,  1826, 977.     Type,  Columba passerina  LiNN. 

320.  Columbigallina  passerina  (Linn.). 

Ground  Dove. 

Columba  passerina  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  \.  1758,  165. 
Columbigallina  passerina  Zeledon,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI I L  1885, 


112. 


[B  453,  C  374,  R  465,  C  54/.] 

Hab.     South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  California,  south  to  the  West  Indies  and  Northern  South  America. 

Genus  SCARDAFELLA   Bonaparte. 

Scardafella  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  II.   Dec.  1854,  85.     Type,  Columba 
squamosa  Temm. 

321.  Scardafella  inca  (Less.). 

Inca  Dove. 

Chamcepelia  inca  Lesson,  Descr.  Quadr.  etc.  BufPon,  1850,  211. 
Scardafella  inca  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  II.  Dec.  1854,  85. 

[B  452,  C  375,  R  466,  C  549.] 

Hab.     Rio  Grande  Valley,  Arizona,  and  Lower  California,  south  to 
Guatemala. 

Genus  GEOTRYaON   Gosse. 

Geotrygon  GossE,  B.  Jam.  1847,  316,  foot-note.    Type,  G.  sylvatica 
GossE  =  Columba  cristata  Temm. 


ffl 


182  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[32ii.]  Geotrygon  martinica  (Gmel.). 

Key  West  Quail>dove. 

Columba  martinica  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788.  781. 
Geotrygon  martinica  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  II.  Dec.  1854,  74. 

[B  454,  C  376,  R  467,  C  550.] 

Hab.     Key  West,  Florida,  and  West  Indies. 

Genus  STARNCENAS  Bonaparte. 

Starnoenas  Bona?.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  183S,  41.    Type,  Columba 
/-  ^yanocephala  Linn. 

[328.]  Stamcenas  cyanocephala  (Linn.). 

Blue-headed  Quail-dove. 

Columba  cyanocephala  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  163. 
Starnoenas  cyanocephala  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  41. 

[B  455,  C  377,  R  468,  C  551.] 

Hab.     Florida  Kevs  and  Cuba. 


Order   RAPTORES.     Birds  of  Prey. 


Suborder  SARCORHAMPHI.     American  Vultures. 


Family  CATHARTID-ffi.     American  Vultures. 


Genus  P3EUDOGRYPHUS  Ridgway. 

Pseudogryphus  Ridgw.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.   HI.  Jan.  1874,  337.  338. 
Type,  Vultur  californianus  Shaw. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  1 83 

324.  Fseudogryphus  califomianus  (Shaw). 

California  V^ulture. 

Vultur  califomianus  Shaw,  Nat.  Misc.  IV.  1797,  pi.  ccci. 
Pseitdogryphus  califortiianus  RiDuW.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  III.  1874,  338. 

[B  2,  C  364,  R  453»  C  536.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region  of  the  United  States,  from  Oregon  south- 
ward, and  in  the  interior  to  Southern  Utah. 


Genus  CATHARTES   Illiger. 

Cathartes  Illig.   Prodr.    181 1,  236.      Type,  by  elimination,    Vulitir 
aura  Linn. 

325.  Cathartes  aura  (Linn  ). 

Turkey  Vulture. 

Vultur  aura  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  86. 
Cathartes  aura  Spix,  Aves  Bras.  I.  1825,  2. 

[B  I,  C  365,  R  454,  C  537.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  from  New  Jersey,  Ohio  Valley, 
Saskatchewan  region,  and  Washington  Territory  southward  to  Pata- 
gonia.    Casual  northward  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Maine. 

Genus  CATHARISTA   Vieillot. 

Catharista  ViEiLL.  Analyse,  1816,  21.     Type,  by  elimination,  Vultur 
atratus  Bartr. 

326.  Catharista  atrata  (Bartr.). 

Black  Vulture 

Vultur  atratus  Bartr.  Trav.  Car.  1792,  285. 
Catharista  atrata  Gray,  Handl.  I.  1869,  3. 

[B  3,  C  366,  R  455,  C  538.] 

Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  north  to  North  Carolina  and 
the  Lower  Ohio  Valley,  west  to  the  Great  Plains,  and  south  through 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  most  of  South 
America.     Straggling  north  to  New  York  and  Maine. 


l84  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


Suborder  FALCONES.     Vultures,  Falcons,  Hawks, 
Buzzards,  Eagles,  Kites,  Harriers,  etc. 


Family  FALCONID-ffi.     Vultures,  Falcons,  Hawks, 

Eagles,  etc. 

Subfamily  ACCIPITRIN-^.     Kites,  Buzzards,  Hawks,  Goshawks, 

Eagles,  etc. 

Genus  ELANOIDES   Vieillot. 

Elanoidcs\\YA\A..  Nouv.  Diet.  XXIV.  i8i8,  loi.     TyTpt^Falco/urcr- 
tits  =  F.  forficahis  Linn. 

327.  Elanoides  forficatus  (Linn.). 

Swallow-tailed  Kite. 

Faico forficaUis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  89. 

Elanoides  forficatus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1875,  345. 

[B  34,  C  337,  R  426,  C  493.] 

Hab.  Southern  United  States,  especially  in  the  interior,  from  Penn- 
sylvania and  Minnesota  southward,  throughout  Central  and  South 
America  ;  westward  to  the  Great  Plains.  Casual  eastward  to  Southern 
New  England.     Accidental  in  England. 

Genus  ELANUS    Savigny. 

Elamis  Savig.   Descr.  de  I'figypte,  1809,  97.      Type,  E.  casius-= 
Falco  melanoptcrns  Daud. 

328.  Elanus  leucurus  (Vie ill.). 

WhJte-tailed  Kite. 

Miivus  leucurus  Y iEVLL.  Nouv.  Diet.  XX.  181S,  563  (errore  556). 
Elanus  leucurus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  4. 

[B  SS,  C  336,  R  427.  C  492.] 

Hab.  Southern  United  States,  from  South  Carolina,  Southei'n  Illi- 
nois, and  California,  southward  to  Chili  and  Buenos  Ayres. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  1 85 

Genus  ICTINIA   Vieillot. 
Ictinia  Vieill.  Analyse,  1816,  24.    Type,  Fako  mississippiensisV^ius. 

320.  Ictinia  mississippiensis  (VVils.). 

3Iississippi  Kite. 

Falco  mississippiensis  Wils.  Am.  Orn,  III.  181 1,  80,  pi.  25,  fig.  i. 
Ictinia  mississippiensis  Gkav,  Gen.  B.  I.  1845,  26. 

[B36,  C335,  R428,  C49I-] 

Hab.     Southern  United  States,  southward  from  South  Carolina  on 
the  coast,  and  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  in  the  interior,  to  Mexico. 

Genus  ROSTRHAMUS   Lesson. 
Rostrhamtis  Lf.ss.  Traite,  1831,  55.     Type,  Falco  hamatus  ILLIG. 

330.  Rostrhamus  sociabilis  (Vieill.). 

Everglade  Kite. 

HerpetotJieres  sociabilis  YmiiA..  Nouv.  Diet.  XVIII.  1818,  318. 
Jiostrhamus  sociabilis  D'Orb.  Voy.  Ois.  II.  1S47,  73. 

[B  37>  C  334,  R  429,  C  490.] 

Hab.     Florida,  Cuba,  Eastern  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  East- 
ern South  America,  to  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Genus  CIRCUS   LACEPtDE. 

Circtis  Lac^p.  Mem.  de  ITnst.  III.  1801,  506.     Type,  Falco  cyaneus 
Linn. 

331.  Circus  hudsonius  (Linn.). 

Marsh  Havrk. 

Falco  hudsonius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  128. 
Circus  hudsonius  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  pi.  9. 

[B  38,  C  333,  R  430,  C  489.] 

Had.     North  America  in  general,  south  to  Panama. 


1 86  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  ACCIPTTER   Brisson. 
SuuGENUs  ACCIFITER. 

Accipiter  Briss.  Cm.  I.  1760,  310.     Type,  by  elimination,  Falco  nisus 
Linn. 

332.  Accipiter  velox  (Wils.). 

Shurp-sliiuued  Hawk. 

Falco  velox  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  V.  1812,  116,  pi.  45,  fig.  i. 
Accipiter  velox  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  I.  1824,  338. 

[B17,  C338,  R  432,  C  494.] 
Had.     North  America  in  general,  south  to  Panama. 

333.  Accipiter  cooperi  (Bonap.). 

Cooper's  Hawk. 

Falco  cooperi  Bonap.  Am.  Orn.  IT.  182S,  i,  pi.  x.  fig.  i. 
Accipiter  cooperi  (^-^w,  List  B.  Brit.  Mus.  Accipitre.s,  1844,  38- 

[B  15,  16,  C  339,  R  431,  C  495.] 

Hab.     North  America  in  general,  south  to  Southern  Mexico. 

Subgenus  ASTUR  LACfirfeoE. 

Astnr  LAcfip.  Mem.  de  I'lnst.  III.  1801,  505.     Type,  Falco palmtiba- 
rius  Linn. 

334.  Accipiter  atricapillus  (Wils.). 

American  Goshawk. 

Falco  atricapillus  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  VI.  1812,  80,  pl.  52,  fig.  3. 
Accipiter  atricapillus  Seeboh.m,  Brit.  Birds,  I.  18S3,  iv. 

[B  14,  C  340,  R  433,  C  496.] 

Hab.  Northern  and  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  mostly  north 
of  the  United  States,  south  in  winter  to  the  Middle  States.  Acciden- 
tal in  England. 

334  dt.  Accipiter  atricapillus  striatuluD  Ridgw. 

"Western  Goshawk. 

Astnr  atricapillus  var.  striatulus  Ridgw.  in   Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  III. 

1874,  240. 
Accipiter  atricapillus  striatulus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

^^^s,  355. 


ORDER   RAITORES.  1 87 

[B-,  C— ,  R433^,  C497.] 
Had.     Western  North  America. 

Genus  PARABUTEO   Ridgway. 

Parabiitco  Ridgw.  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  III.  Jan.  1874,  250.     Type, 
Falco  harrisi  AUD. 

335.  Farabuteo  unicinctus  harrisi  (Aud.). 

Harris's  Hawk. 

Falco  harrisi  AuD.  B.  Am.  V.  1839,  30,  pi.  392. 
Parabiiteo  unicinctus  var.  harrisi  RiDGW.  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  III. 
Jan.  1874,  254. 

[B46,  C348,  R  434,  C  512.] 

Hab.     Mississippi,  Texas,  and  Arizona,  southward  to  Panama. 

Genus  BITTEO   Cuvier. 

Buteo  Cuv.   Leg.  Anat.   Comp.    I.  tabl.  ii.  Ois.  1 779-1800.    Type, 
Falco  buteo  Ll.\N. 

[33G.]   Buteo  buteo  (Linn.). 

European  Buzzard. 

Falco  buteo  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  90. 
Buteo  buteo  Light.  Nomencl.  Mus.  Bcrol.  1854,  3. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  435,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Europe  and  Western  Asia.     Accidental  in  North  America 

(Michigan  ?). 

337.  Buteo  borealis  (Cm el.). 

Red-tailed  Hawk. 

Falco  borealis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  266. 
Buteo  borealis  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  IV.  1816,  478. 

[B23,  C351,  R436,  Csi6.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North.  America,  west  to  the  Great  Plains. 


loS  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN    BIRDS. 

'J37a.  Buteo  borealis  kriderii  Hoopes. 

Krider's  Hawk. 

Bu/t'o  borealis  var.  kriderii  Hoopes,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1873, 
238,  pi.  5. 

[B— ,  C35ir,  R  436 «,  C  519.] 
Hab.     Plains  of  the  United  States,  from  Minnesota  to  Texas. 

337/^.  Buteo  borealis  calurus  (Cass.). 

Wcsteru  Iled-tail. 

Buteo  calunis  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1855,  281. 
Buteo  borealis  var.  calurus  RiUGW.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V.  Nov.  1S73, 
186. 

[B  20,  24,  C  351^,  R  436^,  C  517.] 

Hab.     Western  North  America,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific,  south  into  Mexico ;   casual  east  to  Illinois. 

337^.   Buteo  borealis  lucasanus  Ridgw. 

Saint  Lucas  Red-tail. 

Buteo  borealis  var.  lucasanus  Ridg\v.  in  CouES's   Kej',    1872,    216 
(under  B.  borealis). 

[B-,  C35i^,  R436^,  C518.] 

Hab.     Peninsula  of  Lower  California. 

5.3s    '  ^38.  Buteo  harlani  (Aud.). 

Harlan's  Hawk. 

Falco  harlani  AuD.  B.  Am.  I.  1830,  441,  pi.  86. 
Buteo  harlani  Boxap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  3. 

[B22,  C3S0,  R438,  C515.] 

Hab.     Kansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  south  to  Central  America. 
Casual  in  Southern  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania. 

339.  Buteo  lineatus  (Gmel.). 

Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

Falco  lineatus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  268. 

Buteo  lineatus  Jard.  ed.  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II.  1832,  290. 


ORDER   RA pro  RES.  1 89 

[B  25,  C  352,  R  439»  ^  520-] 
Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  west  to  Texas  and  the  Plains,  south 
to  the  Gulf  coast  and  Mexico. 

3a"J<7.    Buteo  lineatUR  alleni  Ridcw. 

Florida  Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

Butco  lineatus  alleni  RiUGW.   Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  Jan.  19, 

[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  — .] 
Hab.     Florida. 

330/^.  Buteo  lineatus  elegans  (Cass). 

Red-bellied  Hawk. 

Buteo  elegans  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  281. 

Butco  lineatus  var.  ele-ans  Ridgw.  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.   III.  Jan. 

1874, 257.  -^n- 

[626,0352^,  R439^'^-  521] 
Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  Western  Texas  to  California, 
and  south  into  Mexico. 

340.  Butf;0  abbreviatus  Caban. 

Zone-tailed  Hawk. 

Buteo  abbreviatus  Cab.  in  Schomb.  Reise  Brit.  Guian.  III.  1848,  739. 

[B— ,  C353,  R440,  C522.] 

Hab.     Texas,  Arizona,  and  Southern  Californi'c',  south  to  Northern 
South  America. 

341.  Buteo  albicaudatiis  Vieill. 

White-tailed  Hawk. 

Butes  albicaudatus  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  IV.  1816,  477. 
[B—C-,R  4^1,  0513.] 
Hab.     Rio  Grande  Valley,  Texas,  and  .southward  through  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  and  most  of  South  America. 

342.  Buteo  swainsoni  Bonap. 

Swainson*s  Hawk. 

Buteo  swainsoni  Bos AP.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  183S.  3. 


190 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B  iS,  19,  21,  28,  C  354,  R  442,  C  523.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Arkansas, 
and  Texas  to  the  Pacific  coast ;  north  to  the  arctic  regions,  and  south 
to  Buenos  Ayres.    Casual  east  to  Massachusetts. 

043.  Buteo  latissimus  (Wils.). 

Broad-winged  Hawk. 

Falco  latissimus  Wils.  Am.  Om.  VI.  181 2,  92,  pi.  54,  fig.  i. 
Buteo  latissimus  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  I.  Accip.  1874,  193. 

[B  27,  C  355,  R  443,  C  524.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  New  Brunswick  and  the  Sas- 
katchewan region  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  thence  southward  to  Cen- 
tral America,  Northern  South  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 

Subgenus  BUTEOLA  Bonaparte. 

Buteola  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XLI.  1855,  651.     Type,  Buteo  bra- 
chyurus  ViElLL. 

J  .^^   ^    [344.]  Buteo  brachyurus  Vieill. 

Short-tailed  Hawk. 

Buteo  brachyurus  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  IV.  1816,  477. 

[B-,C-  R-,C— .] 

Hab.  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  most  of  South  America. 
Florida  (accidental  ?). 


Genus  URIJBITINGA   Les.son. 

Urzibitinoa  Less.  Rev.  Zool.  1839.  132.     {Cf.  Compl.  Buff.  VII.  1837, 
64  )     Type,  Falco  urjibitinga  Gmel. 

345.   Urubitinga  anthracina  (Light.). 

Mexican  Black  Hawk. 

Falco  anthracinus  Light.  Preis-Verz  1830,  3. 
Urubitinga  anthracina  Lafr.  Rev.  Zool.  1848,  241. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  444,  C  528.] 

Hab.     Arizona,  southward  to  Northern  South  America. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  191 

Genus  ASTURINA  Vieillot. 
Asitirina  Vieill.  Analyse,  1816,  24.     Type,  Falco  nitidus  Gmel. 

346.  Asturina  plagiata  Schlegel. 

Mexican  Goshawk. 

Asturina  plagfata  "  LiCHT."  SCHLEGEL,  Mus.  P.  B.  Asturinae,  1862,  i. 
[B  ZZy  C  358,  R  445,  ^  527-] 

Hab.     Southwestern    border  of  the   United    States,   southward  to 
Panama.     Southern  Illinois  (accidental  ?). 

Genus  ARCHIBUTEO   Brehm. 
Archibuteo  Brehm,  Isis,  1S28,  1269.     Type,  Falco  lagoptis  Gmel. 

[347.]   Archibuteo  lagopus  (Brunn.). 

Rough-legged  Hawk. 

Falco  lagopus  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  4. 
Archibuteo  lagopus  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  ed.  2,  1841,  3. 

[B-,  C-  R-,  C-.] 
Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World  ;  Alaska. 
347a.  Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis  (Gmel.). 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk, 

Falco  sancti-johannis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  273 
Archibuteo   lagopus  var.    sancti-johannis   RiDGW.    in   CoUES's   Key, 
1872,  218. 

[B  30,  31,  C  356,  R  447,  C  525.] 

Hab.     Whole  of  North  America  north  of  Mexico,  breeding  chiefly 
north  of  the  United  States. 

348.  Archibuteo  ferrugineus  (Light.). 

Ferruginous  Rough-leg. 

Falco  ferni gill  ens  Light.  Abh.  K.  Akad.  Berl.  1838,  428. 
Archibuteo  ferrugineus  Gray,  Gen.  B.  fol.  ed.  1849,  12. 

[B  32,  C  357,  R  448,  C  526.] 


192  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  the  Plains  (Iowa  to  Texas) 
westward  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  Saskatchewan  region  south  into 
Mexico. 

Genus  AQUILA   Brisson. 
Aquila  Briss.  Orn.  I.  1760,  419     Type,  Falco  chrysaetos  Linn. 

349.  Aquila  chrysaetos  (Linn.). 
Golden  Eagle. 

Falco  chrysaetos  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  88. 
Aquila  chrysaettis  Dumont,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  I.  1816,  339, 

[B39,  C361,  R449,  C  532.] 

Hab,  North  America  south  to  Mexico,  and  northern  part's  of  the 
Old  World. 

Genus  THRASAETUS   Gray. 
Thrasaettts  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  108.    Type,  I'ultur  harpyia  Linn. 

[350.]  Thrasaetus  harpyia  (Linn.). 

Harpy  Eagle. 

Vulttir  harpyia  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  \.  1758,  86. 
Thrasaetus  harpyia  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  ic8. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R4SO.  C631.] 

Hab.     Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  casual,  south  to  Paraguay. 

Genus  HALIiEETUS   Savigny. 

Haliceetus  Savigny,  Descr.  de  I'figypte,  1809,  35.     Type,  Falco  albi- 
cilla  Linn. 

[351.]  Haliaeetus  albicilla  (Linn.). 

Gray  Sea  Eagle. 

Falco  albicilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  89. 

Haliceetu^  albicilla  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  M.  B.  Br.  Mus.  1816,  9. 

[B  42,  C  — ,  R  452,  C  533.J 

Hab.     Northern  Europe  and  Asia  ;  Greenland. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  I93 

352.  Haliaeetus  leucocephalus  (Linn.). 

Bald  Eagle. 

Falco  leucocephalus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  124. 
HalicEtus  leucocephalus  Boie,  Isis,  :822,  548. 

[B  41,  43,  C  .362,  R  451,  C  534.] 

Hab.     North  America  at  large,  south  to  Mexico. 

Subfamily  FALCONING.    Falcons. 

Genus  FALCO   Linnaeus. 

Falco  Livn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  88.     Type,  by  elimination,  F.  subbu- 
teo  Linn. 

Subgenus  HIEROFALCO   Cuvier. 

Hierofalco  Q\}\.   R^g.  An.   L   1817,  312.      Type,   Falco  candicans 
Gmel.  =:  F.  islandus  Brunn. 

353.  Falco  islandus  Brunn. 

White  Gyrfalcon. 

Falco  islandus  Brunn.  Orn.  Bor.  1764,  2. 

[B  II,  C  341  a,  R  412,  C  501.] 
iIab.     Arctic  regions,  including  Arctic  America  and  Greenland. 

354.  Falco  nisticolus  Linn. 

Gray  Gyrfalcon. 

Falco  rusticolus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  88. 
[B  12,  C — ^,  R  412^,  C  500.} 

Hab.     Iceland,  Southern  Greenland,  and  Northeastern  North  Amer- 
ica, straggling  southward  in  winter  to  Southern  New  England. 

354a.  Falco  nisticolus  gyrfalco  (Linn.'. 

Gyrfalcon. 

Falco  gyrfalco  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  91. 
Falco  rusticolus  g)'?falco  ^TE.]'ii.  Auk,  II.  1885,  187. 

13 


194  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[B— ,  C341,  R4I2/^,  C498.] 
Hab.     Interior  of  Arctic  America,  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Alaska. 

354^.  Falco  rusticolus  obsoletus  (Gmel.). 

Bl-Ack  Gyrfaleon, 

Falco  obsoletus  Gmel.  S.  N.  1.  i.  1788,  268. 

Falco  rusticolus  obsoletus  Stv.]'^.  Auk,  II.  1885,  187. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  4.1 2  r,  C  499.] 

Hab.     Labrador,  south  in  winter  to  Maine  and  New  York. 

35d.  Falco  xnezicaniis  Schleg. 

Prairie  Falcon. 

Falco  mexicanus  Schleg.  Abh.  Geb.  Zool.  1841,  15. 

[B  10,  C  342,  R  413,  C  502.] 

Hab.     United  States,  from  the  eastern  border  of  the  Plains  to  the 
Pacific,  south  into  Mexico ;  casual  eastward  to  Illinois. 

Subgenus  RHYNCHODON  Nitzsch. 

Rhyttchodon  Nitzsch,  Pterylog.  1S40,  78.     Type,  by  elimination,  Falco 
peregrinus  Lath. 

356.  Falco  peregrimis  anatum  (Bonap.). 

Duck  Hawk. 

Falco  anatum  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  4. 
Falco  peregrinus  ^.  anatum  Blasius,  List  B.  Eur.  1862,  3. 

[B  5,  6,  C  343,  R  414,  C  503.] 

Hab.     North  America  at  large. 

366  a.   Falco  peregrinus  pealei  Ridgw. 

Peale'a  Falcon. 

Falco  com fnunis  v2lt.  pealei  RiDG'W.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V.  Dec.  1873,  201. 
Falco  peregrinus  pealei  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24, 
1880,  192. 

[B  — ,  C  343  a,  R  414^,  C  504.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  Oregon  to  the 
Aleutian  and  Commander  Islands. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  IQS 

Subgenus  iESALON   Kaup. 

jEsalon  Kaup,  Sk.  Ent.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  40.     Type,  Falco  asalon 
Gmel.  =  F.  regulits  Pall. 

.357.  Falco  columbarius  Linn. 
Pigeon  Hawk. 

Falco  columbarius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  90. 
[B7,  C344,  R417.  C505.] 

Hab.  The  whole  of  North  America,  south  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Northern  South  America. 

357  <z.  Falco  columbarius  suckleyi  Ridgw. 

Black  Merlin. 

Falco  cohiml  "ius  var.  suckleyi  RiDGW.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V.  Dec. 
1873,  201. 

[B  — ,  C  344^,  R  417  rt,  C  506.] 

Hab.  Northwest  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  California  to 
Sitka. 

358.  Falco  richardsonii  Ridgw. 

Richardson's  Merlin. 

Falco  (^Hypotriorchis)  richardsonii  Ridgw.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
Dec.  1870,  145. 

[B  — ,  C  345,  R  418,  C  507.] 

Hab.  Interior  and  western  plains  of  North  America,  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  from  the  Arctic  regions  to 
Texas. 

'V'.  =•  [p  -i  0  •  J  Subgenus  RHYNCHOPALCO  Ridgway. 

Rhynchofalco  Ridgw.  Pr.  Boston  See.  Nat.  Hist.  1873,  46.    Type, 
Falco  femoralis  Temm.  =  F.  fusco-caerulescens  Vieill, 

359.  Falco  fusco-ccemlescens  Vieill. 

Aplomado  Falcon. 

Falco  fusco-caerulescens  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XL  1817,  90. 


196  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B9,  C347.  R419.  C  511.] 
Hab.    Texas  and  New  Mexico,  south  to  Patagonia. 

^  Subgenus  TINNUNCULUS  Vieillot. 

Tinnunculus  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  39. 

3G0.  Falco  sparverius  Linn. 

American  Sparrow  Hawk. 

Falco  sparverius  LixN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  90. 

[B  13,,  C  346,  346^,  R  420,  420  rtr,  C  508,  509.] 

Hab.     Whole  of  North  America,  south  to  Northern  South  America. 

5'  ?  ?  '  [3G1.]  Falco  sparverioides  Vig. 

Cuban  Sparrow  Hawk. 

Falco  sparverioides  ViG.  Zool.  Jour.  III.  Aug. -Nov.  1827,  436. 
[B— ,  C— ,  R421,  Csic] 
Hab.     Cuba.     Accidental  in  Florida. 

Genus  POLYBORUS  Vieillot. 
Polyborus  Vieill.  Analyse,  18 16,  22.     Type,  Falco  tharus  MoL. 

362.  Polyborus  cheriway  (Jacq.). 

Audubon's  Caracara. 

Falco  cheriway  Jacq.  Beitr.  1784,  17,  tab.  4. 

Polyborus  cheriway  Cab.  in  Schomb.  Guiana,  III.  1848,  741. 

[B  45,  C  363,  R  423,  C  535.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States  (Florida,  Texas,  Ari- 
zona), and  Lower  California,  south  to  Ecuador  and  Guiana. 

363.  Polyborus  Intosus  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Caracara. 

Polyborus  lu/osus  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geog.  &  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  No. 
6,  2d  ser.  Feb.  8,  1876,  459. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  1 97 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  424,  C  — .] 
Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  Califon.ia. 

Subfamily  PANDIONIN-^.    Ospreys. 


Genus  FANDION  Savigny. 

Pandion  Savign.  Descr.  de  I'Egypte,  Ois.  1809,  95.     Type,  Falco 
haliaetus  Linn. 

8C4.  Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis  (Gmel.). 

American  Osprey. 

Falco  carolinensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  \.  i.  1788,  263. 

Pandion  haliaetus  var.  carolinensis  RiDGW.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
Dec.  1870,  143. 

[B  44,  C  360,  R  425,  C  530.] 

Hab.     North  America,  from  Hudson's  Bay  and  Alaska  south  to  the 
West  Indies  and  Northern  South  America. 


Suborder   STRIGES.     Owls. 

Family  STRIGID^.     Barn  Owls. 

Genus  STRIX  Linnaeus. 
Strix  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  92.    Type,  .S*.  aluco  Linn,  ed.  10. 

365.  Striz  pratincola  Bonap. 

American  Barn  Owl. 

Strix  pratincola  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  7. 
[B  47»  C  316,  R  394,  C  461.] 


198  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Hai3.     Warmer  parts  of  North  Amer'ca,  from  the  Middle  States, 
Ohio  Valley,  and  California  southward  through  Mexico. 


Famil/  BLBONID.ffl.     Horned  Owls,  etc. 

Genus  ASIO   Brisson. 
Asio  Briss.  Cm.  I.  1760,  28.     Type,  Strix otus  Linn. 

^^.  Asio  wilsonianus  (Less.). 

Aniericaa  Loug-eared  Owl. 

Otus  wilsonianus  Less.  Traitd,  1831,  no. 

Asio  wilsonianus  Coues,  Check  List,  ed.  2,  1882,  81,  No.  472. 

[B  51,  C320,  R39S'C  472.] 
Hab.    Temperate  North  America. 

367.  Asio  accipitrinus  (Pall.). 

Short-eared  OwL 

Strix  accipitrina  Pall.  Reise  Russ.  Reichs.  L  1771,  455. 
Asio  accipitrinus  Newt.  Yarr.  Brit.  B.  ed.  4,  I.  1872,  163. 

[652,0321,  R396,  C  473.] 

Hab.     Throughout  North  America  \   nearly  cosmopolitan. 

Genus  SYRNIX7M   Savigny. 

Syrnium  Savign.  Descr.  de  I'figypte,  Ois.  1809,  298.     Type,  Strix 
stridula  LiNN. 

368.  Sjrmium  nebulosum  (Forst.). 

Barred  Owl. 

Strix  nebulosa  Forst.  Philos.  Trans.  XXII.  1772,  386. 
Syrnium  nebulosum  Bom,  Isis,  1828,  315. 

[B54,  C323,  R397,  C476.] 


ORDKR   RAPTORES. 


199 


Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Texas,  north 
to  Nova  Scotia  am   '  /U>*bec. 

3'6Sa.  3yrnium  nebulosum  alleni  Rid<;\v. 

Florida  Barred  Owl. 

S/r/x  Hcbulosa  alleni  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat   Mus.  III.  March  27, 
1880,  8. 

[B-,C-  R397'^C477•] 

Hab.     Florida. 

300.   Syrnium  occidentale  Xantus. 

Spotted  Owl. 

Syrnium  occidentale  Xa\tus,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila.  1859,  193. 

[B  — ,  C  324,  R  398,  C  478.] 

Hab.     Southwestern  United   States    (New  Mexico,   Arizona,  Cali- 
fornia), and  Lower  California  and  Mexico. 


Genus  ULULA  Cuvier. 
Ulula  Guv.  R^g.  An.  I.  1817,  329.    Type,  Strix  uralensis  Pall. 

/•^r- 370.  Ulula  cinerea  (Gmel.). 

Great  Gray  Owl. 

Strix  cinerea  G.mel.  S.  N.  I.  i.  1788,  291. 
Ulula  cinerea  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  53. 

[B  53»  C  322,  R  399,  C  474.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  straggling  southward,  in  winter,  to  the  north- 
ern border  of  the  United  States. 

l»}l'  [370 «.]   Ulula  cinerea  lapponica  (Retz.). 

Lapp  Owl. 

Strix  lapponica  Retz.  Faun.  Suec.  1800,  79. 

Uhila  cinerea  lapponica  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  HI.  Aug.  24, 
1880,  191. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R399«.  C  475.] 

Hab.     Arctic  portions  of  the  Old  World  ;   accidental  in  Alaska. 


200  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  NYCTALA   Lrehm. 
Nyctali  Brehm,  Isis,  1828,  1271.     Type,  Strix  tcn^maiini  QtWLi^ 

371.  Nyctala  tengmalmi  richardsoni  (Bonap.). 

UU  hardsou's  Owl. 

Nyctale  rkcardsoni  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  7. 

Nyctale  Uniimalmi  var.  richardsoni  Riugw,  Am.  Nat.  VI.  1S72,  283. 

[B  55,  C  327,  R  400,  C  482.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  south  occasionally  in  winter  into  tlie  North- 
ern United  Slates. 

372.  Nyctala  acadica  (Gmel.). 

Saw-whet  Owl, 

Sirix  acadica  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  296. 

Nyctale  acadica  Bonap.  Geog.  «&  Comp.  List,  1838,  7. 

[B  56,  57,  C  328,  R  401,  C  483.] 

Hab.     North  America  at  larr,e,  breeding  from  the  Middle  States 
northward. 

Genus  MEGASCOPS  Kaup. 
Megascops  Kaup,  7 sis,  1848,  765.     Type,  Strix  ajio  Linn. 

373.  Megascops  asio  (Linn.). 

Screech  Owl. 

Strix  asio  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  92. 
Megascops  asio  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  April,  1885,  184. 

[B  /^^,pari,  C  318,  R  402,  C  465.] 

Hab.     Temperate  Eastern  North  America,  south  to  Georgia,  and 
west  to  the  Plains.     Accidental  in  England. 

373  <z.  Megascops  asio  floridaniis  (Ridgw.). 

Florida  Screech  Owl. 

Scops  asio  vzx.floridanics  Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Tnst.  Dec.  1873,  200. 
Mci^asc^ps  asio^oridanui  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  April,  1885,  184. 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  201 

[B  — ,  C  3i8r,  R  402 rt,  C  469.] 
Hab.     Southern  (jeorj^ia  and  Florida. 

373^.  Megascops  asio  mccallii  (Cass.). 

Texuii  Sfreeeh  Owl. 

Scops  tnccaliii  C\ss.  lUust.  B.  Cal.  Tex.  etc.  July,  1854,  184. 
Me^asLups  asto  maccalli  Stejv.  Auk,  II.  April,  1S85,  184. 

[B  50,  C  31S  ^,  K  402  b,  C  468.] 

Had.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  south  to  Guate- 
mala. 

373 <:.   Megascops  asio  bendirei  (Brewst.). 

California  Screech  Owl. 

Scops  asio  bendirei  Brf.wst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan.  1882,  31. 
Megascops  asio  bendirei  '61^]^.  Auk,  II.  April,  1S85,  184. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Coast  rejrion  of  California. 


-e> 


373^.   Megascops  asio  kennicottii  (Elliot) 

Kennicott's  Screech  Owl. 

Scops  kennicottii  Elliot,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1867,  69. 
Megascops  asio  kennicotti  ?ii^]^.  Auk.  II.  April,  1885,  184. 

[B— ,  C  318^,  R402^,  C  466.] 

Hab.     Northwest  coast  region,  from  Sitka  to  Oregon,  and  eastward 
to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

373^.  Megascops  asio  maxwelliae  (Ridgw.). 

Rocky  Mountain  Screech  Owl. 

Scops  asio  van  mexwellice  Ridgw.  Field  &  Forest,  June,  1877,  210,  213. 
Megascope  asio  maxwellice  Stejx.  Auk,  II.  April,  1885,  184. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  402  c,  C  467.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colorado  to  Montana. 


202  CIIIXK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   lURDS. 

373/.  Megascops  asio  trichopsis  (VVagl.). 

Mexican  8crocch  Owl. 

Scrps  trichopsis  VVagi..  I  sis,  1832,  276. 

Alc^ascops  asii) trichopds  Kidgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[IJ  — t  C  — ,  R  403,  C  470.] 

Hab.     New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Lower  California,  and  Western  Mexico. 

374.  Megascops  flammeolus  (Kaup). 

Flam  III  u  luted  Screech  Owl. 

Scops JlammcoUi  Kaup,  Trans.  Zool.  See  Lond.  IV.  1862,  226. 
Mci^ascops Jluinmeolns  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  April,  18S5,  184. 

[B — »  C  319,  R  404,  C  471.] 

Hab.  Guatemala  and  Central  Mexico,  north  to  Colorado  and 
California. 

Genus  BUBO   Cuvier. 
Bubo  Cuv.  R6g.  An.  1817,  351.     Type,  Strix  bubo  LiNN. 

375.  Bubo  virginianus  (Gmel.). 

Great  Horned  Owl. 

Strix  Virginia fia  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  i.  17S8,  287. 

Bubo  virginianus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  6. 

[B48,  C317,  R405,  C462.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and 
from  Labrador  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

375  rt.  Bubo  virginianus  subarcticus  (Hoy). 

Western  Horned  Owl. 

Bubo  subarcticus  HoY,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VI.  1852,  21 T. 
Bubo  virginianus  ^.  subarcticus  RiDGW.  Orn.  40th  Par.  1877,  572. 

[B  48,  part,  C  3 1 7  «,  part,  R  405  a,  part,  C  463,  part!\ 

Hab.  Western  United  States  from  the  Great  Plains  westward; 
southward  to  the  Mexican  table-lands.  East,  casually,  to  Wisconsin 
and  Illinois. 


iiiit' 


ORDER   RAPTORES.  203 

?,7olf.  Bubo  vlrginianus  arcticus  (Swains.). 

Arctic  lIuriKMl  Owl. 

Sfn'x  {Pubo)  arctkii  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  ii.  1831,  86,  pi.  30. 
Bubo  virginianus  var.  arcticus  Cass.  lUust.  H   Cal.  etc.  i!S54,  178. 

[13  4S,/>ar/,  C  317  a, /ar/,  R  405/^,  C  463, /<//-/.] 

IIab.  Interior  of  Arctic  America  (Fur  Countries),  south,  in  winter, 
to  Dakota,  Montana,  and  Wyoming. 

375^.  Bubo  virginianus  saturatus  Ridgw. 

Dusky  Horned  Owl. 

Bubo  virt^inianus  saturatus  RiDGVV.  Orn.  40lh  Par.  1877,  572,  foot-note. 

[B  48,  part,  C  317  ^  R  405  c,  C  464  ] 

Hab.  Northwest  coast  region,  from  the  Columbia  River  northward  ; 
Labrador. 

Genus  NYCTEA   Stephens. 

Nyct'^a  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  ii.  1826,  63.     lype,  Strix  nyctea 
Linn. 

376.  Nyctea  nyctea  (Linn.). 

Snowy  Owl. 

Strix  nyctea  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758.  93. 
Nyctea  nyctea  Light.  Nomen.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  7. 

[B  61,  C  325,  R  406,  C  479.] 

Hab.  Northern  portions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  In  North 
America  breeding  mostly  north  of  the  United  States  ;  in  winter  mi- 
grating south  to  the  Middle  States,  straggling  to  South  Carolina, 
Texas,  and  the  Bermudas. 

Genus  SXJRNIA   Dumeri^ 
Surnia  Dum^r.  ZooI.  Anal.  1806,  34.     Type,  St^ix  ulula  Linn. 

[377.]   Surnia  ulula  (Linn.). 

Hawk  Owl. 

Strix  ulula  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  93. 
Surnia  ulula  Bonap.  Cat.  Met.  Ucc.  Eur.  1S42,  22. 


204 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B— ,  C—,  K4o-ja,  C  481.] 
Hab.     Arctic  portion;,  of    le  Old  World.     Casual  in  Alaska. 

377  a.   Sumia  ulula  Ci^paroch  (Mull.). 

American  Hawk  Owl. 

Strix  caparoch  MiJLL.  S.  N.  Suppl.  1776,  69. 
Sumia  idula  caparoch  Stejx.  Auk,  I.  Oct.  18S4,  363. 

[B  62,  C  326,  R  407,  C  480.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America,  migrating  in  winter  to  the  northern  border 
of  the  United  States.     Occasional  in  England. 

Genus   SPEOTYTO   Gloger. 

Speotyto  Glog.   Hanclb.    Naturg.    1842,    226.     Type,   Strix  cunicu- 
laria  Mol. 

378.  Speolyto  cunicularla  hypogsea  (Bonap.). 

L.urrowing  Owl. 

Strix  hypogcEa  Bonap.  Am.  Orn.  I.  1825,  72. 

Spheotyto  amicularia  var.  hypogcea  RiDGW.  in  CouES's  Key,  1S72,  208. 

[B  58,  59,  C  332,  R  408,  C  487.] 

Hab.     United   States,  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  the  Great  Plains, 
south  to  Central  America.     Accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

378  dr.   Speotyto  cunicTilaria  floridana  Ridgw. 

Florida  Burrowing  Owl. 

Speotyto  cunicularia  var.  floridana  RiDGW.  Am.  Sportsm.  V.  July  4, 
1874,  216. 


[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  408  a,  C  488.] 


Hab.     Florida. 


Genus  GLAUCIDZUM   Boie. 
Glaucidium  Boie,  I  sis,  1826,  970.     Type,  Strix  nana  King. 

379.  Glaucidium  gnoma  Wagl. 
Pyginy  Owl. 

Glaucidium  gnoma  Wagl.  I  sis,  1831,  275. 


ORDER   PSITTACI.  20$ 

[B  60,  C  329,  R  409,  C  484.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  Colorado, 
:^7^*^  and  from  British  Columbia  south  to  the  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

J  380.  Glaucidium  phalaenoides  (Daud.). 

Ferruginous  Pygmy  Owl. 

Strix phalcEiwides  Daud.  Traite  Orn.  II    1800,  206. 
Glaucidium phalcenoides  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1 869,  208. 

[B— ,  C330,  R410,  C485.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States  (Texas  to  Arizona), 
south  to  Southern  Brazil. 

/•^/      ■'•■ Genus  MICRATHENE   Coues. 

Micrathene  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  51.     Type,  Athene 
whitneyi  Cooper. 

/■JI^-SSl.  Micrathene  whitneyi  (Cooper). 

Elf  Owl. 

Athene  whitneyi  Coov¥.K,  Pr.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.  1861,  riS. 
Micrathene  whitneyi  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  51. 

[B— ,  C331,  R4ii,C486.] 

Hab.     Southern   and   Lower  California   and  Arizona,  south   into 
Mexico. 


Order   PSITTACI.     Parrots,  Macaws,  Par- 
oquets, ETC 

Family  PSITTAOID-ffi. 

Genus  COZnTRUS  Kuhl. 

Conurus  Kuhl,  Consp.  Psitt,  1820,  4.    Type,  Psittacus  carolinensis 
Gmel. 


206  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

382.  Conurus  carolinensis  (Linn.). 

Carolina  Paroquet. 

Psiitacus  carolinensis  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  97. 
Conurus  carolinensis  Less.  Traitd,  1831,  211. 

[B63,  C315,  R392,  C460.] 

Hab.  Formerly  Florida  and  the  Gulf  States  north  to  Maryland,  the 
Great  Lakes,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  west  to  Colorado,  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, and  Texas,  and  straggling  northeastward  to  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York.  Now  restricted  to  the  Gulf  States  and  the  Lower  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  and  of  local  occurrence  only. 


Order  COCCYGES.     Cuckoos,  etc. 

Suborder   CUCULI.     Cuckoos,  etc. 

Family  CUCULID.^.     Cuckoos,  Anis,  etc. 

Subfamily  CEOTOPHAGIN-ffi.    Anis. 

Genus  CROTOPHAGA   Linn^us. 
Crotophaga  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  105.     Type,  C  anilm^, 

[383.]  Crotophaga  ani  Linn. 

Ani. 

Crotophaga  ani  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  105. 

[B  66,  67,  C  288,  R  389,  C  425.] 

Hab.     West  Indies,  and  Eastern  South  America.     Rare  or  casual 
in  Southern  Florida,  and  accidental  near  Philadelphia. 


ORDER  COCCYGES.  20/ 

384.  Crotophaga  sulcirostris  Swains. 

Groove-billnjd  AnL 

Crotophaga  sulcirostris  SwAixs.  Philos.  Mag.  I.  1827,  440. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R390.  C426.] 

Hab,     Lower  California,  and  valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in 
Texas,  south  to  Northern  South  America. 

Subfamily  COCCYGIN^.    American  Cuckoos. 

Genus  GEO  COCCYX  Wagler. 

Geococcyx  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  524.     Type,  G.  variegata  Wagl.  = 
Saurothera  calif oniiana  Less. 

385.  Geococc3rs  califomianus  (Less.). 

Road-runuer. 

Saurothera  callforniana  Lnssox,  Compl.  BufF.  VI.  1829  (?),  420. 
Geococcyx  califomianus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  73. 

[B  68,  C  289,  R  385,  C  427.] 

Hab.     Texas,  New  Mexico,  Southern   Colorado,  and  westward  to 
California ;  south  into  Mexico. 

Genus   COCCYZUS  Vieillot. 
Coccyzus  Viell.  Analyse.  18 16,  28.     Type,  Cuculus  americanus  Linn. 

386.  Coccyzus  minor  (Gmel). 

Mangrove  Cuckoo. 

Cuculus  mi7ior  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  i.  1788,  411. 
Coccyzus  minor  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1856,  104. 

[B  71,  C  292,  R  386,  C  429.] 

Hab.     Southern  Florida,  Louisiana,  the  West  Indies,  and  Central 
America  to  Northern  and  Eastern  South  America. 


2o8 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


387.  Coccyzus  axnericanus  \^Linn.). 

Yellow-billed  Cuckoo. 

Cuculus  americanits  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  iii. 
Coccyzus  americatms  BoxAP.  Journ.   Ac.   Nat.   Sci.    Phila.    III.   ii. 
1824,  367. 

[B  69,  C  291,  R  387,  C  429.] 

Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  from  New  Brunswick,  Canada, 
Minnesota,  Nevada,  and  Oregon  south  to  Costa  Rica  and  the  West 
Indies.  Less  common  from  the  eastern  border  of  the  Plains  west- 
ward. 

388.  Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus  (VVils.). 

Black-billed  Cuckoo. 

Cuculus  erythrophthaltmts  VViLS.  Am.  Cm.  IV.  181 1,  16,  pi.  28. 
Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus  Fona*"   Journ.  Ac  Net.  Sci.  Phila.  III. 
ii.  1824,  367. 

[B  70,  C  290,  R  388,  C  428.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  Labrador  and  Manitoba  south 
to  the  West  Indies  and  the  valley  of  the  Amazon  ;  west  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.     Accidental  in  the  British  Islands  and  Italy. 


Suborder   TROGONES.     Trogons. 


Family  TROGONID^.     Trogons. 


Genus  TROGON   Linn^us. 
Trogon  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  167.     Type,  T,  viridis  Linn. 

[389.]   Trogon  ambiguus  Gould. 
Coppery-tailed  Trogon. 

Trogon  ambiguus  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1835,  30. 

[B  65,  C  284,  R  384,  C  422.] 

Hab.     Mexico,  north  to  the  valley  of   the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in 
Texas. 


order  coccyges.  209 

Suborder  ALCYONES.     Kingfishers. 

Family  ALCEDINID-ffi.     Kingfishers. 

Genus  CERYLE   Boie. 
Ceryle  BoiE,  Isis,  1828,  316.     Type,  Alcedo  rudis  Linn. 

Subgenus  STREPTOCERyijB  Bonaparte. 

Streptoceryle  Bonap.  Consp.  Vol.  Anisod.   1854,  10.     Type,  Alcedo 
torquata  Linn. 

390.  Ceryle  alcyon  (Linn.). 

Belted  Kingfisher. 

Alcedo  alcyon  LixN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  115. 
Ceryle  alcvon  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  108. 

[B  117,  C  286,  R382,  C  423.] 

Hab.     North  America,  south  to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies. 

Subgenus  CHLOROCER7LE  Kaup. 

Chtoroceryle  Kaup,  Fam.  Eisv.  1848,  8.     Type,  Alcedo  superciliosa 
Linn. 

391.  Ceryle  cabanisi  (Tschudi). 

Texan  Kingfisher. 

Alcedo  cabanisi  Tschudi,  Faun.  Per.  Orn.  1844,  253. 
Ceryle  cabanisi  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  160. 

[B  118,  C  287,  R  383,  C  424.] 

Hab^    Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  and  Lower  Colorado 
River,  Arizona,  south  to  Ecuador  and  Western  Peru. 

■4 


210 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order   PICI.    Woodpeckers,  Wrynecks,  etc. 


Family  PICID-ffl.     Woodpeckers. 

Genus  CAMPEFHILUS  Gray. 

Campephilus  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1840,  54.     Type,  Picus  principalis 
Linn. 

392.  Campephilus  principalis  (Linn.). 

Ivory-billed  Woodpecker. 

Picus  principalis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  113. 
Campephilus  principalis  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1840,  54. 

[B72,  C  293,  R359,  C  431.] 

Hab.  Formerly  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  from  North  Caro- 
lina to  Texas,  north  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Missouri,  Southern 
Illinois,  and  Southern  Indiana.  Now  restricted  to  the  Gulf  States  and 
the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  where  only  locally  distributed. 


Genus  DR70BATES  Boie. 
Dryobates  BoiE,  Isis,  1826,  977.     Type,  Picus  pubescens  Linn. 

393.  Dryobates  villosus  (Linn.). 

Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Picus  villosus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  175. 

L^ryobatesl  villosus  Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  IV.  June  15,  1863,  66. 

[B  i^^part,  C  20)^,  part,  R  360,  C  438, /«r/.] 

Hab.     Middle  portion  of  the  Eastern  United  States,  from  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  to  the  Great  Plains. 

393^.  Dryobates  villosus  leucomelas  (Bodd.). 

Northern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Picus  leucomelas  Boddaert,  Tabl.  PI.  Enl.  1783,  21. 
Dryobates  villosus  leucomelas  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885.  355- 


^  ORDER  PICI.  211 

[B  iJ^^part^  C  2^%, part,  R  360  a,  C  438, /jr/.] 

Hab.    Northern  North  America,  south  to  about  the  northern  border 
of  the  United  States. 

393/5.  Dryobates  villosus  audubonii  (Swains.). 
Southern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

Picus  audubonii  Swains.  &  Rich.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  183 1,  306. 
Dryobates  villosus  audubonii  RiDGW.  Pr    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus   VIII. 

1885,  355. 
[B  T^^part,  C  2()Z,  part,  R  2,^0,  part,  C  438, /dtr/.] 
Hab.     Southern  portions  of  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Plains. 

393  r.  Dryobates  villosus  harrisii  (Aud.). 

Harris's  Woodpecker. 

Picus  harrisii  AvD.  Orn.  Biog:.  V.  1839,  191. 

Dryobates  villosus  harrisii  Ridgw.   Pr.    U.   S.    Nat.   Mus.  VIII. 
'885,  355. 

[B  75,  C  298^,  R  360^,  C  439.] 

Hab.    Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  south  into  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

394.  Dryobates  pubescens  (Linn.). 

Downy  Woodpecker. 

Picus  pubescens  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  175. 
D\ryobates'\pubescens  Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  IV.  June  15,  1863,  62. 

[B  76,  C  299,  R  361,  C  440.J 

Hab.     Northern  and  Eastern  North  America,  from  British  Columbia 
and  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Plains  northward  and  eastward. 

394 <7.  Dryobates  pubescens  gairdnerii  (Aud.). 

Gairdner*s  Woodpecker. 

Picus  gairdnerii  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  317. 
Dryobates  pubescens  gairdnerii  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  355. 


212 


CHLCK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B  77,  C  299  a,  R  361  dr,  C  441.] 
Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward. 

395    Dryobates  borealis  (Vieill.). 

Red-cockaded  Woodpecker. 

Picus  borealis  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II.  1807,  66. 

Dryobates  borealis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  80,  C  296,  R  362,  C  433.] 

Hab.  Southeastern  United  States,  from  New  Jersey  (at  least  for- 
merly), Tennessee,  and  Indian  Territory  south  to  Eastern  Texas  and 
the  Gulf  coast. 

/•2- -396.  Dryobates  scalaris  (Wagl.). 

Texan  Woodpecker 

Picus  scalaris  Wagler,  Isis,  1829,  511. 

Dryobates  scalaris  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  79,  C  297,  R  363,  C  434.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Cali- 
fornia, south  into  Mexico. 

396^.  Dryobates  scalaris  lucasamis  (Xantus). 

Saint  Lucas  Woodpecker. 

Picus  lucasanus  Xantus,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  298. 
Dryobates  scalaris  lucasanus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.  VIII. 
1885.  355- 

[B  — ,  C  297  h,  R  363  a,  C  436.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 


397.  Dryobates  nuttallii  (Gamb.). 

Nuttall's  Woodpecker. 

Picus  nuttallii  Gmxb^i.,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci*.  Phila.  April,  1843,  259. 
Dryobates  nuttallii  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 


[B  78,  C  297  a,  R*364,  C  435-1 


Hab.     California. 


ORDER   PICI.  213 

j.ll    398    Dryobates  Strickland!  (Malh.). 

Strickland's  Woodpecker. 

Picus  stricklandi  Malhiikhe,  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  373. 

Dryobates  stricklandi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1S85,  355. 

[B  -  C  -,  R  365,  C  437-] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  south  into  Western  Mexico. 

Genus  XENOPICXJS  Baird. 

Xenopicus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  83.     Type,  Leuconerpes  albolarva- 
tus  Cass. 

309.  Xenopicus  albolarvatus  (Cass.). 

White-headed  Woodpecker. 

Leuconerpes  albolanmtus  Cassin,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Oct.  1850, 

106. 
Xenopicus  albolarvatus  Malherbe,  Monogr.  Pic.  II.  1862,  221. 

[B  81,  C  295,  R  366,  C  442.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region,  from  Washington  Territory  south  to 
Southern  California,  east  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Genus  PICOIDES  LACfptDE. 

Picoides  LACEPfeoE,  Mdm.  de  I'lnst.  III.  1801,  509.    Type,  Picus 
tridactylus  Linn. 

400.  Picoides  arcticus  (Swains.). 

Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Picus  {Apterntis)  arcticus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  IT.  1831,  313. 
Picoides  arcticus  Gray,  Gen.  B.  I.  1845,  434. 

[B  82,  C  300,  R  367,  C  443.] 

Hab.  Northern  North  America,  from  the  arctic  regions  south  to 
the  northern  border  of  the  United  States ;  much  further  south  in  the 
western  part  of  the  United  States  (Nevada,  California),  along  the 
mountain  ranges. 


214  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

401.  Ficoides  americanus  Drehni. 

Aiuerk'iiu  Tliree-toed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  americanus  IJrehm,  Handb.  Vog.  Dcutschl.  1831,  195. 

[B83,  C301,  R363,  C444.] 

Hab.    Northern  North  America,  from  the  arctic  regions  southward, 
in  winter,  to  the  Northern  United  States. 

401^.  Picoides  americanus  alascensis  (Nels.). 

Alaskan  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  tridactylits  alascensis  Nelson,  Auk,  I.  April,  1884,  165. 
Picoides  americanus  alascensis  Kidgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  355- 

[B-  C-,R— ,C— .] 
Hab.     Alaska. 

401^.  Picoides  americanus  dorsalis  Baird. 

Alpine  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

Picoides  dorsalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  100. 

Picoides  americanus  dorsalis  Baird,  Orn.  Calif.  I.  1870,  386. 

[B84,  €301^,  R368^,  C445.] 

Hab.    Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  south  into  New 
Mexico. 

Genus  SPHYRAPICUS  Baird. 
Sphyrapicus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  loi.    Type,  Picus  varius  Linn. 

402.  Sph3nrapicus  varius  (Linn.). 

Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker. 

Picus  varius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  176. 
sphyrapicus  varius  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  103. 

[B  85,  C  302,  R  369,  C  446.] 

Hab.     North  America  north  and  east  of  the  Great  Plains,  south  to 
the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  Guatemala. 


ORDER   nCI.  215 

402  a.  Sphyrapicus  varius  nuchalis  Baird. 

lled-uupod  Supsucker. 

sphyrapicus  varius  var.  nuchalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  103. 

[I]  86,  C  302  a,  R  369  (Z,  C  447.] 

Har.     Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  south  into 
Mexico. 

403.  Sphsrrapicus  ruber  (Gmel.). 

Ked  breasted  Supsueker. 

Picus  ruber  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  17S8,  429. 
sphyrapicus  r«^^r  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  104. 

[B  87,  C  302  b,  303  ?  R  369  b,  C  44S.] 

Had.     Pacific  coast  region  of  the  United  States. 

404.  Sphyrapicus  th3n:oideus  (Cass.). 

Williamson's  iSapsucker. 

Picus  thy roideus  Cassin,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1850-185 1,  349. 
sphyrapicus  thy roideus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  106. 

[B  88,  89,  C  304,  305,  R  370,  C  449.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  west  to  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Genus  CEOFHLQIITS   Cabanis. 

Ceophlccus  Cabanis,  Journ.  f.  Orn.  1862,  176.    Type,  Picus  pileatus 
Linn. 

405.  Ceophloeus  pileatus  (Linn.). 

Pileated  Woodpecker. 

Picus  pileatus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  113. 
Cijophlaeusi  pileatus  Cabanis,  J.  f.  O.  1862,  176. 

[B90,  C  294,  R371,  C  432.] 

Hab.     Formerly  whole  wooded  region  of  North  America  ;  now  rare 
or  extirpated  in  the  more  thickly  settled  parts  of  the  Eastern  States. 


2l6  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  MELANERPES   Swainson. 

sukuenus  melanerpes. 

Melanerpes  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  1831,  316.     Type,  Picus 
erythrocephalus  LiNN. 

400.  Melanerpes  erythrocephalus  (Linn.). 

Uc'd-licuded  Woodpecker. 

Picus  erythrocephalus  LiN'N.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  113. 
Melanerpes  erythrocephalus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  1831,  316. 

[B  94,  C  309,  K  375,  C  453.] 

Hab.     United  States,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  straggling  west- 
ward to  Salt  Lake  Valley ;  rare  or  local  east  of  the  Hudson  River. 

407.  Melanerpes  formicivorus  bairdi  Ridgw. 

Californiau  Woo<Ipeeker. 

Melanerpes  formicivorus  bairdi  Ridgw.  Bull.  No.  21  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1881,  34,  85. 

[B9S,  C310,  R377,  C454.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region  of  the  United  States,  east  into  Arizona, 
south  into  Mexico. 

407  rt.  Melanerpes  formicivonis  angustifrons  Baird. 

Narrow-fronted  Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes  formicivorus  var.  anqtistifrons  Baird,  Orn.  Cal.  I.  1870, 
405. 

[B  — ,  C  310  a,  R  377  a,  C  455.] 
Hab.     Lowei  California. 


Subgenus  ASYNDESMUS  Coues. 

Asyndesmus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  F'  ila.  1866,  55.     Type,  Picus 
torquatus  Wils. 

408.  Melanerpes  torquatus  (Wils.). 

Lewis's  Woodpecker*. 

Picus  torquatus  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  III.  1811,  31,  pi.  xx.  fig.  3. 
Melanerpes  torquatus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  40. 

[B96,  C  311,  R376,  C  456.] 


ORDER  PICI.  217 

Had.    Western  United  States,  from  the  Black  Hills  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 

Subgenus  CENTURUS  Swainson. 

Centurus  Swains.  Classif.  13.  II.  1837,  310.    Type,  Picus  carolinus 
Linn. 

409.  Melanerpes  carolinus  (Linn.). 

Kocl-bclUcd  Woodpecker. 

Picus  carolinus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  113. 

Melanerpes  carolinus  Ridgw.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  X.  Jan.  1874,  378. 

[B  91,  C  306,  R  372,  C  450.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  rare  or 
accidental  east  of  the  Hudson  River. 

410.  Melanerpes  aurifrons  (VVagl.). 

Golden-fronted  Woodpecker. 

Picus  aun/rons  Wagler,  Isis,  1829,  512. 

Melanerpes  aurifrons  RiDGW.  I'r.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VHI.  1885,  355. 

[B92,  C  307,  R  373,  C  451.J 

Hab.     Southern  Texas  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

411.  Melanerpes  uropygialis  (Baird). 

Gila  W^oodpeeker. 

Centurus  uropygialis  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854,  120. 
Melanerpes  uropygialis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  93,  C  308,  R  374,  C  452.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  Southeastern  California,  Lower  California, 
and  Western  Mexico. 

Genus  COLAFTES   Swainson. 

Colaptes  Swains.  Zool.  Journ.  III.  Dec.  1827,  353.    Type,  Cuculus 
auratus  Linn. 

412.  Colaptes  auratus  (Linn.). 

Flicker. 

Cuculus  auratus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  112. 
Colaptes  auyatas  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1827,  444. 


2l8 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B97,  C312,  R378,  C457-] 

Hab.  Northern  and  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Alaska.  Occasional  on  the  Pacific 
slope,  from  California  northward.     Accidental  in  Europe. 

413.  Colaptes  cafer  (Gmel.). 

Ked- shafted  Flicker. 

Picus  cafer  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  431. 

Colaptes  cafer  Stejn.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  1885,  428. 

[B98,  C314,  R378^,  C459-] 

Hab.  Rocky  ISIountain  region  of  the  United  States,  to  the  Pacific 
coast ;  north  to  Sitka,  south  to  Southern  Mexico. 

413 «.  Colaptes  cafer  saturatior  Ridgw. 

Northwestern  Flicker. 

Colaptes  viexicanus  saturatior  Ridgw.  Pr.  Biol.  See.  Wash.  II.  April 

10,  1884,  90, 
Colaptes  cafer  saturatior  Ridgw.  MS. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.    Northwes"^  coast,  from  Columbia  River  to  Sitka. 

414.  Colaptes  r'   ysoides  (Malh.). 

Gildevi  a  ucker. 

Geopicus  chrysoides  Malh.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  IV.  1852,  553. 
Colaptes  chrysoides  Reich.  Handb.  Spec.  Ornith.  Scansoriae,  1854, 413. 

[B  99,  C  313,  R  379,  C  458] 

Hab.  Southern  Arizona  and  Southern  California,  south  to  Cape  St. 
Lucas. 

415.  Colaptes  nifipileus  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Flicker. 

Colaptes  mexicanus  rufipileus  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo!.  &  Geog.  Surv. 

Terr.  II.  No.  2,  April  i,  1876,  191. 
Colaptes  rufipileus  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  II.  July,  1877,  60. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  380,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 


ORDER  MACROCHIRES.  219 

Order   MACROCHIRES.     Goatsuckers, 

Swifts,  etc. 

Suborder  CAPRIMULGI.    Goatsuckers,  etc. 

Family  0APRIMULGID-<E.    Goatsuc:<ers,  etc. 

Genus  ANTROSTOMUS   Gould. 

Antrostomus  Gould,  Icones  Avium,  1838.    Type,  Capriimilgus  caro- 
linensis  Gmel. 

41C.  Antrostomus  carolinensis  (Gmel.). 

Chuck-will's- widow. 

Caprimulgus  carolinensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  1028. 
Antrostomus  carolinensis  Gould,  Icones  Avium,  183S. 

[Bm,  C  264,  R353,  C  396.] 

Hab.     South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  south  through  Eastern  Mexico 
to  Central  America ;  Cuba.     North,  in  the  interior,  to  Southern  Illinois. 

417.  Antrostomus  vocifenis  (Wils.)- 

Whip-poor-will. 

Caprifnulgus  vociferusV^iLS.  Am.  Orn.  V.  1812,  71,  pi.  41,  figs.  1-3. 
Atitrostomus  vociferiis  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Com  p.  List,  1838,  8. 

[B  112,  C  265,  R  354,  C  397.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  south  to  Guatemala. 

417  iz.  Antrostomus  vocifenis  arizonae  Brewst. 

Stephens's  Whip-poor-will. 

Atitrostomns  vociferus  arizonce  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn,  Club,  VII. 
Oct.  1882,  211. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R— ,  C  881.] 

Hab.     Arizona,  and  table-lands  of  Mexico. 


220 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  PHAL-ffiNOPTILUS   Ridgway. 

Phalanoptilus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  March  27,  1880,  5. 
Type,  Caprimulgus  mittalli  Aud. 

418.  Phalsenoptilus  nuttalli  (Aud.). 

Poor- will. 

Caprimulgus  nutialll  hvD.  B.  Am.  VII.  1843,  350,  pi.  495. 
Phalcznoptilus  nuttalli  KiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  iMus.  111.  1880,  5. 

[B113,  C266,  R355,C398.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  Pacific  coast  eastward  to 
Eastern  Nebraska  and  Eastern  Kansas,  south  to  Southern  Mexico. 

/./O'^^f^^  qe^^^-s  nYCTIDROMUS   Gould. 

Nyctidronius  Gould,  Icones  Avium,  II.  1838,  pi.  ii.     Type,  N.  derbya- 
nus  Gould  =  Caprimulgus  albicollis  Gmel. 

/*  21  ^  419.  Nyctidromus  albicollis  (Gmel.). 

Parauque. 

Caprimulgus  albicollis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  1030. 
Nyctidromus  albicollis  Burm.  Th.  Bras.  II.  1856,  389. 

[B-,  C-,  R356,  C395.] 

Hab.    Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  south  through  Central  and 
most  of  South  America. 


Genus  CHORDEILES   Swatnson. 

CJwrdeiles  Swains.  Faima  Bor.  Am.  II.   1831,  496.     Type,  Capri- 
mulgus virginianus  Gmel. 

420.  Chordeiles  virginianus  (Gmel.). 

Nighthawk. 

Caprimulgus  virginianus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  1028. 
Chordeiles  virginianus  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  1831,  496. 

[B  114,  C  267,  R357,  C  399.] 

Hab.     Northern   and  Easier  n  North  America,  east   of  the  Great 
Plain.s,  south  through  tropical  America  to  Buenos  Ayres. 


ORDER   MACROCIIIRES.  221 

420a.  Chordeiles  virginiamis  henryi  (Cass.). 

Western  Nighthawk. 

Chordeiles  henryi  Cass.  Illustr.  B.  Cal.  Tex.  etc.  I.  1855,  233. 
Chordeiles  virginiamis  van  henryi  Coues,  Key,  1872,  181, 

[B  1 15,  C  267  a,  R  357  a,  C  400.] 

Hab     Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
south  into  Mexico. 

[.'-^'2    [420^.]   Chordeiles  virginianus  minor  (Cab.). 

Cuban  Nighthawk. 

Chordeiles  minor  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1S56,  5. 

Chordeiles  virginianus  c  ininor  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  264. 

[B-,C-  R357^.  C401.] 
Hab.     Cuba  and  Southern  Florida. 

421.  Chordeiles  texensis  Lawr. 

Texan  Nighthawk. 

Chordeiles  texensis  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VL  Dec   1856,  167. 

[B  116,  C  268,  R358,  C  402.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Cali- 
fornia ;  south  to  Central  America. 


Suborder  CYPSELI     Swifts. 

Family  MIOROPODID-ffi.    Swifts. 
Subfamily  CHjSITURIN^.    Spine-tailed  Swifts. 

Genus  CYFSELOIDES  Streubel. 

Cypseloides  Streubel,  Isis,  1848,  366.    Type,  Hemichelidon  fumi- 
gata  NuTT. 


222 


CHECK- LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


422.   Cypseloides  niger  (Gmel.). 

Black  Swift. 

Hirundo  nigra  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  1025. 
Cypseloides  niger  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  June  27,  1865,  615. 

[B  108,  C  270,  R  350,  C  404.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  region  (Colorado),  west  to  the  Pacific  coast ; 
nortli  to  British  Columbia,  and  south  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies. 


Genus  CHiETURA  S    thens. 

ChcBtura  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  ii.  1825,  ^().    Type,  Hirundo 
pelaoica  Linn. 

423.  Chastura  pelagica  (Linn.). 

Chimney  Swift. 

Hirundo  pelagica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  192. 
Chceticra pelasgia  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  XIII.  pt.  ii.  1825,  76. 

[B  109,  C  271,  R  351,  C  405.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Labrador  and  the  Fur 
Countries,  west  to  the  Plains,  and  passing  south  of  the  United  States 
in  winter. 

424.  Chaetnra  vanzii  (Towns.). 

Vaux's  Swift. 

Cypselus  vauxii  Towns.  Joum.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VIII.  1839,  148. 
ChcctJira  vauxii  DeKay,  Zool.  N.  Y.  II.  1844,  36. 

[B  no,  C  272,  R  352,  C  406.] 

Hab.     Pacific  slope,  from  British  Columbia  south  into  Mexico. 


Subfamily  MICROPODIN-^. 


Genus  MICROFUS  Meyer  &  Wolf. 

Micropus  Meyer  &  Wolf,  Taschb.  Deutsch.  Vog.  I.  1810,  280. 
Type,  Hirundo  apus  Linn. 


ORDER  MACROCHIRES.  223 

425.  Micropus  melanoleucus  (Baird). 

Wliite-tlirouted  Switt. 

Cypselus  melanoleucus  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854, 

iiS. 
Micropus  melanoleucus  Ridgw.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  230. 

[B  107,  C  269,  R  349,  C  403.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific,  and  south  to  Central  America. 


Suborder  TROCHILI.     Hummingbirds. 


Family  TROOHILID-ffl.     Hummingbirds. 

Genus  EUGENES  Gould. 

Eugenes  Gould,  Men.  Troch.  pt.  xii.  1856.     Type,  Trochilus  fulgens 
Swains. 

]26.  Eugenes  fulgens  (S>vains.). 

Rivoli  Hummingbird. 

Trochilus  fulgens  Swatn'S.  Phil.  Mag.  1827,  441. 
Eugenes  fulgens  Gould,  Mon.  Troch.  11.  1856,  pi.  59. 

[B— ,  C274^/s,  R334,  C408.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

Genus  CCELIGrENA  Lesson. 

Cccligcna  Less.  Ind.  «Sc  Synop.  Gen.  Troch.  1832,  p.  xviii.     Type, 
Ornismya  clemencice  Less. 

427.  Cceligena  clemenciae  Less. 

Blue-throated  Hummingbird.  * 

Ornismya  clemencice  Less.  Ois.  Mouch.  1829,  216,  pi.  80. 
Cceligena  clemencice  Less.  Ind.  &  Synop.  Gen.  Troch.  1832,  p.  xviii. 


224  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[B— ,C-,  R-   C-.] 
Hab.     Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona. 

Genus  TROCHILUS  Linnaeus. 

Subgenus  TROCHILUS. 

Trochiliis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  119.    Type,  by  elimination,  T. 
colubris  Linn. 

428.  Trochilus  colubris  Linn. 

liuby-throated  lluiniiiiugbird. 

Trochilus  colubris  Linn,  S.  N.  ed,  10,  L  1758,  120, 

[B  loi,  C  275,  R  335,  C  409.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  north  to  the  Fur  Coun- 
tries, and  south,  in  winter,  to  Cuba  and  Veragua. 

429.  Trochilus  alezandri  Bourc.  &  Muls. 

Black-cliiuned  Hummingbird. 

Trochilus  alexandri  BouRC  &  MuLS.  Ann.  Sec,  Agric.  Lyons,  IX. 
1846,  330. 

[B  102,  C  276,  R  336,  C  410.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  California  east  to  Utah  and  Ari- 
zona, and  southward. 

Subgenus  CALYPTE  Gould. 

Calypte  Gould,  Introd.  Troch.    1861,  ^T.     Type,  Ornismya  costcs 
Bourc. 

430.  Trochilus  costae  (Bourc). 

Costa's  Hummingbird. 

Ornisviya  costce  Bourc  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  294. 
Trochilus  costce  Gray,  Handl,  I.  1S69,  145. 

[B  106,  C  280,  R  337,  C  415-] 

Hab.     Southern  California,  Arizona,  and  Western  Mexico. 


ORDER  MACROCHIRES.  225 

431.  Trochilus  anna  (Less.). 

Anna's  Hummingbird. 

Ornistnya  anna  Less.  Suppl.  Ois.  Mouch.  1831,  115,  pi.  vii. 
Trochi/us  afina  JARDiHE,  Nat.  Lib.  Orn.  L  1833,  93- 

[B  105,  C  279,  R  338,  C  415.] 

Hab.     Southern  California,  Southern  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

Subgenus  SELASPHORUS  Swainson. 

Sdasphorus  SwAiNS.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  IL  1831,  324.     Type,  Trochilus 
ruftis  Gmel. 

432.  Trochilus  platycercus  Swains. 
Broad- tailed  Hummingbird. 

Trochilus  platycercus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  L  1827,  441. 

[B  104,  C  278,  R  339,  C  413.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  plateau  region,  south  to  Guatemala. 

433.  Trochilus  rufus  Gmel. 

Rufous  Hummingbird. 

Trochilus  rufus  Gmel.  S.  N.  L  i.  1788,  497. 

[B  103,  C  277,  R  340,  C  411.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  north  to  Sitka,  south  into 
Mexico. 

434.  Trochilus  alleni  (Hensh.). 

Allen's  Hummingbird. 

Selasphorus  alleni  Hensh.  Bull.  Nult.  Orn.  Club,  H.  1877,  54. 
Trochilus  alleni  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIIL  1885,  355. 

[B—  C— ,  R34i,C4i2.] 

Hab.    Pacific  coast,  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Southern 
Arizona. 


226  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Subgenus  ATTHIS  Reichenbach. 

Atthis  Reich.  Aufz.  der  Colib.  1853,  12.     Type,  Ornysmia  heloisa 
Less.  &  DeLatt. 

J.gJ    '435.  Trochiliis  heloisa  (Less.  &  DeLatt.). 

lleloise's  Uummingbird. 

Ornysmia  heloisa  Less.  &  DeLatt.  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  15. 
Trochilus  heloisa  Gray,  Handl.  1.  1869,  145. 

[B— ,  C281,  R342,  C416.J 

Hab.     Soutiiern  Texas  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

Subgenus  STELLULA  Gould. 

Stellula  Gould,  Introd.  Troch.  1861,  90.     Type,  Trochilus  calliope 
Gould. 

436.  Trochilus  calliope  Gould. 

Calliope  Hummingbird. 

Trochilus  {Calothorax)  calliope  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1S47,  11. 

[B— ,  C282,  R343,  C4I7-] 

Hab.     Mountains  of  the  Pacific  slope,  from  British  Columbia  south 
to  Lower  California,  and  east  to  Montana,  Nevada,  and  New  Mexico. 

t 

Subgenus  CALOTHORAX  Gray, 
Calothorax  Gray,  Gen.  B.  1 840,  1 3.     Type,  Cynanthus  lucifer  Swains. 

437.  Trochilus  lucifer  (Swains.). 

Lucifer  Hummingbird. 

Cynanthus  lucifer  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  1827,  442 
Trochilus  lucifer  GiKTiKi.,  Thes.  Orn.  III.  1877,683. 

[B  _,  C  — ,  R  344,  C  418.] 

Hab.     Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona. 

Genus  AMAZILIA   Reichenbach. 

Amazilia  Reich.    Syst.    Av.   1849,  pi.  39.     Type,   Orthorhynchus 
amazili  Less. 


ORDER   MACROCHIRES. 


227 


438.  Amazilia  fdscicaudata  (^Fraser). 

liieffer's  Iluuiniiugbird. 

Trochilus  fuscicaudatus  Fras.  P.  Z.  S.  1840,  17. 
Amazilia  fuscicdudata  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  I.  Oct.  2,  1878, 
147. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  345,  C  419.] 

Hab.     Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas,  south  through  Eastern 
Mexico  to  Central  America  and  Northern  South  America. 

439.  Amazilia  cerviniventris  Gould. 

Buff-bellied  Hummingbird. 

Amazilius  cerviniventris  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  150. 
[B  _  C  — ,  R  346,  C  420.] 
Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  south  into  Eastern  Mexico. 

Genus  BASILINNA   Boie. 
Basilinna  Boie,  Isis,  1831,  546.     Type,  Ttochilus  leucotis  Vieill. 

440.  Basilinna  xantusi  (Lawr.). 

Xantus's  Hummingbird. 

Amazilia  xantusi  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i860,  109. 

Basilinna  xanthusi  Elliot,  Class.  &  Synop.  Troch  March,  1879,  227. 

[B  — ,  C  273,  R  347,  C  407.] 

Hab.     Lower  California. 


Genus  IACHE  Elliot. 

lache  Elliot,  Class.  &  Synop.  Troch.  March,  1879,  -3-1  • 
Cynanthus  latirostris  Swains. 


Type, 


441.  lache  latirostris  (Swains.). 

Broad-billed  Hummingbird. 

Cynanthus  latirostris  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  1827.  441. 

lache  latirostris  Elliot,  Class.  &  Synop.  1  roch.  March,  1879,  235. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R  348,  C  421.] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona  and  Western  Mexico. 


lA^Hi-i 


il 


228  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


Order   PASSERES.      Perching  Birds. 


Suborder   CLAMATORES.     Songless  Perching 

Birds. 

Family  TYRANNID-ffi.     Tyrant  Flycatchers. 

Genus  MILVULUS   Swainson. 

Miknilns  Swainson,  Zool.  Journ.  HI.  July,  1827,  165.     Type,  Tyran- 
nus  savanna  Vieill.  =  Miiscicapa  tyrannus  Linn. 

[442.]  Milvulus  tyrannus  (Linn.). 
Fork-tailed  Flycatcher. 

Mnscicapa  tyrannus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  325, 
Milvulus  tyrannus  Bonap.  Geogr.  &  Comp,  List,  1838,  25. 

[B  122,  C  240,  R  302,  C  366.] 

Hab.  Mexico  and  southward  throughout  Central  and  most  of  South 
America.  Accidental  in  the  United  States  (Mississippi,  Kentucky, 
New  Jersey). 

443.  Milvulus  forficatus  (Gmel.). 

Scissor-tailed  Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  forficata  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  i.  1788,  931. 
Milvulus forficatns  Swains.  Classif.  B.  II.  1827,  225. 

[B  123,  C  241,  R  301,  C  367.] 

Hab.  Texas  and  Indian  Territory,  casually  north  to  Kansas  and 
Missouri  ;  south  to  Central  America.  Accidental  in  Virginia,  New 
Jersey,  New  England,  Manitoba,  and  at  York  Factory,  Hudson's  Bay. 

Genus  TYRANNUS  Cuvier. 

Tyrannus  Cuvier,  Leg.  d'An.  Comp.  I.  1799,  tabl.  ii.     {Cf.  Tabl. 
Elem.  1797,  p.  201.)    Type,  Lanius  tyrannus  Linn. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  229 

444.  TyismnuB  tyrannus  (Liw.). 

Kiugbird. 

Lanius  tyrannus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  94. 
Tyrannus  tyrannus  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  4,  1884,  96. 

[B  124,  C  242,  R  304,  C  368.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  the  British  Provinces  south  to 
Central  and  South  America.  Rare  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
(Utah,  Nevada,  Washington  Territory,  etc.). 

445.  Tyrannus  dominicensis  (Gmel.). 

Gray  Kingbird. 

Lanius  tyrannus  fi.  dominicensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  302. 
Tyrannus  djminicjnsis  Richardson,  Rep.  Sixth  Meet.  Brit.  Ass.  V. 
1837,  170. 

[B  125,  C  243,  R  303,  C  369.] 

Hab.  South  Atlantic  States  (South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida), 
West  Indies,  Atlantic  coast  of  Central  America,  and  Northern  South 
America.     Accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

446.  T3nrannus  melancholicus  couchii  (Baird). 

Coucli's  Kingbird. 

Tyrannus  couchii  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  175. 

Tyrannus  melancholicus  var.  couchii  CoUES,   Checkl.  ed.    i,  Dec. 
1873,  51- 

[B  128,  129,  C  246,  R  305,  C  372.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States  (Texas,  Arizona),  south 
to  Guatemala. 


447.  Tsrrannus  verticalis  Say. 

Arl<.ansas  Kingbird. 

Tyrannus  verticalis  Say,  Long's  Exp.  H.  1823,  60. 

[B  126,  C  244,  R  306,  C  370.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  south 
to  Guatemala.  Accidental  in  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 
Maine. 


]  i 

I    ; 
'■': 

ill 


230  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

44s.  Tjrrannus  vociferans  Swains. 

C'aKHiu'8  Kingbird. 

Tyrannus  vociferans  Sv/ains.  Quirt.  Jour.  Sci.  XX.  1826,  273. 

[B  127,  C  24s,  R  307,  C371.] 

Har.    Western  United  States,  from  the  western  border  of  the  Plains 
to  Southern  California,  south  to  Guatemala. 

Genus  PITANGUS   Swainson. 

PitangHS  SwAiNSON',  Zool.  Journ.  III.  July,  1S27,  165.    Type,  Tyran- 
niis  sulphuratus  Vilill. 

449.  Fitangus  derbianns  (Kaup). 

Derby  Flycatclier. 

Saurophagus  derbianus  Kaup,  P.  Z.  S.  1 851,  44,  pi.  xxxvi. 
Pilangus  derbianus  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  297. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  308,  C  364.] 

Hab.    Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  south  to  Northern 
South  America. 

Genus  MYIOZETETES   Sclater. 

Myiozetctes  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  46.     Type,  Muscicapa  cayennensis 
Linn. 

[450.]  M3^ozetetes  tezensis  (Giraud), 

Giraud's  Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  texensis  Giraud,  Sixteen  Texas  B.  1841,  pi.  i. 
Myiozetetes  texensis  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  56. 

[B  —  C  -,  R  309,  C  — .] 

Hab.     "Texas"  (Giraud), south  to  Central  America  and  Northern 
South  America. 

Genus  MYIODYNASTES  Bonaparte. 

Myiodynastes  Bonap.    Bull.   Soc.  Linn.   Normandde,  II.   1857,  35. 
Type,  Muscicapa  audax  Gmel. 


•ili 
ill 


ORDER   PASSERES.  23 1 

451.  Msriodjrnastes  luteiventris  Scl. 

ttulphUA*  b  iUieii  Flycatcher. 

Myioiiynastes  !uteiventris  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1S59,  42  (ex  Bonap.  Compte 
Rend.  XXXVIII.  1854,  C57,  nomen  nudum). 

[D-,C-,  R3I0,  C365.] 
Had.     Scuthern  Arizona,  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

Genus  MYIARCHUS  Cabanis. 

Myiarchus  Cau.  Faun.  Per.  Aves,  1844-46,  152.     Type,  Muscicapa 
ferox  Gmel. 

452.  Mjriarchua  crinitus  (Linn.). 

Crested  Flycatcher, 

Muscicapa  crinita  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  325. 
Myiarchus  crinitus  Light.  Nomencl.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,  16. 

[B.  130,0  247,  H  312,  C  373.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada,  west  to  the 
Plains,  south  through  Eastern  Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 

453.  M3riarchiis  mexicanTis  (^Kaup). 

Slexican  Crested  Flycatcher. 

Tyr\annula,  tnexicana  Kaup,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  51. 

Myiarchus  mexicanus  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  IX.  May,  1869,  202. 

[Bi32,C—,R  311,0374.] 

Hab.    Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  southward  to 
Guatemala. 


453  rt.  Myiarchus  mexicanus  magister  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Crested  Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus  mexicanus  magister  Ridgw.  Pr.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  II. 
April  10,  1884,  90. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  south  into  Western  Mexico. 


232 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


454.  M3riarclius  cinerascens  Lawr. 

Ash-tliroated  Flycatcher. 

Tyrannula  cinerascens  Lawk.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1851,  121. 
Af\jiarchus'\  cinerascens  Lawk.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VII.  iMay,  i860,  285. 

[B  131,  C  248,  R  313,  C  375.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  north  to  Oregon,  Nevada,  Utah,  and 
Colorado,  south  to  Guatemala. 

[455.]  Myiarchus  lawrenceii  (Gir.). 

Lawrence's  Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  lawrenceii  Giraud,   Sixteen  Sp.  Texas  B.   1841,  9  (by 

actual  counting,  the  text  not  being  paged). 
Myiarchus  lawrencii  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  181. 

[B  133,  C  248,  R  314,  C  376.] 
Hab.    "Texas"  (Giraud)  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

455  iz.  Myiarchus  lawrencei  olivascens  Ridgw. 

Olivaceous  Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus  lawrencei  olivascens  Ridgw.   Pr.  Eiol.  See.  Wash.  II. 
April  10,  1884,  91. 

[B  _,  C  — ,  R  —  C  —.] 
Hab.     Arizona  and  Western  Mexico. 


Genus  SAYORNIS   Bonaparte. 

Say  amis  Bonap.  Coll.  Dglattre,  1854,  87.     Type,  Tyrannula  nigri- 
cans Swains. 


456.  Sayomis  phcebe  (Lath.). 

Phoebe. 

Muscicapa phcsbe  Latham,  Ind.  Orn.  II.  1790,  489. 
Sayomis phabe  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1885,  51. 

[B  135   C  252,  R3i5»C379.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  the  British  Provinces  south  to 
Eastern  Mexico  and  Cuba,  wintering  from  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  Spates  southward. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


233 


457.  Sayomis  saya  (Bonap.). 

Say's  Phoebe. 

liluscicixpa  saya  Bonap.  Am.  Orn.  I.  1825,  20. 
Sayomis  sayus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  185. 

[B  136,  C  250,  R316,  C  377.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  tiie  Pacific,  south 
into  Mexico. 

458.  Sayornis  nigricans  (Swains.). 

Black  Phoebe. 

Tyranmila  nigricans  Swains.  Philos.  Mag.  I.  May,  1827,  367. 
Say  or  7iis  nigricans  V>o^\v.  Coll.  Delattre,  1854,  87. 

[B  134,  C  251,  R  317,  C  378.] 

Hab.  Southwestern  United  States,  from  Texas  through  Southern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  California,  and  northward  along  the  coast 
to  Oregon ;   south  to  Southern  Mexico. 


Genus  CONTOPUS   Cabanis. 
Contopus  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  III.  Nov.  1855,  479.     Type,  Muscicapa  virens 

LlXN. 

459.  Contopus  borealis  (Swains.). 

Olive-sided  Flycatcher. 

Tyrannus  borealis  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  141,  pi.  35. 
Contopus  borealis  Baird.  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  1S8. 

[B  137,  C  253,  R  318,  C  380.] 

Hab.  North  America,  breeding  from  the  northern  and  the  higher 
mountainous  parts  of  the  United  States  northward.  In  winter,  south 
to  Central  America  and  Colombia. 


460.  Contopus  pertinax  lab. 

Coues's  Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus  pertinax  Light.  Nomen.  Mus.  Berol.   1854,   16  (nomen 

nudum). 
Contopus  pertinax  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  II.  Sept.  30,  1859,  72. 


234  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B-,  C254,  R319,  C381.] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Guatemala. 

401.  Contopus  virens  (L'nn.). 

Wood  Pewee. 

Miiscicapa  virens  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  327. 
Contopus  virens  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  IH.  Nov.  1S55,  479. 

[B  139,  C  255,  R  320,  C  382.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  and  from  Southern 
Canada  southward. 

402.  Contopus  richardsonii  (Swains.). 

Western  W^ood  Pewee. 

Tyrannula  richardsonii  SwAiNS.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  146,  pi.  46,  lower 

fig- 
Contopus  richardsonii  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  189. 

[B138,  C255«,R32i,  C383.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  south 
through  Central  America  to  Colombia. 

Genus  EMFIDONAX  Cabanis. 
Empidonax  Cab.  J.  f.  0. 1855, 4S0.    Type,  Tyrannula pusilla  Swains. 

403.  Empidonax  flaviventris  Baird. 

Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher. 

Tyrannula  flaviventris  Baird  (W.  M.  &  S.  F.),  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  July,  1843,  283. 
Empidonax flavive7itris  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  198. 

[B  144,  C  259,  R  322,  C  388.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  and  from  Southern 
Labrador  south  through  Eastern  Mexico  to  Panama,  breeding  from  the 
Northern  States  northward. 

\.l*l  -404.  Empidonax  difficilis  Baird. 
Baird's  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax  difficilis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  198  (in  text). 


ORDER   PASSERES.  235 

[B  144^7,  C  2S(),part,  R  323,  C  3S9.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  south 
through  Western  Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 

465.  Empidonaz  acadicus  (Gmel.). 

Acadiau  Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  acadica  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  947. 
Empidonax  acadicus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  197. 

[B  143,  C  256,  R  324,  C  384.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  chiefly  souihward,  west  to  the  Plains, 
south  to  Cuba  and  Costa  Rica. 

460.   Empidonax  pusillus  (Swains.). 

Little  Flycatcher. 

PlatyrhvncJuis pusillus  Swains.    Phil.  Mag.  I.  May,  1827,  366. 
Empidonax  pusillus  Cabanis,  J.  f.  O.  1855,  480. 

[B141,  C  257  a,  R  325,  C  386.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  the  western  border  of  the 
Plains  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  Fur  Countries  south  into  Mexico. 

460  fz.   Empidonax  pusillus  traillii  (Aud.). 

Traill's  Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  traillii  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I.  1832,  236. 

Empido7iax pjisillus  var.  traillii  B,  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  II.  1874, 

369- 

[B  140,  C  257,  R  325  a,  C  3S5.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  the  Middle  States 
(Southern  Illinois  and  Missouri)  northward  ;  in  winter  south  to  Cen- 
tral America. 

467.  Empidonax  minimus  Baird. 

Least  Flycatcher. 

Tyraunula  minima  Baird  (W.  M.  &  S.  F.),  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

July,  1843,  284. 
Empidonax  minimus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  195. 


236  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  142,  C  258,  R  326,  C  387.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  south  in  winter  to  Central  America. 
Breeds  from  the  Northern  States  northward. 

4GS.  Empidonaz  hammondi  (Xantus). 

llaiiiiuond's  Flycatcher. 

Tyranmila  havimondi  Xantus,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  May,  1858, 

117. 
Empidoaax  hannnoiidiVtMKQ,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  199. 

[B  145,  C  260,  R  327,  C  390.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  the  western  border  of  the 
Plains  westward,  north  to  the  Lesser  Slave  Lake,  and  south  to  South- 
ern Mexico. 

^  fc:^  4G9.  Empidonax  obscurus  (Swains.). 

Wright's  Flycatcher. 

Tyranmila  obscura  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  May,  1827,  367. 
Empidonax  obscurus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  200. 

[B  146,  C  261,  R  328,  C  391.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  north  to  Oregon  and  Montana,  and 
south  to  Southern  Mexico. 

[470.]  Empidonax  fulvifrons  (Giraud). 

Fulvous  Flycatcher, 

Muscicapa  fulvifrons  Giraud,  Sixteen  Tex.  B.  1841,  pi.  ii. 
Empidonax  fulvifrons  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  301. 

[B  — ,  C  -,  R  329,  C  — .] 

Hab.    "  Texas  "  (Giraud),  and  probably  Northeastern  Mexico. 
470  ar.  Empidonax  fulvifrons  pygmaeus  (Coues). 

Buff-breasted  Flycatcher. 

Empidonax pygmccus  CouES,  Ibis,  1865,  537. 

Empidonax ftdvifrons pygmceus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1S85,  356. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  237 

[B  — ,  C  262,  R  329  ^,  C  392.] 

Hab.     Western  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona,  south  probably 
into  Western  Mexico. 

Genus  PYROCEPHALTTS  Gould. 

Pyrocephalus  GoULD,  Zool.  Voy.  Beag.   1841,  44.     Types,  ''  Pyro- 
cephalits parvirostris  (Gould),  and  Muscicapa  coronaia  (AuCT.)." 

171.  Pyrocephalus  rubineus  mezicanus  (Scl.). 

Vermilion  Flycatcher. 

Pyrocephalus  mexicanus  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  45. 
Pyrocephalus  rubineus  var.  mexicanus  Coues,  Key,  1872,  177. 

[B  147,  C  263,  R  330,  C  394.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona  and  valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in 
Texas,  south  to  Guatemala. 

Genus  ORNITHION   Hartlaub. 
Ornithion  Hartlaub,  J.  f.  O.  1853,  35.     Type,  O.  inerme  Hartl. 

472.  Ornithion  imberbe  (Scl.). 

Beardless  Flycatcher. 

Camptostoma  imberbe  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  203. 
Ornithion  imberbe  Lawr.  Ibis,  1876,  497. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R33i>C393.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  south  into  East- 
ern Mexico. 

472  a.  Ornithion  imberbe  ridgwayi  Brewst. 

Ridgway's  Flycatcher. 

Ornithium  imberbe  ridgwayi  Brewst,  Bull.  Nutt.  Qrn.  CI.  VH.  Oct. 
1882,  208.  i 

[B  -,  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona  and  Western  Mexico. 


238 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Suborder   OSCINES.     Song  Birds. 


Family  ALAUDID-ffl.     Larks. 

Genus  ALAUDA  Linn^us. 

Alauda  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  165.     Type,  by  elimination,  A. 
arvensis  LiNN. 

[473.]  Alauda  arvensis  Linn. 

Skylark. 

Alauda  arvensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  165. 

[B  — ,  C  55  bis,  R  299,  C  88.] 

Hab.     Europe  and  Asia.     Accidental  in  Greenland  and  the  Ber- 
mudas. 

Genus  OTOCORIS   Bonaparte. 

Otocoris  BoNAP.  Faun.  Ital.  Ucc.  Introd.  1839.     Type,  Alauda  aipes- 
tris  Linn. 


474.   Otocoris  alpestris  (Linn.). 

Hornea  Lark. 

Alauda  alpestris  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  1758,  166. 

Otocoris  alpestris  Bonap.  Fauna  Ital.  Uccelli,  Introd.  1839  (^ot  P^g^d). 

[B  302,  C  53,  R  300,  C  82.] 

Hab.  Northeastern  North  America,  Greenland,  and  northern  parts 
of  the  Old  World  ;  in  winter  south  in  the  Eastern  United  States  to  the 
Carolinas,  Illinois,  etc. 

474  a.  Otocoris  alpestris  leucolaBma  (Coues).  • 

Pallid  Horned  Lark. 

Eremophila  alpestris  b.  leucolcema  Coues,  B.  N.  W.  1875,  38  (part). 
Otocoris  alpestris  leucolcema  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5, 
1882,  34. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  239 

[B  — ,  C  S3  ^,  R  300  a,  C  83.] 

Hab.     Interior  of  British  America,  and  Alaska,  south  in  winter  into 
Western  United  States. 

474  3.  Otocoris  alpestris  praticola  Hensh. 

Prairie  Horned  Lark. 

Oltocorysl  alpestris  praticola  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  264. 
[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Upper  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

474  r.  Otocoris  alpestris  arenicola  Hensh. 

Desert  Horned  Lark. 

Ol^tocorysl  alpestris  arenicola  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  265. 

[B  _,  C  -  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain   region   and   Great   Basin  of  the  United 
States. 

474 //.  Otocoris  alpestris  giraudi  Hensh. 

Texan  Horned  Lark. 

Otocorys  alpestris giraiidi  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  266. 
[B—  C— ,  R— ,  C— .] 
Hab.     Eastern  and  Southeastern  Texas. 

a 

474^.   Otocoris  alpestris  chrysolaema  (Wagl.). 

Mexican  Horned  Lark. 

Alauda  chrysolcema  Wagl.  Isis,  1831,  530. 

Otocoris  alpestris  chrysolcsma  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5, 
1882,  34. 

[B—  C53«,  R3oo3,C84.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona   and   Southern   New  Mexico,  south  into 
Mexico. 


240  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BHiDS. 

474/  Otocoris  alpestris  nibea  Hensh. 

Ruddy  Uoroed  Lark. 

O\^tocorys'\  alpestris  rubeus  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  267. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     California. 

474^.   Otocoris  alpestris  strigata  Hensh. 

Streaked  Horned  Lark. 

C{toc^ys'\  alpestris  strigata  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  267. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.  Coast  region  of  Washington  Territory,  Oregon,  and  British 
Columbia. 

1 ,2^"'  ^y^i        Family  CORVID-ffi.     Crows,  Jays,  Magpies,  etc. 

Subfamily  GARRULIN-^.    Magpies  and  Jays. 

Genus    PICA   Brisson. 
Pica  Briss.  Orn.  II.  1760,  35.    Type,  Corvus pica  Linn. 

475.  Pica  pica  hudsonica  (Sab.). 

American  Magpie. 

Corvus  htidsonicus  Sab.  App.  Frankl.  Journ.  1823,  25,  671. 
Pica  pica  hudsonica  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  4,  1884,  94. 

[B  432,  C  233,  R  286,  C  347.] 

Hab.  Northern  and  Western  North  America,  casually  east  and 
south  to  Michigan  (accidental  in  Northern  Illinois  in  winter)  and  the 
Plains,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
mainly  replaced  in  California  by  the  next  species. 

476.  Pica  nuttalli  Aud 

Yellow-billed  Magpie. 
Pica  nuttalli  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  IV.  1838,  450,  pi.  362. 


1 


1 


ORDER   TASSERES.  24I 

[B  433,  C  233  a,  R  287,  C  348.] 
Hab.    California. 

Genus  CYANOCITTA   Strickland. 

Cyanocitta  Strickl.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  XV.  1845,  261.     Type,  Corvus 
criitatus  LiNX. 

477.  Cyanocitta  cristata  (Linn.). 

Blue  Jay. 

Corvus  crista/us  Li\N.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  ic6. 
Cyanocitta  cristata  Strickl.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  XV.  1845,  261. 

[B  434,  C  234,  R  289,  C  349.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,   and  from  the  Fur 
Countries  south  to  Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 

477  <7.  Cyanocitta  cristata  florincola  Coues. 

Florida  Blue  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  cristata  florincola  Coues,  Key,  ed.  2,  1884,  421. 
[B  _,  C  -  R  -.  C  -.] 
Hab.     Florida. 

478.  Cyanocitta  stelleri  (Gmel.). 

Steller's  Jay. 

Corvus  stelleri  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  1788,  370. 

Cyanocitta  stelleri  Stkicki..  Ann.  N.  Hist.  XV.  1845,  261. 

[B  435,  C  235,  R  290,  C  350.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  the  Columbia  River  to 
Sitka,  and  northern  Coast  Range  in  California. 

478  a.   Cyanocitta  stelleri  frontalis  (Ridgw.). 

Blue-fronted  Jay. 

Cyanura  stelleri  var.  frontalis  Ridgw.  Am.  Journ.  Sc.  &  Arts,  3d  ser., 

V.  Jan.  1873,  41- 
Cyanocitta  stelleri  v^x .  frontalis  Boucard,  Qat.  Av.  1876,  279. 

[B  — ,  C  235^,  R  290  a,  C  353.] 
16 


I! 

1 1: 

f  l! 

ii 


242  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Hab.  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  and  Western  Nevada,  from  Fort 
Crook  to  Fort  Tejon. 

478/^.  Cyanocitta  stelleri  macrolopha  (Baird). 

Long-crested  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  macrolopha  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phih.  June,  1854,  118. 
Cyanocitta  stelleri  macrolopha  Coui:s,  Dull.  Nutt.  Orn.  CI.  V.  April. 
18S0,  98. 

[B  436,  C  235^,  R  290/^,  290 r,  C  352.] 

Hab.  Central  Rocky  Mountains,  from  British  America  to  New 
Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona. 

A//.  *  ^iSt 

Genus  APHELOCOMA   Cabanis. 

Aphclocoma  Cahanis,  Mus.  Hein.  I.  Oct.  15,  1S51,  221.     Type,  Gar- 
rulus  calijornicits  Vie 

479.  Aphelocoma  floridana  (Bartr.). 

Florida  Jay. 

Corvus floridamis  Bartr.  Trav.  Carol.  1791,  291. 
Aphelocoma Jloridana  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  185 1,  221. 

[B  439,  C  236,  R  291,  C  354.] 

Hab.     Florida. 

480.  Aphelocoma  woodhousei  (Baird). 

Woodliouse's  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  woodhousei  ^WRTt,  B.  N    Am.  185S,  pi.  59. 
Aphelocotna  woodhousii  Ridgw.  Field  and  Forest,  June,  1877,  208. 

[B  438,  C  236^,  R  292,  C  355.] 

Hab.  Middle  Province  of  the  United  States,  north  to  Eastern 
O-jgon,  Idaho,  Montana,  and  Wyoming,  east  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  west  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

481.  Aphelocoma  californica  (Vic). 

California  Jay. 

Garrubts  californicus  Yig.  Zool.  Beech.  Voy.  1839,  21,  pi.  v. 
A\^helocoma'\  californica  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  Oct.  15,  1851,  221. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


243 


[B437»C236^,  R293,  C356.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  including  both  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
\lf:-j/<i/(i\3.dd,  from  the  Columbia  River  to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

|,//s^^/-(i82.  Aphelocoma  sieberii  arizonae  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Jay. 

Cyanocitta  ultramarina  var.  arizonce  Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V. 

Dec.  1873,  199. 
Aphelocoma  sieberii  arizonce  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885, 

355. 

[B  440,  C  237,  R  295,  C  357.] 

Hab.     Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Genus  XANTHOURA   Boxa  parte. 

Xanthoura  Bona  p.  Consp.  A  v.  I.  May  6,  1850,  380.    Type,  Corvus 
yncas  BoDD. 

483.  Xanthoura  luxuosa  (Less.). 

Green  Jay. 

Garrulns  luxnosux  Less.  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  100, 
Xanthoura  litxuosa  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  380. 

[B  442,  C  238,  R  296,  C  358.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  southward 
into  Eastern  Mexico. 

Genus  FERISOREUS   Bonaparte. 
Perisoreus  Bonap.  Saggio,  1831,  43.     Type,  Corvus  infaustus  Linn. 


484.  Perisoreus  canadensis  (Linn.). 

Canada  Jay. 

Corvus  canadensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  158. 
Perisoreus  canadensis  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  27. 

[B  443,  C  239,  R  297,  C  359.] 


244  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Had.     Northern  New  Entjland,  Michigan,  Jind  Canada,  northward 
to  Arctic  America. 

484  a.  Perisoreus  canadensis  capitalis  Baird. 

Rocky  Mountain  Jay. 

Perisoreus  canadensis  var.   capitalis  "Baird  MS."  Ridgw.    Bull. 
Essex  Inst.  V.  Nov.  1873,  193. 

[B  — ,  C  239/^,  R  297  a,  C  362.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  south  to  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

484^.  Perisoreus  canadensis  fiimifrons  Ridgw. 

Alaskan  Jay. 

Perisoreus  canadensis  fumifrons  Ridgw.  Pr,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.   III. 
March  27,  18S0,  5. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  297  b,  C  360.] 

Hab.    Alaska. 

484  r.  Perisoreus  canadensis  nigricapiUus  Ridgw. 

Labrador  Jay. 

Perisoreus  canadensis  nigricapiUus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V. 
June  5,  1S82,  15. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.    Coast  district  of  Labrador,  north  to  Ungava  Bay. 

485.  Perisoreus  obscurus  (Ridgw.). 

Oregon  Jay. 

Perisoreus  canadensis  var.  obscurus  Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  Nov. 

i873>  194- 
Perisoreus  obscurus  SnxKTE.,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  B.  III.  1877,  105. 

[B  — ,  C  239  <?,  R  298,  C  361.] 

Hab.     Northwest  Coast,  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  California,  to 
British  Columbia. 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


245 


Subfamily  CORVIN-ffl.    Crows. 


Glnus  CORVUS   Linna:us. 

Conuts  LiNX.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  105.     Type,  by  elimination,  C. 
cor  ax  Linn. 

48G.   Corvus  coraz  sinuatus  (VVagl.). 

American  Kuveu. 

Corvus  sinuatus  Wagler,  Isis,  1829,  748. 

Corvus  corax  sinuatus  Riuow.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  423,  424,  C  226,  R  280,  C  338.] 

Hab.  Continent  of  North  America,  from  the  Arctic  regions  to 
Guatemala,  but  local  and  not  common  in  the  United  States  cast  of  the 
Mississippi  River. 

487.  Corvus  cryptoleucus  Couch. 

White- necked  llaven. 

Corvus  cryptoleucus  Couch,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  April,  1854,  66. 

[B  425,  C  227,  R  281,  C  339.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  South- 
ern California,  north  to  Colorado,  and  south  into  Mexico. 

488.  Corvus  americanus  Aud. 

American  Crow. 

Corvus  americanus  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II.  1834,  317. 
[B  426,  C  228,  R  282,  C  340.] 
Hab.     North  America,  from  the  Fur  Countries  to  Mexicb. 

488  tf.   Corvus  americanus  floridanus  Baird 

Florida  Crow. 

Corvus  americanus  \:sx.  floridanus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  568. 
[B  427,  C  228^,  R  2824/,  C  341.] 
Hab.     Florida. 


246  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

489.  Corvus  caurinus  Baikd. 

Northwest  Crow. 

Corvus  caurinus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  569. 

[B  428,  C  22  ^.  b,  R  282  b,  C  342.] 
Hab.     Northwe?.    oast,  from  California  to  Sitka. 

490.  Corvus  ossifragus  Wils. 

Fish  Crow. 

Corvus  ossifragus  Wils.  Am.  Cm.  V.  1812,  27,  pi.  37,  fig.  2. 
fB  429,  C  229,  R  283,  C  343.] 
Hab.     Atlantic  coast,  from  Long  Island  to  Florida. 

Genus  PICICORVUS   Bonaparte. 

Picicorvus  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  384.     Type,  Corvus  columbia- 
nus  Wils. 

491.  Picicorvus  columbianus  (Wils.). 

Clarke's  Nutcracker. 

Corvus  columbianus  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  III.  18 11,  29,  pi.  20,  fig.  3. 
Picicorvus  columbianus  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  384. 

[B  430,  C  230,  R  284,  C  344.] 

Had.     Western  North  America,  from  Arizona  to  Sitka,  and  east  to 
the  Plains. 

Genus  CYANOCEPHALUS   Bonaparte. 

Cyanocephalus  Bonap.  Oss.  Stat.  Zool.  Eur.  Vertebr.  1842,  17.    Type, 
Gymtiorhinus  cyanocephalus  Wied. 

492.  Cyanocephalus  cyanocephalus  (Wied). 

Pinon  Jay. 

Gy?nnorhinus  cyanocephalus  Wied,  Reise  N.  Amer.  II.  1841,  21. 
Cyanocephalus  cyanocephahts  Stejn.  Auk.  I.  1884,  230. 

[B431,  C  231,  R  285,  C  345] 


ORDER   PASSERES.  24/ 

IIab.     Rocky  Mountain  region,  westward  to  the  Cascade  range  and 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Mexico  north  into  British  America. 


Family   STURNIDuE.     Starlings. 


Genus  STURNUS   Linn^us. 

Sturnus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.   lo,  I.  1758,  167.     Type,  by  elimination,  i". 
vulgaris  Liw. 

[-103.]   Sturnus  vulgaris  Linn. 

starling. 

Slurnus  vulgaris  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  167. 
[B-,  C-,  R  279,  C  363.] 
Hab.     Europe  and  Northern  Asia;  accidental  in  Greenland. 


Famiiy  ICTERIDiE.     Blackbirds,  Orioles,  etc. 

Genus  DOLICHONYX   Swainson. 

Dolichonyx  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  June,  1S27,  435.     Type,  Fringilla 
oryzivora  Linn. 

494.   Dolichon3rx  oryzivorus  (Linn.). 

Bobolink. 

Fringilla  orysivora  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  179. 
Dolichonyx  orysivorus  Swains.  Zool.  Jour.  III.  1827,  351. 

[B399,  C  210,  R  257,  C  312.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Great  Plains  ;  north  to  South- 
ern Canada ;  south,  in  winter,  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
Breeds  from  the  Middle  States  northward,  and  winters  south  of  the 
United  States. 

494 dr.  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  albinucha  Ri.^gw. 

Western  Bobolink.  ' 

Dolicho7iyx  oryzivorus  var.  albinucha  Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V. 
Nov.  1873,  ^9^- 


248  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  _   C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Dakota,  westward  to  Utah  and  Nevada,  north  to  Manitoba. 

Genus  MOLOTHRUS    Swainson. 

Molothrus  SwAixs.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  277.     Type,  Fringilla  pecoris 
Gmel.  =:  Oriolus  ater  Bodd. 

495.   Molothrus  ater  (Bodd.). 

Cowbird. 

Oriolus  ater  Bodd.  Tabl.  PI.  Enlum.  1783,  37. 
Molothrus  ater  Gray,  Handl.  'J.  II.  1870,  36. 

[B  400,  C  211,  R  258,  C  313.] 

Hab.     United  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  vhe  Pacific,  north  into 
Southern  British  America,  south,  in  winter,  into  Mexico. 

495  a.  Molothrus  ater  obscurus  (Gmel.). 

Dwarf  Cowbird. 

Sturnus  obscurus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  17S8,  804. 

M[olothrus^\  ater  \?ir.  obscurus  Coues,  B.  N.  W.  1874,  180,  in  text. 

[B  — ,  C  211  rt;,  R  258^/,  C  314.] 

Hab.     Southern  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Arizona  and  Lower 
California,  south  into  Mexico. 

h^Z    ^^^'  Molothrus  seneus  (VVagl.). 

Bronzed  Cowbird. 

Psarocolius  cuneus  Wage.  Isis,  1829,  758. 
Molothrus  ceneus  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1851,  192. 

[B—  C-,  R  259,  C  315.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  southward. 


Genus  XANTHOCEPHALUS   Bonaparte. 

Xanthocephalus  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  431.     Type,  Icterus  icte- 
rocepJialus  Bonap.  =  /.  xanthocephalus  Boxap. 


ORDER  P4SSERES.  249 

497.  Zanthocephalus  xanthocephalus  (Bonap.). 

Yellow-headed  Blackbird. 

Icterus  xanthocephalus  Bonap.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  V.  1826, 

223. 
Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  4,  1S84,  92. 

[B  404,  C  213,  R  260,  C  319.] 

Hab.  Western  Nonh  America,  from  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Texas 
to  the  Pacific  coast.  Accidental  in  the  Atlantic  States  (Massachu- 
setts, South  Carolina,  Florida). 


Genus  AGELAIUS   Vieillot. 
AgelaiusNi^iiA..  Analyse,  18 16,  2>Z-     Type,  Oriolus phocniceus  Linn. 
\'^^.  Agelaius  phceniceus  (Linn.). 

Red-winged  Blackbird. 

Oriolus  phocniceus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  i6t. 
Agelaius phocniceus  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  IL  1831,  2S0. 

[B  401,  C  212,  R  261,  C  316.] 

Hab.     North  America  in  general,  from  Great  Slave  Lake  south  to 
,,     Costa  Rica. 

"■     499.  Agelaius  gubernator  (Wagl.). 

Bicolored  Blackbird. 

Psarocolius gubernator  V^XGi^.  Isis,  IV.  1832,  281. 
Agelaius  gubernator  Bonap.  Geo;,^  &  Comp.  List,  1S38,  29. 

[B  402,  C  2i2rtt,  R  261  dr,  C  317.] 

Hab.     Pacific  Province  of  the  United  States,  south  into  Western 
Mexico. 

500.  Agelaius  tricolor  (Nurr.). 
Tricolored  Blackbird. 

Icterus  tricolor  "  Nutt."  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  pi.  388,  fig.  i. 
Agelaius  tricolor  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  29. 

[B  403,  C  212  ^,  R  262,  C  318.] 


250  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Hab.     Pacific  Province  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Columbia 
River  southward. 

Genus   STURNELLA   Vieillot. 
Stuniella  Vieill,  Analyse,  1S16,  34.    Type,  Alauda  magna  Linn. 

501.   Sturnella  magna  (Linn.). 

3Ieadow  lark. 

Ahiitda  magna  Lixx.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  167. 
Sturnella  magna  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  436. 

[B  406,  C  214,  R  263,  C  320,] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada  to  the  Plains. 

501 «.  Stnrnella  magna  mexicana  (Scl.). 

3Iexiean  Meadowlark. 

Sturnella  mexicana  ScL.  Ibis,  1861,  179. 

Sturnella  magna  var.  mexicana  B.  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  II.  1874, 
172. 

[B_  C-,  R263^,  C321.] 
Had.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  and  Arizona,  southward. 

501/^.  Sturnella  magna  neglecta  (Aud.). 

Western  Meadowlark,  . 

Sturnella  neglecta  Aud.  B.  Am.  VII.  1843,  339-  P^-  487. 
Sturnella  magna  var.  neglecta  Allen,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  III.  No.  2,  July, 
1872,  178. 

[B  407,  C  214^,  R  264,  C  322.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Texas, 
etc.,  west  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genus  ICTERUS   Brisson. 

Subgenus  ICTERUS. 

Icterus  Briss.  Orn.  II.  1760,  85.     Type,  by  eliminaticn,  Oriolus  icte- 
rus Linn. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  25  I 

[502.]    Icterus  icterus  (Linn.). 

Troupial. 

Oriolus  icterus  Linn.  S.  N.  eel.  12,  L  1766,  161. 

Icttrus  ickrus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI I L  1S85,  355. 

[B  40S,  C  — ,  R  265,  C  323.] 

Had.     West   Indies    (introduced)    and   Nortliern    South   America. 
Accidental  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Audubon^. 

U)o.  Icterus  audubonii  Giraud. 

Audubon's  Oriole. 

Icterus  audubonii  GiRAUD,  Sixteen  Texas  B.  1841,  3. 
[B  409,  C  220,  R  266,  C  330.] 
Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  southward. 

504.  Icterus  parisorum  Bonap. 

Scott's  Oriole. 

Icterus  parisorum  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  109. 

[B  411,  C  219,  R  268,  C  329.] 

Har.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Lower 
California,  and  southward. 

Subgenus  PENDULINUS  Vieillot. 
Pettdulinus  "Vieill.  Analyse,  18 16,  33.     Type,  Oriolus  spurius  Linn. 

505.  Icterus  cucullatus  Swains. 

Hooded  Oriole. 

Icterus  cucullatus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  L  1827,  436. 

[B  413,  C  218,  R  269,  C  328.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  southward 
through  Eastern  and  Southern  Mexico. 

505  dr.   Icterus  cucullatus  nelsoni  Ridgw. 
Arizona  Hooded  Oriole. 

Icterus  cucullatus  nelsoni  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Vol.  VIII. 
No.  2,  April  20,  1885,  19. 


252  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  -  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  west  to  San  Diego,  and  south  to  Mazatlan 
and  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

BOG.  Icterus  spurius  (Linn.). 

Orchard  Oriole. 

Oriolus  spurius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  162. 

Icterus  spurius  Bonap.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  III.  1823,  363. 

[B  414,  C  215,  R  270,  C  324.] 

Hab.     United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  south,  in  winter,  to  Panama. 


Subgenus   YPHANTES  Vieillot. 
Yphantes  ViEiLL.  Analyse,  1816,  33.     Type,  Coracias  galbula  Linn. 

507.  Ictsnis  galbula  (Linn.). 

lialtiinore  Oriole. 

Coracias  galbula  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  1758,  108. 

Icterus  galbula  CoUES,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  CI.  V.  1880,  98. 

[B  415,  C  216,  R  271,  C  326.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  west  nearly  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

508.  Icterus  bullocki  (Swains.). 

Bullock's  Oriole. 

Xanthornus  bullocki  SWAISS.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  436. 
Icterus  bullocki  BO'S Av.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  29. 

[B416,  C  217,  R  272,  C  327.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  west  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genus  SCOLECOPHAGrUS   Swainson. 

Scolecophagus  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  2S6.     Type,  Oriolus ferru- 
giticus  Gmel.  =  Turdus  carolinus  Mull. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 

509.  Scolecophagns  carolinus  (Mull.).  . 

llusty  Blackbird. 


253 


Turd.'s  carolinus  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.  1776,  140. 
Scolccophagus  carolinus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  356. 

[B417,  C  22J,  R  273,  C  331.J 

Hab.     Eastern   Nonh   Arncrica,  west   to  Alaska   and  the   Plains, 
r.reeds  from  Northern  New  England  northward. 

510.  Scolecophagus  cyanocephalus  (Wagl.). 

Brewer's  Blackbird. 

Psarocoliiis  cyanocephalus  Wagl,  Isis,  1S29,  758. 
Scolecophai^us  cyanocephalits  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1851,  193. 

[B  418,  C  222,  R  274,  C  332.] 

Hab.     Western  North  America,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  anfl 
from  the  Saskatchewan  region  south  to  the  highlands  of  Mexico. 


Genus  QUISCALUS  Vieillot. 
Subgenus  QUISCALUS. 
Quiscahis  Vieill.  Anal.  181 6,  36.     Type,  Gracula  quiscula  LiNN. 

511.  Quiscalus  quiscula  (Linn.). 

Purple  Grackle. 

Gracula  quiscula  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  1758,  109. 
Quiscahis  quiscula  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  4,  1884,  93. 

[B421,  C  225,  R278,  C  335.] 

Hab.     Atlantic  States,  from  Florida  to  Long  Island. 

511  <z.   Quiscalus  quiscula  aglaeus  (Baird). 

Florida  Grackle. 

Quiscalus  aglcEus  Baird,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  &  Arts,  1866,  84. 
Quiscalus  quiscula  aglcsus  Stejn.  Auk,  IL  Jan.  1885,  43,  foot-note. 


[B  422,  C  — ,  R  278  rt,  C  336.] 


Hab.     Florida. 


254  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

511  b.   Quiscalus  quiscula  aeneus  (Ridgw.). 

Bronzed  Grackle. 

Quiscalus  aneus  Ridgw.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1869,  134- 
Quiscalus  quiscula  ccncus  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1S85,  43,  foot-note. 

[B— ,  C225^,  R278^,C337.] 

Hab.     From  the  AUeghanies  and  New  England  north  and  west  to 
Hudson's  Bay  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Subgenus  MEGAQUISCALUS  Cassin. 

Afegaquiscalus  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  409.     Type,  Quis- 
calus major  Vieill. 

512.  Quiscalus  macroums  Swains. 

Great-tailed  Grackle. 

Quiscalus  macrourus  S wains.  Anim.  in  Menag.  1838,  299. 
[B419,  C  223,  R  275,  C  333.] 
Hab.     Eastern  Texas,  south  to  Central  America. 

513.  Quiscalus  major  Vieill. 

Boat-tailed  Grackle. 

Quiscalus  viajor\\E.\\A..  N.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXVIII.  1819,487. 

[B  420,  C  ?.2\,  R  277,  C  334.] 

Hab.     Coast  region   q'\  t.ie  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  from 
North  Carolina  to  Texas. 

Famuy  FRINGILLID.<E.     Finches,  Sparrows,  etc. 

Genus  COCCOTHRAUSTES   Brisson. 

Coccothraustes   Briss.    Orn.    III.    1760,    218.      Type,    Loxia  cocco- 
thraustes  Linn. 

Subgenus  HESFERIFHONA   Bonaparte. 

Hesperiphona  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XXXI.  Sept.  185c,  424.     Type, 
Fringilla  vespertina  Cooper. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  255 

514.  Coccothraustes  vespertina  (Coop.). 

Eveniu<;  Grosbeak. 

FringiUa  vespertina  Coop.  Ann.  Lye  N.  Y.  I.  ii.  1825,  220. 
Coccothraustes  resperiina  S\v.  &  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  269,  pi.  C8. 

[B  303,  C  136,  R  165,  C  189.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  east  to  Lake  Superior,  and  casually 
to  Ohio  and  Ontario ;  from  the  Fur  Countries  south  into  Mexico. 

Genus  FINICOLA   Vieillot. 

FinLoIa  Vieill.   Ois.   Am.   Sept.    I.    1S07,  p.  iv.     Type,  P.  rubra 
V'lEiLL.  =  Loxia  etiucuutor  Linn. 

515.  Pinicola  enucleator  (Linn.). 

Pine  Grosbeak. 

Loxia  etiJtcleator  hi'^'S.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  171. 
Pinicola  emicleator  Qk^.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1851,  167 

[B  304,  C  137,  R  166,  C  190.] 

H\B.  Northern  portions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  far 
north;  in  winter  south,  in  North  America,  irregularly  to  the  Northern 
United  States.  South  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  California. 


Genus  PYRRHULA   Brisson. 
Pyrrhula  Briss.  Orn.  Ill,  1760,  308.     Type,  Loxia pyrrhula  Linn. 

[516.]   Pyrrhula  cassini  (Baird). 

Cassia's  Bullfinch. 

Pyrrhula  coccinea  var.  cassini  Baird,  Trans.  Chicago  Ac.   Sci.   I. 

1869.  3x6. 
Pyrrhula  cassini  Tkistt(.xm,  Ibis,  1871,  231. 

[B— ,  C  138,  R  167,  C  191.] 

Hab.     Alaska  and   Siberia.      (Known  as  American   only  from   a 
f^ingle  specimen,  taken  at  Nulato,  Jan.  10,  1867.) 


256  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  CAHPODACUS   Kacp. 

Carpodacus  Kaup,  Ent.  Eur.  Thiervv.  1829,  161.     Type,  Loxia  erv* 
thrina  Pall. 

517.  Carpodacus  purpureus  (Gmcl.). 

Purple  Fint'li. 

Frinj^illa purpurea  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  17S8,  923. 
Carpoda  us  purpureus  Gray,  Gen.  B.  II.  1844.  3S4. 

[B  305,  C  139,  R  168,  C  194.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Plains. 
Breeds  from  the  Middle  States  northward. 

517  d.   CarpodacTi?  purpureus  californicus  Baird. 

California  Purple  Finch. 

Carpodacus  californicus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  413. 
Carpodacus  purpureus  var.  californicus  B.  B.  «S:  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B. 
I.  1874,  465 

[B306,  C— ,  R  i68rt,  C— .] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region,  from  British  Columbia  south  to  South- 
ern California. 

518.  Carpodacus  cassini  Baird. 

Ci  ssin's  Purple  Finch. 

Carpcdac7is  cassini  V>\\KD,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Jime,  1854,  119. 

[B  307,  C  140,  R  169,  C  195.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  south  over  the  plateau  region  of 
Mexico. 

1.21  "  ^^^'  Carpodacus  frontalis  (Say). 

House  Finch. 

Fringilla  frontalis  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1824,  40. 
Carpodacus  frontalis  Gray,  Gen.  B.  II.  1844,  384. 

[B  308,  C  141,  R  170,  C  196.] 

Hab.     Middle  Province  of  the  United  States. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 

i/j^     519/7.  Carpodacixs  frontalis  rhodocolpus  (Cab.). 

Ci'iniiion  House  Fiuch. 


257 


CarpodacHs  rhodocolpus  Cah.  Mus.  llein.  I.  1S51,  166. 
Carpodaciis  frontalis  var.  rhodocolpus  KiUGW.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  &  Arts, 
V.Jan.  1873,  39. 

[B  — ,  C  141  rtr,  R  170^,  C  197.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  Oregon  to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

520.   Carpodacus  amplus  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  House  Fincb. 

Carpodacus  (Wiplus  RiDGW.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  II. 
No.  2,  April  I,  1876,  187. 

[B— ,  C—   R171,  C-.] 
Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

Genus  LOXIA   Linn/Eus. 

Loxia  LiKN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  171.    Type,  by  elimination,  Loxia 
curvirostra  Linn. 


521.  Lo2:ia  curvirostra  minor  (BrehxM). 

Americaa  Crosfbill. 

Crucirostra  minor  Brehm.  Naumannia,  1S53.  193. 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B318,  C  143,  R  172,  C  199.] 

Hab.     Northern   North  America,  resident  sparingly  south   in  the 

Eastern  United  States  to  Maryland  and  Tennessee,  and  in  the  Al- 

leghanies  ;   irregularly    abundant    in    winter ;    resident   south   in  the 
Ricky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 

521  a.  Loxia  curvirostra  stricklandi  Ridgw. 

Mexican  Crossbill. 

Loxia  curvirostra  stricklandi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  354- 

[B  318  rt',  C  143  a,  R  172  a,  C  200.] 

Hab.     Colorado,  Southern  Arizona,  and  highlands  of  Mexico. 

<7 


258  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

522.  Lozia  leucoptera  (^mel. 

>Vhito-\viuKe(l  Crossbill. 

Loxia  leucoptera  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  17SS,  540. 

[B319,  C  142,  R  173,  C  19S.]    ' 

Hab.     Northern   parts  of  North   America,  south    into  the  United 
States  in  winter.     Breeds  from  Northern  New  Kniiland  northward. 


Genus  LEUCOSTICTE  Swainson. 

Lcucnsticte  SwAJNS.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  265.    Type,  Linaria  tephrocotis 
Swains. 

623.  Leucosticte  griseonucha  (Brandt). 

Aleutian  Leucosticte. 

Friwrilla  (^Linaria)  grisconuJia  Brandt,  Bull.  Ac  St.  Pdtersb.  Nov. 

1S41,  36. 
Leucosticte  griseonucha  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  537. 

[B  323,  C  144^7,  R  174,  C  205.] 

Hab.  Aleutian  Islands,  including  Kadiak,  Unalashka,  Prybilof, 
and  Commander  Islands. 

524.  Leucosticte  tephrocotis  S^vmns. 

Gray-crowned  Leucosticte. 

Linaria  (^Leucosticte)  tephrocotis  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  255,  pi  50. 
Leucosticte  tephrocotis  SwAiNS.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1S31,  494. 

[B322,  c  144,  R  175,  c  203.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  British  America,  south  in  winter  throughout  the 
ent.re  Rocky  Mountain. region  of  the  United  States,  but  most  abundant 
on  the  eastern  slope- 

524 «.   Leucosticte  tephrocotis  littoralis  (Baird). 

Hepburn's  Leucosticte. 

Leucosticte  littoralis  Baird,  Trans.  Chicago  Ac.  Sci.  I.  5.  1869,  318, 

pi.  28,  fig.  I 
Leucosticte  tephrocotis  vdx.  littoralis  CoUES,  Key,  1872,   130. 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


259 


[B— ,  C—   R  175^7,0204.] 

Had.  In  summer,  probably  the  interior  mountainous  regions  of 
British  Columbia  ;  in  winter,  northwest  coast,  from  Kadiak  southward, 
and  eastward  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  Colorado. 

525.  Leucosticte  atrata  Ridgw. 

ISlaok  Leucosticte. 

Leucosticte  atrata  Ridgw.  American  Sportsman,  July  18,  1874,  241 ; 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  2d  ser.  No.  2,  May  11, 
1875,  69. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R  176,  C  201.] 

Had.  In  winter,  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah';  summer  range 
not  known. 

626.  Leucosticte  australis  (Allen). 

lirown-capped  Leucosticte. 

Leucosticte  tepJirocotis  var.  australis  "  ALLEN,  MS."  RiDGW.  Bull. 

Essex  Inst.  V.  Dec.  1873,  197. 
Leucosticte  australis  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr. 

2d  ser.  No.  2,  May  11,  1875,  79. 

[B—,C—,R  177,0203.] 

Hab.  Mountains  of  Colorado,  breeding  above  timber-line,  descend- 
ing into  the  valleys  in  winter  j  New  Mexico. 


Genus  ACANTHIS  Bechstein. 

Acanthis  Bechst.  Orn.  Tasch.  Deutschl.  1803,  125.    Ty'^e,  Fringilla 
linaria  LiNN. 


527.  Acanthis  horne.ii\anniJ  (Holb.). 

Greenland  Redpoll. 

Linota  hornemannii  Holboll,  Naturh.  Tidskr.  IV.  1843,  398. 
Acanthis  hornemannii  St'E]^.  Auk,  I.  April,  1884,  ^52- 

[B321,  C— ,  R  178,  C  209.] 

Hab.     Greenland  and  Eastern  Arctic  America. 


26o  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  B^RDS. 

C27^.  Acanthis  hornemannii  exilipes  (Coues), 

Hoary  Redpoll. 

/Egiothus  exilipes  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  3S5. 
Acanthis  horiieinaiinii  exilipes  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  April,  18S4,  ''52 

[B— ,  C  146 /^  R  178^,  C  210.] 

Hab.     Arctic  America  and  Northeastern  Asia. 

C2S.  Acanthis  linaria  (Linn.). 

KcdpoU. 

Friiigilla  linaria  Lin'N.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  175S,  182. 
Acanthis  li7iaria  Bonap.  &  Schleg.  Mon.  Lox.  1850,  48. 

[B  320,  C  146,  146  dr,  R  179,  C  207.] 

Hab.  Northern  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  south  irregularly 
in  winter,  in  North  America,  to  the  Middle  United  States  (Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Kansa::,  Southeastern  Oregon). 

528  a.  Acanthic  linaria  holboellii  (Brehm). 

Holboeirs  Redpoll. 

Linaria  Jiolboellii  Brehm,  Handb.  Vog.  Deutschl.  1831,  280. 
Acanthis  linaria  /3.  holboellii  Dubois,  Consp.  Av.  Europ.  1871,  18. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  i']()a,  pari,  C  2o?>,part.'] 

Hab.  Northern  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere,  near  the  sea- 
coast. 

C28^.   Acanthis  linaria  rostrata  (Coues). 

Greater  Redpoll. 

iEgioihns  rostratus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i86r,  378. 
Acanthis  linaria  rostrata  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  April,  18S4,  153. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  i']()a, part,  C  208, /«r/.] 

Hab.  Greenland  and  Northeastern  North  America,  south  irregu- 
larly in  winter  to  Ne'v  England,  New  York,  and  Northern  Illinois. 


Genus  SPUTCTS   Koch. 
Spitms  Koch,  Bayr.  Zool.  18 16,  233.     Type,  Fringilla  spinus  Linn. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


261 


529.  Spinus  tristis  (Linn.). 

American  Goldfiuch. 

Fringilla  tristis  Li\N.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  181. 
spinus  tristis  Stejx.  Auk,  I.  Oct,  18S4,  362. 

[B  313,  C  149,  R  181,  C  213.J 

Hab.  North  America  generally,  breeding  southward  to  the  middle 
districts  of  the  United  States  (to  about  the  Potomac  and  Ohio  Rivers, 
Kansas,  and  California),  and  wintering  mostly  south  of  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  United  States. 

530.  Spinus  psaltria  (Say). 

Arkansas  Goldfinch. 

Frin:riiia  psaltria  Sav,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1823,  40. 
Spinus  psaltria  Stejx.  Auk,  II.  Oct.  1884,  3^2. 

[B314,  C  151,  R  182,  C  21.5.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  and 
from  Colorado  and  Utah  southward  to  Sonora. 

530  rt.  Spinus  psaltria  arizonae  (Coues). 

Arizona  Goldfincli. 

Chrysomitris  mexicana  var.  arizonae  CoUES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

1866,  82. 
Spinus  psaltria  arizonce  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  Oct.  1884,  362. 

[B—   C  151  ^rR  182^,  C  216.] 

Hab.  Southern  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona,  southward  into 
Northern  Mexico. 


530^.   Spinus  psaltria  mexicanus  (Swains.). 

Mexican  Goldfinch. 

Cardiielis  mexicanus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  435. 
spinus  psaltria  mexicanus  Stejn.  Auk.  I.  Oct.  1884,  362. 

[B315,  C  159  ^R  182/;,  C  217.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  southward  through 
Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Panama. 


262  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

531.  Spinus  lawrencei  (Cass.). 

Lawrence's  Goldfiucli. 

Carduelis  lawrencei  Cass.  Fr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1S51,  105,  pi.  v. 
Spinus  lawrencei  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Oct.  1884,  362. 

[B316,  C  150,  R  183,  C  214.] 

Hab.     California ;   Arizona,  in  winter. 

[532.]   Spinus  notatus  (DuBus). 
Black-headed  Goldfinch. 

Carduelis  notata  DuBus,  Bull.  Ac.  Brux.  XIV.  pt.  2,  1847,  106. 
Spinus  notatus  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  Oct.  1884,  362. 

[B3io,C— ,  R  184,  C  218.] 

Hab.     Mexico ;  accidental  in  Kentucky  (Audubon). 

633.  Spinus  pinus  (VVils.). 

Pine  Siskin. 

Fringilla pinus  Wils   Am.  Orn.  II.  iSio,  133,  pi,  17,  fig.  t. 
spinus  pinus  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  Oct.  1SS4,  362. 

[B317,  C  148,  R  185,  C  212.] 

Hab.  North  America  generally,  breeding  mostly  north  of  the 
United  States  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  ;  in  winter  south 
to  the  Gulf  States  and  Mexico. 


Genus  FLECTROPHENAZ   Stejneger. 

Plectrophenax  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5,  1S82,  33.     Type, 
Emberiza  nivalis  Linn. 

634.  Plectrophenax  nivalis  (Linn.). 

Snowflake. 

Emberiza  nivalis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  176. 

Plectrophenax  nivalis  Stfjn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5, 1882,  33. 

[B325,C  152,  R  186,  C  219.] 


iS;]!! 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


263 


Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  in  the 
arctic  resions  ;  in  North  America  south  in  winter  into  the  Northern 
United  States,  irregularly  to  Georgia,  Southern  Illinois,  and  Kansas. 

535.  Plectrophenax  hyperboreus  Ridgw. 

McKay's  Snowflake. 

Plectrophenax  hyperboreus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  June  ii, 
1SS4,  68. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R—  C-.] 

Hab.     Alaska. 


Genus   CALCARIUS   Bechstein. 

Calcariics  Bechst.  Taschb.  Vog.  Deutschl.  1803,  130.    Type,  Fringilla 
lapponica  LiNN. 

536.  Calcarius  lapponicus  (Linn.). 

Lapland  Longspur. 

Fringilla  lapponica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  180. 

Calcarius  lapponicus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5,  1882,  33. 

[B326,  C  153,  R  187,  C  220.] 

Hab.  Northern  portions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  breeding  far 
north ;  in  North  America  south  in  winter  to  the  Northern  United 
States,  irregularly  to  the  Middle  States,  accidentally  to  South  Carolina, 
and  abundantly  in  the  interior  to  Kansas  and  Colorado. 

537.  Calcarius  pictus  (Swains.). 

Smith's  Longspur. 

Emberiza  {Plectrophancs)  picta  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II   183 1,  250,  pi.  49. 
Calcarius  pictus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5,  1882,  33. 

[B327,  C1.-4,  R188,  C221.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  from  he  Arctic  coast  to  Illinois 
and  Texai,  breeding  far  north. 

538.  Calcarius  omatus  (Towns.). 

Chestnut-collared  Lougspur. 

Plectrophanes  omatus  Towns.  Journ.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1837, 

189. 
Calcarius  omatus  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5,  1882,  33. 


264 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B32S,  329,  C  155,  R  189,  C  222.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  from  the  Saskatchewan  Plains 
south  to  Texas.  Rare  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Accidental  in 
Massachusetts. 


Genus  RHYNCHOPHANES   Baird. 

Rhynchophanes  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,432  (in  text).     Type,  Plectio- 
phaiies  mccoiunii  Lawr. 

539.   Rhynchophanes  mccownii  (Lawr.). 

McCown's  Longspur. 

Plectropltancs  mccownii  hxwK.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1851,  122. 
Rhynchophanes  maccowni  Ridgw.  Field  &  Forest,  II.  May,  1877,  197. 

[B  330,  C  156,  R  190,  C  223.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  from  the  Saskatchewan  Plains 
south  to  Texas  and  Mexico  \  breeds  from  about  the  northern  border  of 
Western  Kansas  northward. 


Genus  FOOC^TES   Baird. 

Poocatcs  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  447.     Type,  Fringilla  graininea 
Gmel. 

540.  Foocaetes  gramineus  (Gmel.). 

Vesper  Sparrow. 

Fringilla gramittea  Gmel.  S-  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  992. 
Pooccetes gramineus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  447. 

[B  337^  A-^^'  C  161,  R  197,  C  233.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  from  Nova  Scotia  and 
Ontario  southward  ;  bre^ids  fron  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri 
northward. 


640  a.   Poocaetes  gramineus  con:'inis  uaird. 

Western  Vesper  Sparrow. 

Pooccetes  gramineus  var.  confinis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  448  (in 
text). 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


265 


[D  ZZI.part,  C  161  «,  R  197  cu  C  232.] 

Hab.     Western  United  Statesj  from  the  PiAins  to  the  Pacific,  south 
into  Mexico. 

Genus  AMMODRAMUS   Swainson. 

Ammocframus  SwAiNS.  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1827,  348.     Type,  FringUla 
caudacuta  Wilson. 

Subgenus  PASSERCULUS  Bonaparte. 

Passer ciclus  BoxAP   Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  183S,  2>2>-     Type,  Fringilla 
savanna  WiLS. 

541.   Ammodramus  princeps  (Mayn.). 

Ipswich  Sparrow. 

Passcradus  princeps  Mayx.  Am.  Nat.  VI.  1872,  637. 
Ainiitodramus  pj-inceps  Ridgw,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B—  C  158,  R  192,0225.] 

Hab.     Atlantic  coast,  from  Nova  Scotia  south,  in  winter,  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

o42.  Ammodramus  sandwichensis  (Gmel.). 

Sandwich  Sparrow. 

Etnberiza  sandwichensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  T.  ii.  1788,  875. 
Ammodramus  savdwichensis  Ridgw.   Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
1885,  354- 

[B  i2>l^  C  159 /a  R  193,  C  226.] 
Hab.     Northwest  coast,  n.om  the  Columbia  River  to  Unalashka. 


5 12^.  Ammodramns  sandwichensis  savanna  (Wils.). 

Savanna  Sparrow.  •• 

Fringilla  savanna  Wiis.  Am.  Or\    III.  181 1,  55,  pi.  22,  fig.  2. 
Ammodramus  sandwichensis  savanna  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
VIII.  1S85,  354. 

[B  332,  C  159,  R  193  rt,  C  227.] 


266  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   RIRDS. 

Hab.     Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  breeding  from  the  North- 
ern United  States  to  Labrador  and  Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 

5A2l\  Ammodramus  sandwichensis  alaudinus  (Bonap.). 

Western  Savanna  Sparrow. 

Passercidus  alaudinus  BoxAP.  Compt.-Rend.  XXXVII.  1853,  91S. 
Avunodranms  sandwichensis  alaiidimis  Ridgw.  Pr.  J.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
VIII.  1085,354. 

[B335,  C— ,  R  193^,0229.] 

Hab.     Western  North  America,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific  coast 
region,  north  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

542  r.   Ammodramus  sandwichensis  bryanti  Ridgw. 

Bryant's  3Iarsh  Sparrow. 

Passerculiis  sandwichensis  bryanti  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII. 

Jan.  19,  18S5,  517. 
Ammodramus  sandwichensis  bryanti  Ridgw.   Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

VIII.  1885,354. 

[B  334, Z^-''^,  C  i^<)a,  part,  R  194, /<?;'/,  C  22?>, part.'] 

Hab.     Salt  marshes  about  San  Francisco  Bay,  probably  south  along 
the  coast  in  winter. 

543.  Ammodramus  beldingi  Ridgw. 

Belding's  Marsh  Sparrow^. 

Passerculus  beldingi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  Jan.  19,  1885, 

516. 
A mmodramtis  leldingi  RiHGW .  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B  334, /<7r/,  C  \^<^a^part,  R  \()^, part,  C  228,/^;-^] 

Hab.     S;ilt  marshes  of  the  Pacific  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara  south 
to  Todos  Santos  Island,  Lower  California. 

544.  Ammodramus  rostratus  Cass. 

Large-billed  Sparrow. 

Emberiza  rostrata       ss.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1852,  348. 
Animodronms  rostratus  Cass.   Illustr.  B.  Cal,  Tex.  etc.  1855,  226, 

pi.  38. 


\ 


ORDER   PASSERES.  267 

[B  336,  C  160,  R  196,  C  230.] 

Had.     Coast  of  California,  south  in  winter  to  Cape  St.  Lucas  and 
Northwestern  Mexico. 

544  a.  Ammodramus  rostratus  guttatus  (Lawr.). 

St.  Lucas  Sparrow. 

Passcuiclns guttatus  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VI I L  1867,  473. 
Atninodramus  rostratus  nuttatus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI I L 

[B  — ,  C  160  a,  R  195,  C  231.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 

Subgenus  CENTRONYX  Baird. 
Ccntronyx  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1 858,  440.    Type,  Emberiza  bairdii  AuD. 

545.  Ammodramus  bairdii  (Aud.). 

Baird's  Sparrow. 

Emberiza  bairdii  AuD.  B.  Am.  VI L  1843,  359-  P^-  S^O' 
Affi>fiodro?nus  bairdi  Gii-EYiRi.,  Thes.  Orn.  I.  1872,  328. 

[B  331,  C  157,  157  bis,  R  191,  C  224.] 

Hab.     Interior  of  North  Anieric;i,  from  the  plains  of  the  Red  River 
and  Saskatchewan  south  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Subgenus  COTUPNICULUS   Bonaparte. 

Cotunncitlus  BoxAP.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  183S,  32.     Type,  Fringilla 
passer: na  WiLS. 

546.  Ammodramus  savannarum  passerinus  (Wils.). 

Grasshopper  Sparrow^. 

Fringilla passerina  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  III.  i8rr,  76,  pi   26,  fig.  5. 
Ammodramus  savannarum  passerinus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  338,  C  162,  R  198,  C  234.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada  to  the  Plains, 
scath  to  Florida^  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  coast  of  Central  America. 


268  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

54C^a.  Ammodraimis  savannarum  perpallidus  Ridgw. 

Western  Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

Coturniculiis passerinus  wzx. perpallidus  "  Ridgw.  MS."  Coues,  Key, 

1872,  137. 
Amiiiodrainns  savannarum  pcrpallUhis  Riu:jw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

VIII.  1885,355. 

[B  338, /^r/,  C  102  a,  R  198  dr,  C  235.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  the  table  lands  of  Mexico. 

547.  Ammodramus  henslovrii  (Aud.). 

Henslow's  Sparrow. 

Einberiza  hensloivii  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  I.  1831,  360,  pi.  "Jl. 
Avimodromus  henslowi  Gray,  Gen.  B.  II.  June,  1849,  374* 

[B339,  C  163,  R  199,  C  236.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Southern 
New  England  and  Ontario. 

548.  Ammodramus  leconteii  (Aud.). 

Leconte's  Sparrow. 

Emberiza  leconteii  Avu.  B   Am.  VII.  1843.  338,  pi.  488. 
Amniodromus  leconteii  Gray,  Gen.  B.  II.  June,  1849,  374. 

[B  340,  C  164,  R  200,  C  237.] 

Hab.     From  the  Plains  eastward  to  Illinois,  South  Carolina,  and 
Florida,  and  from  Manitoba  south  to  Texas. 

Subgenus  AMMODRAMUS. 

A7nmodramns  Swains.    Zoo!.  Jour.   III.   1827,  348.     Type,  Orioltts 
caudacuttis  Gmel. 

540.  Ammodramus  caudacutus  (Gmel). 

Sliarp-tailed  Sparrow. 

Orioltts  caudacutus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  i.  17S8,  394. 
A/nmodraiJius  caudacutus  ^yfAias.  Classif.  B.  II.  1837,  289. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  269 

[B  341,  C  166,  R  201,  C  240  ] 

Hab.  Salt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  Prince  Edward 
Island  and  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Gulf  States. 

old  a.  Ammodramus  caudacutus  nelsoni  Allen. 

Nelson's  Sparrow. 

Amtnodromus  caud.ictttiis  var.  nelsoni  Allen,  Pr.  Best.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  XVII.  March,  1875,  93. 

[B~,  C— ,  R  201^,  C  241.] 

Har.  Fresh  marshes  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  region  (Illinois, 
Kansas,  etc.),  and  the  Atlantic  coast  in  its  migrations  (Lower  Hudson 
Valley  to  Charleston,  S.  C). 

550.  Ammodramus  maritimus  (VVils.). 

Seaside  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  inaritima  WiLS.  Am   Orn.  VII.  181 1,  68,  pi.  24,  fig.  2. 
Amniodrannts  viaritinia  Swains.  Cl.issif.  B.  II.  1837,  289. 

[B  342,  C  165,  R  202,  C  238.] 


Ill 


Hab.     Salt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  Massachusetts  south- 
ward, and  alonsj  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

551.  Ammodramus  nigrescens  Ridgw. 

Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow. 

Anunodronins  man'iimns  \^v.  nizyesccns  RiDGW.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V. 

Dec.  1873,  '9S. 
Aminodraums  nigrescens  Ridsw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24, 

18S0,  178. 

[B-   C  165^,  R203,  C  239.] 
Hab.     Salt  Lake,  Southern  Florida. 

Genus  CHONDESTES   Swainson. 

Chondestes  Swains.   Fiiil.   Mag.   I.   1S27,  435,     Type,  C.  strigatus 
Swains. 


270  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

552.  Chondestes  grammacus  (Sav). 

Lark  Sparrow. 

Frini:;illa grammaca  Say,  Long's  Exp    II.  1823,  139. 
Chondestes  grammaca  Bovap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  32. 

[B  iw^part,  C  i^G,parf,  R  204,  C  2S1,  par/. '\ 

Hab.  Mississippi  Valley  region,  from  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Michigan  to 
the  Plains,  south  to  Eastern  Texas.  Accidental  near  the  Atlantic  coast 
(Massachusetts,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Washington,  D.  C). 

552^.  Chondestes  grammacus  strigatus  (Swains.). 

Westera  Lark  Sparrow. 

Chondestes  stri<^atus  Swai.nS.  Phil.  Mac:.  I-  1827,  435. 
Chondestes  gram maca  strigata  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug. 
24,  1880,  179. 

[B  344, /ar/,  C  1^6,  part,  R  204,7,  C  281, /rt^/.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
south  into  Mexico. 


Genus  ZONOTRICHIA   Swainson. 

Zonotrichia  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  493.    Type,  by  elimination, 
Emberiza  leucophrys  For  ST. 

553.  Zonotrichia  quenila  (Nutt.). 

Harris's  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  quertda  Nutt.  Man.  I.  2d  ed.  1840,  555. 
Zonotrichia  querula  Gamb.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  2d  ser.   I. 
1847,  51. 

[B  348,  C  185,  R  205,  C  280.] 

Hab.  Middle  United  States,  from  Missouri  and  Iowa  west  to  Mid- 
dle Kansas  and  Dakota,  and  from  Texas  north  to  the  Red  River  of 
the  North. 

554.  Zonotrichia  leucophrys  (Forst.). 

White-crow^ned  Sparrow. 

Emberiza  leucophrys  Forst.  Phiios.  Trans.  LXII.  1/72,  382,  426. 
Z{onotrichia'\  leucophrys  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  183 1,  493. 


.  '6^ 


ORDER   PASSERES.  27 1 

[B  345,  C  183,  R  206,  C  276.] 

Had.  North  America  at  Iar;;e,  breeding  chiefiy  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  (including  Sierra  Nevada)  and  northeast  to  Labrador. 

^  -  655.  Zonotrichia  intermedia  Ridgw. 

Interiiiediiito  Spurrow. 

Zonotrichia  leucoplirys  var.  intermedia  RiDGW.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V. 

Dec.  1873,  198. 
Zonotrichia  intermedia  RiDGW.  Field  tSc  Forest,  May,  1S77,  198. 

[B  346,  A?/-/,  C  183/;,  R  207 «,  C  277.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific,  and  from  Mexico  to  Alaska.  Breeds,  so  far  as  known,  only 
north  of  the  United  States. 

X>o'o.  Zonotrichia  gambeli  (Nutt.). 

G  ambers  Sparrow. 

Frimrilla gambeli  NuTT.  Man.  I.  2d  ed.  1840.  556. 
Zonotrichia  gambeli  Gamu.  Journ.  Ac  Nat.  Sd.   Piiila.  2d  ser.   I. 
1847,  so. 

[B  i\(i,part,  C  183  rt,  R  207,  C  278.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  Oregon  southward. 

557.  Zonotrichia  coronata  (Pall.). 

Golden-crowned  Sparrow. 

Emberi::a  coronata  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  II.  1826,  44. 
Zonotrichia  coronata  Baiud,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  461. 

[B  347,  C  184,  R  208,  C  279.] 
Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  Alaska  to  Southern  California. 

558.  Zonotrichia  albicollis  (Gmel.). 

White-throated  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  albicollis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  17S8,  926. 
Zonotrichia  albicollis  Swains.  Classif.  B.  II.  1837,  288. 

[B  349»  C  182,  R  209,  C  275.] 


272 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Lab- 
rador and  the  Fur  Countries.  Breeds  in  Northern  Michigan,  Northern 
New  York,  and  Northern  New  En;_:  und,  and  winters  from  the  Middle 
States  southward. 

Genus  SFIZELLA   Bonaparte. 

Spizelhi  BoNAP.  Saggio  Distr.  Met.  1S32,  i^^o.     Type,  Fringilla  pii- 
silla  WiLS. 

559.  Spizella  monticola  (Gmel.). 

Tree  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  monticola  Gmel.  S   N.  I.  ii.  1788.  912. 
Spizella  7nonticola  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  472. 

[6357,/^/-/,  C  i^Tipaft,  R  2\o,part,  C  2G2>, pari.'] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  westward  to  the  Plains,  and  from  the 
Arctic  Ocean  south,  in  winter,  to  the  Carolinas,  Kentucky,  and  East- 
ern Kansas.  Breeds  north  of  the  United  Stales,  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 


559^.   Spizella  monticola  ochracea  Brewst. 

Western  Tree  Sparrow. 

spizella  monticola  ochracea  Brew^t.  Bull.  Nutt.  Cm.  Club,  VII.  Oct. 
1882,  228. 

[B  357, /^^A  C  177,/rtrr/,  R  2\o, part,  C  268, /^rA] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  east  to  Dakota  and  Western  Kan- 
sas, south  in  winter  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  north  to  the  arctic 
regions  ;  breeds  in  Alaska. 

560.   Spizella  socialis  (Wils.). 

Chipping  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  socialir  >     LS.  Am.  Orn.  II.  18 10.  127,  pi.  16,  fig.  5. 
spizella  socialis  L.    ap.  Gcog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  33. 

[B  359, /^r/,  C  178,  R  211,  C  269.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north 
to  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  south  to  Eastern  Mexico. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  273 

BGOa.  Spizella  socialis  arizonse  Coues. 

Western  Chipping  Sparrow. 

Spizella  socialis  var.  arizona  Coues,  Key,  1872,  143. 

[6359,/^/-/,  C  178 <?,  R  2ii<7,  C  270.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific,  south  in  winter  to  Middle  and  Western  Mexico. 

561.   Spizella  pallida  (Swains.). 

Clay-colored  Sparrow. 

Emberiza pallida  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  251. 
spizella  pallid.i  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  n. 

[B360,  C  180,  R  212,  C  272.] 

Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  from  Illinois  and  Iowa  west  to 
the  Rocky  Mounfains,  Arizona,  and  Cape  St.  Lucas,  and  from  Texas 
north  to  the  Saskatchewan  Plains. 

5G2.  Spizella  breweri  Cass. 

Brewer's  Sparrow. 

Spizella  breweri  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Feb.  1856,  40. 

[B  361,  C  180^,  R  213,  C  273.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast.     Accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

oG3.  SpizeUa  pusilla  (Wils.), 

Field  Sparrow. 

Frin^illa pusilla  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II.  i8to,  121,  pi.  16,  fig.  2. 
Spizella  pusilla  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  33. 

[B358,  C  179,  R  214,  C  271.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada,  west  to  the 
Plains. 

■/J  -r^^a 

oG4.  Spizella  worthem  Ridgw. 

Worthen's  Sparrow. 

spizella  wortheni  Rincw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  Aug.  22,  1884, 
259. 

18 


274 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B  _,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     New  Mexico  and  Western  Texas. 

565.  Spizella  atrigularis  (Cab.). 

Black-chiuned  Sparrow. 

Spiniies  atrigularis  Qk.^.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1851,  133. 
spizella  atrigularis  Raird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  476. 

[B362,  C181,  R215,  C274.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Cali- 
fornia, south  into  Mexico. 


Genus  JXJNCO  Wagler. 

Junco  Wagler,  Isis,   1831,  526.     Type,  /.  ph<zonotus  Wagl.  = 
Fringilla  cinerea  Swains. 

<)66.  Junco  aikeni  Ridgw. 

White-winged  Junco. 

Jimco  hyemalis  var.  aikeni  RiDGW.  Am.  Nat.  VII.  Oct.  1873,  612,  614. 
Junco  aikeni  RiDGW.  Field  &  Forest,  May,  1877,  198. 

[B  — ,  C  174  dr,  R  216,  C  262.] 

Hab.     Colorado,  north  to  the  Black  Hills,  where  it  breeds. 

567.   Junco  hyemalis  (Linn.). 
Slate-colored  Junco. 

Fringilla  hyemalis  LiXN    S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  183. 
Junco  hyemalis  SCL.  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  7. 

[B354,  C  I74»R  217,  C  261.] 

Hab.  North  America  at  large,  but  chiefly  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, breeding  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  Alleghanies  and  Northern 
New  York  and  Northern  New  England  northward.  South  in  winter 
to  the  Gulf  States. 

561  a.  Junco  hyemalis  oregonus  (Towns.). 

Oregon  Junco. 

Fringilla  oregona  Towns.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1837,  188. 
Junco  hyemalis  var.  oregonus  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VII.  Oct.  1873,  612. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  2/5 

[B352,  C.  175,  R  218,0263.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  northward  to  Alaska,  east  to  the 
Plains,  south,  in  winter,  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Southern  Cali- 
fornia.    Accidental  in  Michigan  and  Massachusetts. 

r.GS.  Jimco  annectens  Baird.  J^v  •  / »  7  =  ^'6  7  ^j 

Pink.sided  J  unco. 

Junco  annectens  Baird,  Orh.  Cal.  I.  1870,  564. 

[B— ,  "— ,  R  219,  C  264.] 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region,  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  (in 
winter)  north  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

569.  Junco  caniceps  (Woodh.). 

Gray-headed  Junco. 

Struthus  caniceps  WooDH.  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Dec  1852,  202. 
Junco  caniceps  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  468. 

[B  353,  C  176,  R  220,  C  265.] 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region,  from  the  Black  Hills  to  the  Wah- 
satch  and  Uintah  Mountains,  south  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

570.  Junco  cinereus  palliatus  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Junco. 

Junco  cinereus  palliatus  Ridgw.  Auk,  II.  Oct.  1885,  3^4- 
[B  350, /^r/,  C  — ,  R  222^ part,  C  26'j,  parti\ 

Hab.  Mountains  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  probably  southward  into 
Western  Mexico, 

570  rt.  Junco  cinereus  dorsalis  Henry. 

Red-backed  Junco. 

Junco  dorsalis  Henry,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1858,  117. 

Junco  cinereus  dorsalis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B351,  C  — ,  R  221,  C  266.] 

Hab.    Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Eastern  Arizona. 


i! 


ii  1 

0  i 
'I  ' 


2/6 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


571.  Junco  bairdi  Belding. 

Baird's  Junco. 

Jitnco  bairdi  Bel.di'hg,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI.  Oct.  5,  1883,  155. 
[B  -,  C  — ,  R  -,  C  -.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 

572.  Junco  insularis  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Junco. 

Jjtnco  insularis  RiDGW.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  II. 
No.  2,  April  I,  1876,  188. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R223,  C— .] 

Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 


Genus  AMFHISFIZA   Coues. 

Ainphisptza   CouES,    B.    Northwest,   1875,   234.      Type,    Emberiza 
bilineata  Cass. 

573.  Amphispiza  bilineata  (Cass.). 

Black-throated  Sparro\i^. 

Emberiza  bilineata  Cassin,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Oct.  1850,  104, 

pl-  3- 
Amphispiza  bilineata  Coues,  B.  Northwest,  1875,  234. 

[B355,  C  172,  R  224,  C  258.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  Western  Texas  and  the  Indian 
Territory  west  to  California,  north  throughout  the  Great  Basin,  and 
south  into  Mexico. 

674.  Amphispiza  belli  (Cass.). 

Bell's  Sparrow, 

Emberiza  belli  Casstn,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Oct.  1850,  104,  pi.  4. 
Amphispiza  bellii  Coues,  B.  Northwest,  1875,  234- 


[B356,  C  173,  R225,  C  259.] 


Hab.     California. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  277 

574a.   Amphispiza  belli  nsvadensis  (Ridgw.). 

Sage  Sparrow. 

Poospiza  belli  var.  nevadensis  Ridgw.   Bull.   Essex   Inst.  V.   Nov. 

1S73,  191. 
Amphispiza  bellii  var.  nevadensis  Coues,  B.  Northwest,  1875,  234- 

[B  — ,  C  173  «z,  R  225  rtr,  C  260.] 

Hab.     Southeastern  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Nevada,  south  to  Arizona 
and  Mexico,  and  east  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Genus  FEUCJEiA  Audubon. 
Peiiccea  Aud.  Synop.  1S39,  112.     Type,  Fringilla  backmani  h\2ii. 

575.  Feuccea  aestivalis  (Light.). 
Pine-ivoods  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  astivalis  Light.  Verz.  Doubl.  1823,  25. 
Peuccea  cestivalis  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  132. 

[B37o,/^/-/,  C  170, /^r/,  R  226,  C  251.] 

Hab.     Florida  and  Southern  Georgia. 

575  dr.  Peucoea  aestivalis  bachmanii  (Aud.). 

Bachman's  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  bachmanii  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  II.  1834,  366,  pi.  165. 
Peucaa  astivalis  bachmani  Brewst.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1885,  106. 

[B  -^lo, part,  C  i^o^ part,  R  226a,  C  252.] 

Hab.     South  Carolina  and  Alabama,  west  to  Texas,  and  north  to 
Southern  Illinois  and  Southern  Indiana. 

576.  Fencaea  arizonse  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Sparrow. 

Peuccea  astivalis  var.  arizona  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VII.  Oct.  1873,  615. 
Peuca:a  arizona  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  I.  Aug.  15,  1878,  127. 

[B  — ,  C  170  a,  R  227,  C  253.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona  and  Sonora. 


278 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


577.  Pencaea  mezicana  (Lawr.). 

Mexican  Sparrow. 

Coturniculus  mexicamts  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VIII.  May,  1867, 

474.     (Mts.  of  Col i  ma.) 
Peucaa  mexicana  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  No.  7,  May  23, 

1885,  9.> 

[B  -,  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  — .] 

Hab.    Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  south  into  Central 
and  Western  Mexico. 

578.  Feucaea  cassini  (Woodh.). 

Cassia's  Sparrow. 

Zonotrichia  cassini  \Woov>Yi.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  April,  1852,  60. 
Peucaa  cassini  Baikd,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  458. 

[B  371,  C  i^o bis^  R  228,  C  254.] 

Hab.     Plains  of  Kansas  southward  and  westward,  through  Texas, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  into  Mexico. 

579.  Feucaea  carpalis  Coles. 

Rufous-winged  Sparrow. 

PeuccBa  carpalis  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  VII.  June,  1873,  322. 
[B  — ,  C  171  bisy  R  229,  C  257.] 
Hab.     Arizona. 

580.  Feucaea  nificeps  (Cass.). 

Rufous-crow^ned  Sparrow. 

Ammodro)nus  rjtficeps  Cass.  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Oct.  1852,  i84« 
PeuccBa  nificeps  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1&58,  486. 

[B372,  C  171,  R  230,  0255.] 

Hab.     Coast  of  California,  south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

580^7.   Peucaea  ruficeps  boucardi  (Scl.). 

Boucard's  Sparrow^. 

Zonotrichio.  boitcardi  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1867,  i,  pi.  1. 

PeuccEa  ruficeps  boucardi  Uidgw.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  II.  1874,  38. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


279 


[B_,C—,R  230^,0256.] 

IIab.     Southern  New  Mexico  and   Southern   Arizona,  south  into 
Mexico. 

580^.  Peucaea  ruficeps  eremceca  Brown. 

Rock  Sparrow. 

Peucaa  rjtficeps  eremceca  Brown,  Bull.    Nutt.  Orn.  CI.  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  26. 

[B  _  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  — .] 
Hab.     Southwestern  I'exas,  south  into  Eastern  Mexico. 


Genus  MELOSPIZA  Baird. 

Melospiza  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.   1858,  478.     Type,  Fringilla  melodia 
WiLS.  =  F.fasciata  Gmel. 

581.    Melospiza  fasciata  (Gmel.). 

Song  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  fasciata  Gmel.  S.  N,  I.  1788,  922. 
Melospiza  fasciata  Scott,  Am.  Nat.  X.  1876,  18. 

[B  363,  C  169,  R  231,  C  244.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  breeding  from  Virginia 
and  the  northern  portion  of  the  Lake  States  northward. 

.581^.   Melospiza  fasciata  fallax  (Baird). 
Desert  Song  Sparrow. 

Zonotrichia  fallax  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854,  1 19 

(nee  Melospiza  fallax  auctorum  plurimorum  !). 
Melospiza  fasciata  fallax  Hensh.  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  224. 

[B  367,  C  i6(.)  a,  part^  R  231  a, part,  C  245, /«/-/.] 

Hab.     New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

b?>\b.  Melospiza  fasciata  montana  Hensh. 

Mountain  Song  Sparrow. 

Melospiza  fasciata  motitana  Henshaw,  Auk,  I.  July,  1884,  224. 


28o 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[li  — ,  C  iG() a, part,  R  2^1  a,  part,  C  245, /</r/.] 
Hab.     Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  northward. 

581  r.  Melospiza  fasciata  heermarmi  (Baird). 

Heermaon's  Song  Sparrow. 

MelospLa  heermanni  Daird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  478. 
Melospiza  fasciata  8.  heomanni  Ridgw.  Bull.  Null.  Orn.  CI.  III. 
April,  1878,  66. 

[B  364,  C  169  d,  R  231  ^,  C  248.] 

Hab.     Interior  of  Southern  California,  east  into  Western  Nevada. 

581^.    Melospiza  fasciata  samuelis  (Baird). 

Samuels's  Song  Sparrow. 

Amnwdromtis  samuelis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  455. 
Melos/iiza  fasciata  samuelis  Ridgw.   Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug. 
24,  1880,  180. 

[B343»  3^5' C  169^,  R  231^,  C  249.] 
Hab.     Coast  region  of  California. 

681^.  Melospiza  fasciata  guttata  (Nutt.). 

Rusty  Song  Sparrow, 

Fringilla guttata  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  I.  ed.  2,  1840,  581. 
Afelospiza  fasciata  ii.  guttata  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  CI.  III.  April, 
1878,  66. 

[B  — ,  C  169  ^,  R  231  ^,  C  246.] 

Hab.     Coast  region  of  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  south  in 
winter  to  San  Francisco,  California. 

681/  Melospiza  fasciata  nifina  (Bonap.). 

Sooty  Song  Sparrow. 

Passerella  ritfina  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  July  15,  1850,  477. 
Melospiza  fasciata  rufina  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24, 
1880,  180. 

[B  366,  C  169  r,  R  231  <f,  C  247.] 
Hab      Coast  region  of  British  Columbia,  north  to  Sitka. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


281 


582.  Melospiza  cinerea  (Gmki.). 

Aleutian  Song  Sparrow. 

FriuiiiL'a  cincrca  G.mel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  922. 

Melospiza  cinerea  Kidgw.  Vx.  U.  S.  Nat.  M us.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880,  180. 

[D— .  C  169/,  R232,  C  250.] 

Hab.     Aleutian    and    Prybilof  Islands,   and   east   to    Fort  Kenai, 

Alaska. 

58:5.  Melospiza  lincolni  (Aud.)- 

Lincoln's  Sparrow. 

Fnngillci  lincolni  AuD.  Orn.  Bio^.  II.  1834,  539,  pi.  193. 
Melospisx  lincolni  UxiKD,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  482. 

[B  368,  C  167,  R  234,  C  242.] 

Hab.  North  America  at  large,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the  United 
States  and  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  south,  in  win- 
ter, to  Guatemala. 

584.  Melospiza  georgiana  (Lath.). 

Swamp  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  georgiana  LxTH.  \x\A.  Orv\    I    1790,460. 

Melospiza  georgiana  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  VIII.  1885,  355. 

[B  369,  C  168,  R  233,  C  243.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  accidentally  to  Utah, 
north  to  the  British  Provinces,  including  Newfoundland  and  Labrador. 
Breeds  from  the  Northern  States  northward,  and  winters  in  the  Mid- 
dle States  and  southward. 


Genus  PASSERELLA   Swainsom. 

Passerella  Swains.  Classif.  B.  II.  1837,  288-     Type,  Fringilla  iliaca 
Gmel. 

585.  Passerella  iliaca  (Merr.). 

Fox  Sparrow. 

Fringilla  iliaca  Merrem,  "Beitr.  zur  besond.  Gesch.  der  Vogel,  II. 

1786-87,  40,  pi.  X." 
Passerella  iliaca  Swains.  Classif.  B.  II.  1S37,  288. 


282  CIIFX'K-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  374,  C  i88,  R  235,  C  282.I 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains  and  Alaska  (val- 
ley of  ti.-i  Yukon  to  the  Pacific),  and  from  the  Arctic  coast  south  to 
the  Gu\  States.  Breeds  north  of  the  United  Stales;  winters  chiefly 
south  o'  the  Potomac  and  Ohio  Rivers. 

5So(7.  Passerella  iliaca  unalaschcensis  (Gmel.). 

Townsciiirsj  Sparrow, 

Etnbcriza  unalaschcensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  178S.  875. 
Passerella  iliaca  unalascensis  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug. 
24,  18S0,  iSi. 

[B375,  C  189,  R  235^,0283.] 

Hab.  Pacific  co.ist  region,  from  Kadiak  south,  in  winter,  to  South- 
ern California.     Breeds  north  of  the  United  States. 

5S5/J.  Passerella  iliaca  megarhyncha  (Baird). 

Thick-billed  Sparrow, 

Passerella  megarhyncha  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858.  925. 
Passerella  iliaca  megarhyncha  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug. 
24,  1880,  181. 

[B376^,  C~,  R23S^,  C285.] 
Hab.     Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Range,  California. 

58or.   Passerella  iliaca  schistacea  (Baird). 

Slate-colored  Sparrow. 

Passerella  schistacea  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  490. 

Passerella  iliaca  var.  schistacea  Allen,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  III.  1872, 16S. 

[B  376,  C  189  a,  R  235  c,  C  284.] 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  State?,  east,  in  win- 
ter, to  the  Plains  (Kansas),  west  to  Nevada  and  California. 


Genus  EMBERNAGRA  Lesson. 

Embernagra  Less.  Traitd,  1S31,  465.     Type,  E.  dtonetornm  Less. 
=  Emberiza platcnsis  Gmel. 


OKULK   TASSERES. 
58i).   Embemagra  mfivirgata  Lawk. 

Texas  Sparruw. 


283 


Embeniai^ra  rujivir^ata  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye   N.  Y.  V.  May,  1851,  11.;, 
pi.  5,  fig.  2. 

[B  373,  C  209,  R  236,  C  31 1.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  ihe  Lower  Rio   Grande    in  Texas   and    Eastern 
Mexico. 

Genus  PIFILO   Vieillot. 

PipUo  ViEiLL.  Analyse,  1816,  32.     Type,  Fritigilla  erythrophthahna 
Linn. 

587.  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  (Linn.). 

Towhee. 

Fritigilla  e)yihrophthalma  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  1.  175S,  180. 
Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  Vieill.  Gal.  Ois.  I.  1824,  109,  pi.  80. 

[B  391,  C  204,  R  237,  C  301.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  and   Southern  Canada,  west  to  the 
Plains. 

oSV  a.  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  alleni  Coues. 

White-eyed  Towhee. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  var.  alleni  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  V.  Aug.  187 1, 
366. 


[B  — ,  C  204^,  R  237  a,  C  302.] 


Hab.     Florida. 


588.   Pipilo  maculatus  arcticuF  (Swains.). 

Arctic  Towhee. 

Pyrgita  {Pipilo)  arctica  Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II.  1831,  260,  pis.  51,  52. 
Pipilo  maculatus  var.  arcticus  CoUES,  Key,  1S72,  152. 

[B  393»  C  205  a,  R  238,  C  304.] 

Hab.  Plains  of  the  Platte,  Upper  Missouri,  Yellowstone,  and  Sas- 
katchewan Rivers,  west  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
south  in  winter  to  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Texas. 


284  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

588  <z.  Pipilo  maculatus  megalonyx  (Eaird). 

Spurred  Towhee. 

Pipilo  megalonyx  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  515. 

Pipilo  maculatus  var.  megalonyx  Couhs,  Key,  1872,  152. 

[B  394,  C  205  b^  R  238  a,  C  305.] 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  west  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Southern  California. 

588^.   Pipilo  macTilatus  oregonus  (Bell). 

Oregon  Towhee. 

Pipilo  oregpmts  Bell,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1852,  6. 
Pipilo  ma.ulatns  var.  o/egonus  Coues,  Key,  1872,  152. 

[B  392,  C  205,  R  238 />,  C  303.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region,  from  Washington  Territory  south  to  San 
Francisco,  California. 

589.  Pipilo  consobrinus  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Towhee. 

Pipilo  maatlatus  consobrinus  RiDGW.  Bull.   U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog. 

Surv.  Terr.  II.  No.  2,  April  i,  1876,  189. 
Pipilo  consobfinns  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  II.  July,  1877,  60. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  238  c,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

590.  Pipilo  chlomrus  (Towns.). 

Green-tailed  Towhee. 

FringUla  cJilorura  "  Towxs."  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  336. 
Pipilo  chlorurtis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  519. 

[B  398,  C  208,  R  239,  C  310.] 

Hab.  Interior  Plateau  region  of  the  United  States,  from  the  west- 
ern border  of  the  Plains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  about  lat.  40*^ 
south  into  Mexico. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  285 

591.  Fipilo  fuscns  mesoleucus  (Baird). 

Cauou  Towhee. 

Fipilo  mesoleucus  Baird,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854,  119. 
Vipilofuscusy-as.  mesoleucus  Ridgw.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V.  Nov.  1873. 
183. 

[B  397,  C  206,  R  240,  C  306.] 

Hab.  Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  the  valley  of  the 
Upper  Rio  Grande  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Gila,  south  into  Western 
Mexico. 

591  rt.   Pipilo  fuscus  albigula  (Baird). 
Saint  Lucas  Towhee. 

Pipilo  albigula  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Nov.  1859,  305. 
Pipilo  fuscus  S2X.  albigula  Coues,  Key,  1872,  152. 

[B  — ,  C  206 dr,  R  240  tf,  C  307.] 
Hai3.     Lower  California. 

591^.   Pipilo  fuscus  crissalis  (Vic). 

Californian  Towhee. 

Fringilla  crissalis  ViG.  Zool.  Bios.  1839,  19. 
Pipilo  fuscus  var.  crissalis  CouES,  Key,  1872,  153. 

[B  396,  C  2o6^  R  240/^,  C  308.] 
Hab.     California. 

592.  Pipilo  aberti  Baird. 
Abert's  Towhee. 

Pipilo  aberti  Baird,  Stansbury's  Rep.  Exped.  Utah,  1852,  325. 

[B  395,  C  207,  R  241,  C  309.] 

Hab.     New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  north  into  Southern  Colorado  and 
Utah. 

Genus  CARDINALIS   Bonaparte. 

Cardinalis  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  ill.     Type,  C.  virginianus  Bonap. 
=  Loxia  cardinalis  Linn. 


286 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


593.   Cardinalis  cardinalis  (Linn.). 

Cardinal. 

Loxia  cardinalis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  175S,  172. 

Cardinalis  cardinalis  LiCHT.  Nomencl.  Mus.  Berol.  1854,44. 

[B  390,  C  203,  R  242,  C  299.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  north  to  New  Jersey  and  the  Ohio 
Valley  (casually  farther),  west  to  the  Plains. 

593  dr.  Cardinalis  cardinalis  superbus  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Cardinal. 

Caidinalis  cardinalis  S2tperbus  RiDGW.  Auk,  IL  Oct.  1883,  344. 
[B  — ,  C  202,  a,  part,  R  242  a,  part,  C  300, /^r/.] 
Hab.     Arizona  and  Western  Mexico. 


593^.   Cardinalis  cardinalis  igneus  (Bafrd). 

«         Saint  Lucas  Cardinal. 

Cardinalis  igneus  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  305. 
Cardinalis  cardinalis  igneiis  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  1884,  171. 

[B  — ,  C  202,  a,  part,  R  2^2  a,  part,  C  300, /^r/.] 

Hab.     Lower  California. 

Genus  FYRRHULOZIA  BonapaRxE. 

Pyrrhuloxia  Bonap.   Consp.  Av.   L   1850,  500.     Type,  Cardinalis 
sinuatus  Bonap. 

594.  Pyrrhuloxia  sinuata  Bonap. 

Texan  Cardinal. 

Cardinalis  sinuatus  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  in. 
Pyrrhuloxic  sinuata  BoNAP.  Consp.  A  v.  L  1850,  500. 

[B  389,  C  202,  R  243,  C  298.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  the  valley  of  the 
Lower  Rio  Grande  westward  and  southward. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


287 


Genus  HABIA  Reicuenbach. 

Habia  Reich.   Syst.  Av.  June   i,  1850,  pi.  Ixxviii.    Type,  Guiraca 
meUiHocephula  Swains. 

595.  Habia  ludoviciana  (Linn.). 

Rose- breasted  Grosbeak. 

Loxiii  ludoviciana  LKn'N.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  306. 
Habia  ludoviciana  Stejn.  Auk,  1.  Oct.  1884,  367. 

[B  380,  C  193,  R  244,  C  289.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada,  west  to  the 
eastern  borc'ar  of  the  Plains,  south,  in  winter,  to  Cuba,  Central  Amer- 
ica, and  Northern  South  America. 

596.  Habia  melanocephala  (Swains.). 

Black-headed  Grosbeak. 

Guiraca  tnclanocephala  SwAixs.  Philos.  Mng.  I.  1827,  438. 
Habia  melanocephala  Stejn.  Auk,  I.  Oct.  1884,  367. 

[B381,  C  194,  R  245,  C  290.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  Middle  Kansas  to  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  south  into  Mexico. 


Genus  GUIRACA   Swainson. 

Guiraca  Swains.  Zcol.  Jour.   III.  Nov.   1827,  350.     Type,  Loxia 
ccerulea  Linn. 


597.  Guiraca  cserulea  (Linn.). 

Blue  Grosbeak. 

Loxia  ccerulea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  175. 
Guiraca  ccerulea  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  L  1827,  438. 

[B  382,  C  195,  R  246,  C  291.] 

Hab.     Southern  half  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  south  into  Mexico. 


'^-5?  7^ 


288  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Genus  FASSERINA   Vieillot. 

Passerina  Vikill.  Analyse,  1816,  30.     Type,  by  elimii.alion,  Tatiaora 
cyanea  LiNX. 

598.  Passerina  cyauea  (Linn.). 

ladlgo  Buutiug. 

Tanaj^ta  cyanea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  315. 

Passerina  cyanea  Vieill.  Nou..  Diet.  dHist.  Nat.  XXV.  1817,  7. 

[B  387,  C  199,  R  248,  C  295.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  south  in  winter  to  Veragua. 

699.  Passerina  amcena  (Say). 

Lazuli  Bunting. 

Emberiza  amcena  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1823,  47. 
Passerina  avicena  Gray,  Handl.  II.  1870,  97. 

[B  386,  C  200,  R  249,  C  296.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  south 
into  Mexico. 

600.  Passerina  versicolor  (Bonap.). 

Varied  Bunting. 

Spiza  versicolor  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  120. 
Passerina  versicolor  Gray,  Handl.  II.  1870,  97. 

[B  385,0  197,  R  250,  C  293.1 

Hab.  From  the  valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  and 
Lower  California  southward  to  Guatemala.  Accidental  in  Southern 
Michigan. 

601.  Passerina  ciris  (Linn.). 

Painted  Bunting. 

Emberiza  ciris  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  T.  1758,  179. 

Passerina  ciris  V iKiiA..  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXV.  1817,  17. 

[B  384,  C  196,  R  251;  C  292.] 

Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  north  to  North  Carolina  and 
Southern  Illinois,  and  south  to  Panama. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  289 

Genus  SFOROFHILA  Cabanis. 
Sporophila  Cabanis,  Fauna  Peruana,  1844,  211. 

G02.  Sporophila  morelleti  (Bonap.). 

Morellet's  Seed-eater. 

Spermophila  tnorelleti  "  Pucherax,'  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I,  1850,497. 
Sporophi/a  fnorelleii  Cabaius,  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1851,  150. 

[B  388,  C  200,  R  252,  C  296.] 

Hab.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  south  through 
Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 


Genus  "BUETHEIA   Reichenbach. 

Ettetheia  Retch.  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Knacker,  "June  i,  1850,"  pi.  Ixxix. 
Type,  Emi  .riza  lepida  Linn. 

603.  Euetheia  bicolor  (Linn.). 

Grassquit. 

Frin^illa  bicolor  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  324. 
Euethia  bicolor  Gundlach,  J.  f.  O.  XXIL  1874,  312. 

[B  — ,  C  201,  R  253,  C  297.] 

Hab.     West  Indies.     Accidental  or  casual  in  Southern  Florida. 

Genus  SPIZA   Bonaparte. 

Spiza  Bonap.  Journ.   Ac.  Nat.   Sci.   Phila.    IV.  i.  Aug.    1824.  45. 
Type,  Emberiza  americana  Gmel. 

604.  Spiza  americana  (Gmel.). 

Dickcissel. 

Emberiza  america?ta  Gmel  S.  N.  L  ii.  1788,  872. 

Spiza  americana  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  IIL  March  27,  1880,  3. 

[B378,  C  191,  R  254,  C  287.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  and  south 
in  winter  through  Central  America  to  Northern  South  America. 

«9 


290  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Genus  CALAMOSFIZA  Bonaparte. 

Calainospisa  BoxAP.  Geog.  >k  Comp.  List,  1838,  30.     Type,  Frin^illa 
bicolor  Towns.  :=  Calamospiza  fuelanocorys  Stejn. 

G05.  Calamospiza  melanocorys  Siejn. 

Lark  Bunting. 

Calamospiza  melanocorys  Stejn.  Auk,  II.  Jan.  1885,  49. 

[B  377,  C  190,  R  256,  C  286.] 

Hab.  From  the  Plains  of  Dakota  and  Middle  Kansas  west  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  less  commonly  thence  to  the  Pacific,  and  south 
to  Northern  Mexico  and  Lower  Caliiomia.  Accidental  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Family  TANAGRID-^S.    Tanagers. 

Genus  EUPHONIA   Desmarest. 

Euphonia  Desm.   Hist.  Nat.  Tang.  1805, — .     Type,  Pipra  mtisica 
Gmel.  ? 

606.  Euphonia  elegantissima  (Bonap.). 

Blue-headed  Euphonia. 

Pipra  elegantissima  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  112. 
Euphonia  elegatitissima  Gray,  Gen.  B.  App.  1849,  ^7' 

[B224,  C— ,  R  160,  C— .] 

Hab.     Eastern  Mexico,  and  south  to  Veragua.    Texas  (Giraud). 


Genus  FIRANG-A  Vietllot. 

Piranga  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.   Sept.   I.  1807,  p.  iv.     T)'pe,  Muscicapa 
rubra  Linn. 

607.  Firanga  ludoviciana  (Wn.s.). 

Louisiana  Tanager. 

Tanagra  ludoviciana  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  III.  181 1,  27,  pi.  20,  fig.  i. 
Pyranga  ludoviciana  Richardson,  Rep.  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.   Sci.  V. 

1837,  ^11- 


Jy/f^  [lol'j] 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


291 


[B  223,  C  no,  R  162,  C  158.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Great  Plains  to  the  Pacific. 
In  winter  south  to  Guatemala. 

608.  Firanga  erjrthromelas  Vieill. 

Scarlet  Tanager. 

Pyranga  erythromelas  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXVIII. 
1819,  293  (=  Pyranga  rubra  AucT.,  nee  Fringilla  rubra  Linn.). 

[B  220,  C  107,  R  161,  C  154.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  and  north  to 
Southern  Canada.  In  winter  the  West  Indies,  Central  America,  and 
Northern  South  America. 

609.  Firanga  hepatica  Swains. 

Hepatic  Tanager. 

Pyranga  hepatica  Swains.  Phil.  Maj.  I.  1827,  438. 
[B  222,  C  109,  R  163,  C  157.] 
Hab.    Southern  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Arizona  southward. 

610.  Firanga  rubra  (Linn.). 

Summer  Tanager. 

Fringilla  rubra  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  t8i. 
Firanga  rubra  Vieill.  Ois.  Am,  Sept.  I.  1807,  p.  iv. 

[B  221,  C  108,  R  164,  C  155.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Southern 
New  Jersey  and  Southern  Illinois,  casually  north  to  Connecticut  and 
Ontario,  and  accidentally  to  Nova  Scotia.  In  winter,  Cuba,  Central 
America,  and  Northern  South  America. 


610  <r.  Piranga  rubra  cooperi  Ridgw. 

Cooper's  Tanager. 

Pyranga  cooperi  RiDGW.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1869,  130. 
Piranga  rubra  cooperi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  VIII.  1885,  354. 


292 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B  — .  C  loSfl,  R  t64(/,  C  156.] 
Hab.     New  Me  ico  and  A.i^onu,  south  into  Western  Mexico. 

Family  HIRUNDINID^.     Swallows. 

Genus  FROGNE   Boie. 
Progne  Boie,  Isis,  1826,  971.     Type,  Hinnido  subis  Ll\n. 

611.  Progne  subis  (Linn.). 
Purple  3Iartin. 

Hirundo  subis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  192. 
Progne  subis  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  May,  1865,  274. 

[B231,  C  117,  R  152,  C  165.] 

Hab.     Temperate  North  America,  south  to  Mexico. 


Genus  PETROCHELIDON  Cabanis. 

9   /  9  .  /  #/     Petrochelidon  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  47.     Type,  Hirundo  melano- 
gastra  Swains. 

l./i-^UI-l 

612.  Petrochelidon  luni&ons  (Say). 

Cliff  Swallow. 

Hirundo  lunifrons  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II.  1823,  47. 
Petrochelidon  lunifrons  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  May,  1865,  288. 

[B  226,  C  114,  R  153,  C  162.] 

Hab.     North  America  at  large,  and  south  to  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 

Genus  CESiLIDON  Forster. 

Chelidon  Forst.   Synop.   Cat.    Brit.  B.   1817,  55.      Type,  Hirundo 
rustica  Linn. 

613.  Chelidon  er3rthrogaster  (Bodd.). 

Barn  Swallow. 

Hirundo  erythrogaster  Bono.  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  45. 

Chelidon  erythrogastra  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5,  1882,  31. 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


fn  225,  C  III,  R  154,  C  IS')-] 


293 


Hab.     North  Ameri  a  in  general,  from  the  Fur  Countries  southward 
to  the  West  Indies,  Central  America,  and  South  America. 


Genus  TACHTCINETA   Cabanis. 

Tachycineta  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  48.     Type,  Hirvndo  thalassina 
Swains. 

C14.  Tachycineta  bicolor  (Vieill.). 

Tree  Swallow^. 

Hirundo  bicolor  \ve\\a..  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807  61,  pi.  31. 
Tachycineta  bicolor  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  48. 

[B  227,  C  112,  R  155,  C  iCo.] 

Hab.     North  America  at  large,  from  the  Fur  Countries  southward, 
in  winter,  to  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

615.  Tachycineta  thalassina  (Swains.). 

Violet-green  Swallo'w. 

Hirundo  thalas sinus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  366. 
Tachycineta  thalassina  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1.  1850,  48. 

[B  228,  C  113,  R  156,  C  161.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  south  to  Guatemala. 

Genus  CLIVICOLA  Forster. 

Clivicola  Forst.  Synop.  Cat.  Brit.  B.   181 7,  55.     Type,  Hirundo 
riparia  Linn. 

616.  Clivicola  riparia  (Linn.). 
Bank  Swallow. 

Hirundo  riparia  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  192. 
Clivicola  riparia  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  32. 

[B  229,  C  115,  R  157,  C  163.J 

Hab.    Northern  Hemisphere  ;  in  America,  south  to  the  West  Indies, 
Central  America,  and  Northern  South  America. 


294  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERIC^VN  BIRDS. 

Genus  STELGIDOFTERYX  Baird. 

Stelgidopteryx  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  312.    Type,  Ilirundo  serri- 
pennis  AuD. 

617.  Stelgidopteiyx  serripennis  (Aud.). 

Kough>wiugcd  Swallow. 

Hirundo  serripennis  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  IV.  1838,  593. 
Stelgidopteryx  serripennis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  312. 

[B  230,  C  116,  R  158,  C  164] 

Hab.    United  States  at  large  (in  the  Eastern  States  north  to  Con- 
necticut), south  to  Guatemala. 

Family  AMPELID^.    Waxwikgs,  etc. 
Subfamily  AMPELIN.^.    Waxwings. 

Genus  AMFELIS  Linnaeus. 

Ar^pelis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  297.     Type,  by  elimination,  A. 
garrulus  Linn. 

618.  Axnpelis  garrulus  Linn. 

Bohemian  Wax  wing. 

Lanius garrulus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  95. 
Ampelis garrulus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  297. 

[B  232,  C  118,  R  150,  C  166.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of   the  Northern    Hemisphere.      In  North 
America,  south  in  winter,  irregularly,  £0  the  Northern  United  States. 

619.  Ampelis  cedrorum  (Vieill.). 

Cedar  WaxTv^ing. 

Bombycilla  cedrorum  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  88,  pi.  57. 
Ampelis  cedrorum  Gray,  Gen.  E.  I.  1846,  278. 


ORDER   TASSERES.  295 

[n  233,  C  119,  R  151,  C  167.] 

Had.  North  America  at  large,  from  the  Fur  Countries  southward. 
In  winter  south  to  Guatemala  and  the  West  Indies. 

Subfamily  PTILIOGONATIN-^. 

Genus  PHAINOPEFLA   Sclater. 

Phaitiopepla   SCL.   P.   Z.   S.    1858,    543.      Type,   Ptiliogoiiys  nitens 
Swains. 

620.  Fhainopepla  nitens  (Swains.). 

Phainopepla. 

Ptilioi^onys  nitens  Swains.  Anim.  in  Menng.  1838,  285. 
Phainopepla  nitens  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  543. 

[B  234,  C  120,  R  26,  C  168.] 

Hab.  Southwestern  United  States,  from  Southwestern  Texas  west- 
ward to  California,  north  to  Southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  south 
into  Mexico. 

Family  LANIID.^.     Shrikes. 


Genus  LANIUS   Linn^us. 

Lanius  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  93.     Type,  by  elimination,  L. 
excubitor  Linn. 

621.  Lanius  borealis  Vieill. 

Northern  Shrike. 

Lanius  borealis  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  90.  pi.  50. 

[B  236,  C  134,  R  148,  C  186.] 

Hab.  Northern  North  America,  south  in  winter  to  the  middle  por- 
tions of  the  United  States  (Washington,  D.  C,  Kentucky,  Kansas, 
Colorado,  Arizona,  Northern  Callfoi-nia). 


296  CHECK-LIST  OK  NORTH   AMERICAN    UIRDS. 

622.  Lanius  ludovicianus  Linn. 

LoffKf^rhead  Shrike. 
Lanius  ludoviciamts  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  134. 
[B237,  C  135,  R  149,  C  187.^ 
Hab.     Florida,  the  Carolinas,  and  the  Gulf  States  east  of  Texas. 

022  a.  Lanius  ludovicianus  excubitorides  (Swains.). 

White-rumped  Shrike. 

Lanius  excitbitoridcs  Swains,  fauna  Bor.  Am.  11.  1831,  115,  pl.  34. 
Lanius  ludovicianus  var.  excubiioroidcs  CouES,  Key,  1872,  125. 

[B238,  C  t3sr?,  R  149  a,  C  1S8.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  the  Middle  and  New  England 
States,  breeding  as  far  north  as  Northern  New  York  and  Northern 
New  England.     Rare  or  local  east  of  the  AUeghanies. 

LIS  ^U:i^ 

Family  VIREONID^.     Vireos. 

Genus  VIREO  Vieillot. 

Subgenus  VIREOSTLVA  Bonaparte. 

Vierosylva  Bona  p.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1S38,  26.     Type,  Afuscicapa 
olivacea  Linn. 

ooq^   [623.]   Vireo  altiloquus  barbatulus  (Cab). 

'  Black- whiskered  Vireo. 

Phyllomanes  barbatulus  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1855.  467. 

Vireo  altiloquus  var.  barbatulus  CouES,  Key,  1872,  120. 

[B  243,  C  123,  R  137,  C  172.] 

Hab.     Bahamas,  Cuba,  and  Southern  Florida. 

C24.  Vireo  olivaceus  (Linn.). 

Red-eyed  Vireo. 

Muscicapa  olivacea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  327. 
Vireo  oliiiaceus  Bonap.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II.  1826,  71. 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


297 


[B  240,  C  122,  R  135,  C  170.] 

Har.     Eastern  North  America,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to 
the  arctic  regions. 

iJ'Jo.  Vireo  flavoviridis  (Cass.). 

YcUow-grcon  Vireo. 

Vireosyhiajlavovindis  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  V.  Feb.  185 1, 

152. 
Vireo  flavoviridis  Baiiid,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  332. 

[B241,  C— ,  R  136,  C  171.] 

Had.     Valley  of  the  Lower  Rio  Orande  in  Texas,  southward  to 
Panama.     Accidental  at  Godbout,  Province  of  Quebec. 

G2G.  Vireo  philadelphicus  (Cass.). 

Philadelphia  Vireo. 

Vireosylvia  philadelphidi  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.   Phila.  V.  Feb. 

1851,  153,  pi.  10,  fig.  2. 
Vino  philadelphicus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  335. 

[B  244,  C  124,  R  138,  C  173.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Costa  Rica. 

627.  Vireo  gUvus  (Vieill.). 

Warbling  Vireo. 

Mtiscicapa gilva  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  65,  pi.  34. 
Vireo gilvus  Boxap.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci   Phila  IV.  1824,  176. 

[B245,  C  125,  125  a,  R  139,  139  rt,  C  174,  175.] 

Hab.     North  America  in  general,  from  the  Fur  Countries  to  Mexico. 

Subgenus  LANIVIREO  Baird. 

Lanivireo  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I  May,  1866,  345.     Type,  Vireo  fla- 
vifrons  Vieill. 

628.  Vireo  flavifrons  Vieill. 

Yellow- throated  Vireo. 

Vireo  flavifrons  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  85,  pi.  54. 


298 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[P  252,  C  126,  R  140,  C  176.] 
Hab.     Eastern  \J--ni  -A  States ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Costa  Rica. 

629.  Vireu  sol*  .^rius  (Wils.). 

Blue-headed  Vireo. 

Muscicapa  solitaria  VViLS.  Am.  Orn.  II.  iSio,  43,  pi.  17,  fig.  6. 
Vireo  solitariiis  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXVI.  1819,  103. 

[B  250,  C  127,  R  141,  C  177.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains.     In  winter,  south  to 
Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

629 «.  Vireo  solitarius  cassinii  (Xantus). 

Cassin's  Vireo. 

Vireo  cassinii  XxsT.  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1858,  117. 
Vireo  soliiarius  var.  cassini  Hexsh.  Rep.  Orn.    Spec.    (Wheeler's 
Exp.),  1874,  105. 

[B251,  C  — ,  R  i4idt,  C  178.] 

Hae.    Western  United  States ;  confined  to  the  Pacific  slope  during 
the  breeding  season. 

629^.  Vireo  solitarius  plumbeus  (Coues). 

Plumbeous  Vireo. 

Vireo  plumbeus  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  74. 

Vireo  solitarius  vdit.  plumbeus  Allen,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  III.  1872,  176. 

[B — ,  C  127^,  R  141 /^,  C  179.] 

Hab.    Western  United  States,  fi-om  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  westward,  south  into  Mexico  in  winter. 

Vireo  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1S07,  83.     Type,  V.  imisicus  Vieill. 
=  Muscicapa  noveboracensis  Gmel. 

630.  Vireo  atricapillus  Woodh. 

Black-capped  Vireo. 

Vireo  atricapillus  Woodh.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  Phila.  1852,  60. 
[B  427,  C  133,  R  142,  C  185.] 
Hab.     Mexico  and  Texas,  and  north  to  Kansas. 


Subgenus  VIREO  Vieillot. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  299 

C31.  Vireo  noveboracensis  (Gmel). 

White-eyed  Vireo. 

Muscicapa  noveboracensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  947. 
Vireo  noveboracensis  Bonap.  Tourn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IV.  1824, 
176. 

[B  348,  C  129,  R  143,  C  181.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  south, 
in  winter,  to  Guatemala.     Resident  in  the  Bermudas. 

632.  Vireo  huttoni  Cass. 

Hutton's  Vireo. 

Vireo  huttoni  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185 1,  150,  pi.  10,  fig.  i. 
[B  249,  C  130,  R  144,  C  182. J 
Hab.     California. 

632^.  Vireo  huttoni  stephensi  Brewst. 

Stephens's  Vireo. 

Vireo  huttoni  stephensi  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  July, 
1882,  142. 

[B-,  C-,  R-  C— .] 
Hab.     Arizona,  Western  Mexico,  and  Lower  California. 

633.  Vireo  bellii  Aud. 

Bell's  Vireo. 

Vireo  bellii  Axjn.  B.  Am.  VII.  1844,  333,  pi.  485. 

[B  246,  C  131,  R  145,  C  183.] 

Hab.     Middle  portion  of  the  United  States,  from  Illinois  and  Iowa 
west  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  south  into  Mexico. 

633^.  Vireo  bellii  pusillTis  (Coues). 

Least  Vireo. 

Vireo  pusillus  Coues,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  76. 

Vireo  bellii pusillus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 


300  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B— ,  C  132,  R  146,  C  184.] 

Hab.     Arizona  and  California,  soutli  to  Cape  Sc.  Lucas,  and  through- 
out Western  Mexico. 

Gol  Vireo  vicinior  Coues. 

Gray   Vireo. 

Fireo  vicinior  CouES,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1866,  75. 

[B— ,  C  128,  R  147,  C  180.] 

Hab.     Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Family  CCEREBIDJEj.     Honey  Creepers. 

/OJ— Genus  CERTHIOLA   Sundevall. 

Certhiola  Sund.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  Stockh.  1835,  99.     Type,  Certhia 
Jlaveola  Linn. 

/.23  =rG35.  Certhiola  bahamensis  Reich. 

Bahama  Honey  Creeper. 

Certhiola  bahamensis  Reich.  Handb.  L  1853,  253. 
[B301,  C  106,  R  159,  C  153.] 
Hab.     Bahamas,  and  the  Keys  of  the  southeastern  coast  of  Florida. 

Family  MNIOTILTID-ffi.     Wood  Warblers. 

Genus  MNIOTILTA   Vietllot. 
Mniotilta  Vieill.  Analyse,  1816,  45.     Type,  Motacilla  varia  Linn. 

63G.  Mniotilta  varia  (Linn.). 

Black  and  White  Warbler. 

Motacilla  varia  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  \.  1766,  333. 

Mniotilta  varia  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXL  1818,  230. 

[B  167,  C  57,  R  74,  74a,  C  91,  92.] 


ORDER   PASSERES.  3OI 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Fort  Simpson, 
south,  in  winter,  to  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Genus  FROTONOTARIA  Caird. 
Protonotaria  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  239.     Type,  Motacilla  citrea 

BODD. 

637.  Protonotaria  citrea  (Bodd.). 

Prothonotary  Warbler. 

Motacilla  citrea  BoDD.  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  44. 
Protonotaria  citrea  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  239. 

[B  169,  C  59,  R  75,  C  95.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  chiefly  southward  ;   in  winter,  Cuba 
and  Central  America. 


Genus  HELINAIA   Audubon. 
Helinaia  Aud.  Synop.  1839,  66.     Type,  Sylvia  swainsonii  Auo. 

638.  Helinaia  swainsonii  Aud. 

Swainson's  Warbler. 

Sylvia  swainsonii  Avn.  Orn.  Biog.  II.  1834,  563,  pi.  198. 
Helinaia  swainsonii  Aud.  Synop.  1839,  66. 


Hab.     Southeastern  United  States  (South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Flor- 
ida, Louisiana,  Texas)  and  Jamaica. 

Genus  EELMITHERUS   Rafinesque. 

Helmitherus  Rafin.  Joum.  de  Phys.  LXXXVIII.  1819,  417.     Type, 
Motacilla  vermivora  Gmel. 

639.  Helmitherus  vermivoms  (Gmel.). 

Worm-eating  Warbler. 

Motacilla  vermivora  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  951. 

Helmitheros  vermivora  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  April  20,  1850,  314. 


! 


[B  179,  C  61,  R  76,  C  97.]  ll 


(  s 


L 


302  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  178,  C  60,  R  77,096.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Southern  New  York  and 
Southern  New  England,  south,  in  winter,  to  Cuba  and  Central 
America. 

.  » 

Genus  HELMINTHOPHILA   Ridgway. 

Helminthophila  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan.  1882,  53. 
Type,  Sylvia  ruficapilla  Wils. 

640.  Helminthophila  bachmani  (Aud.). 

Bachman's  Warbler. 

Sylvia  bachtnani  Aun.  Orn.  Biog.  II.  1834,  4S3,  pi.  183. 
Helminthophila  bachvtaul  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  53. 

[B  182,  C  64,  R  78,  C  103.] 

Hab.  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  Cuba,  in  winter.  No  recent 
record  of  its  occurrence. 

641.  Helminthophila  pinus  (Lixn.). 

•  Blue-winged  Warbler. 

Certhia pinus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  187. 
Helminthophila  pinus  Ridgw.   Bull.   Nutt.   Orn.   Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  53. 

[B  180,  C  62,  R  79,  C  98.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  from  Southern  New  York  and  South- 
ern New  England  southward.     In  winter,  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

G42.  Helminthophila  chrysoptera  (Linn.). 

Golden-winged  Warbler. 

Motacilla  chrysoptera  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  333. 
Helminthophila  chrysoptera  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  53. 

[B  181,  C  (>z,  R  81,  C  102.] 
Hab.     Eastern  United  States ;  Central  America  in  winter. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  303 

Ci3.  Helxninthophila  luciee  (Cooper). 

Lucy's  Warbler. 

Helmint/topha-^a  lucicB  Cooper,  Pr.  Cal   Ac.  Sci.  July,  1S62,  120. 
Helminthophila  lucice  Ridgw,    Bull.    Nutt.    Orn.   Club,    V'll.   Jan. 
1882,  54. 

[B— ,  C65,  R83,  C  104.] 

Hab.  Valleys  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers  in  Arizona  and 
California. 

G44.  Helxninthophila  Virginias  (^aird). 

Virginia's  Warbler. 

Hehninthophaga  virginice  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  ed.  i860,  Atlas,  p.  xi. 

foot-note,  pi.  79,  fig.  I. 
Helminthophila  virginice  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 

1882,  54. 

[B  — ,  C  66,  R  84,  C  loc.l 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  from  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  Nevada  southward. 

645.  Helminthophila  nificapilla  (Wils.). 

Nashville  Warbler. 

Sylvia  ruficapilla  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  III.  181 1,  120,  pi.  27,  fis:.  3.     , 
Helminthophila  ruficapilla  RiDGVv.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  54. 

[B  iST^part,  C  6'j,parf,  R  Z^.part,  C  106, /^r/.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  north  to  the  Fur  Coun- 
tries, breeding  from  the  Northern  United  States  northward.  Mexico 
in  winter. 

645^.  Helminthophila  nificapilla  gutturalis  Ridgw. 

Calaveras  Warbler. 

Helminthophaga    ruficapilla  var.   gutturalis   Ridgw.  in   Hist.   N. 

Am.  B.  I.  Jan.  1874,  191. 
Helminthophila  ruficapilla  gutturalis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

VIII.  1885,354. 

[B  iS^, part,  C  67, part,  RS^^part,  C  106, part.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific. 


H  ■  ■ 


Mi-. 


304  CIIFXK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

646.  Helminthophila  celata  (Sav). 

Orange-crowned  Warbler. 

Sylvia  celata  Say,  Long's  Exp.  I.  1823,  169. 

Helminthophila   celata   Ridgw.   Bull.   Nutt.    Orn.   Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1882,  54. 

[B  \Z\,  party  C  68,  R  86,  C  107.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  (rare,  however,  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States),  breeding  as  far  northward  as  the  Yukon  and  Mac- 
kenzie River  districts,  and  southward  through  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  wintering  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  and  Mexico. 

646^.  Helminthophila  celata  lutescens  (Ridgw.). 

Lutescent  Warbler. 

Helminthophaga  celata  var.  htte!:ccns  Ridgw.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  &  Arts, 

1872,  457. 
Hebninthophila  celata  lutescens  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII. 

April,  1882,  85. 

[B  i^j^.part,  C  68«,  R  2>(>a,  C  108.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  eastward,  during  migrations, 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  northward  to  Kadiak,  Alaska. 

647.  Helminthophila  peregrina  (Wils.). 

Tennessee  Warbler. 

Sylvia  peregrina  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  III.  181 1,  83.  pi.  25,  fig.  2. 
Helminthophila  peregrina  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 
1S82,  54. 

[B  185,  C  69,  R  87,  C  109.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  Northern  New  York 
and  Northern  New  England  northward  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory ; 
Central  America  in  winter. 


Genus  COMFSOTHLYPIS  Cabanis. 

Compsothlypis  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  20.    Type,  Parus  americanus 
Linn. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  305 

648.  Compsothlypis  amerlcana  (Linn.). 

I'arula  Warbler. 

Varus  americatius  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758.  190, 
Compsoihlypis  aniericana  Cab.  Mus.   Hein.  I.  1S50,  20. 

[B  168,  C  58,  R  88,  C  93.] 

Had.     Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Canada, 
and  south  in  winter  to  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

C40.  Compsothlypis  nigrilora  (Coues). 

Sennett's  Warbler. 

Pantia  nigrilora  CoUES,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  IV. 

187S,  II. 
Compsothlypis  nigrilora  Stfjn.  Auk,  I.  April,  1884,  170. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  89  a,  C  94.] 

H\B.     Valley  of  the  Lowei  Rio  Grande  in  Texis. 


Genus  DENDROICA   Gray. 

Subgenus  FERISSOGLOSSA  Baird. 

Pcrissoglossa  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  April,  1865,  180.     Type,  Mota- 
cilla  tigrina  Gmel. 

6,>0.  Dendroica  tigrina  (Gmel.). 

Cape  May  Warbler. 

Motacilla  tigrina  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788.  985. 
Dendroica  tigrina  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  286. 

[B  206,  C  85,  R  90,  C  126.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory, 
west  to  the  Plains.  Breeds  from  Northern  New  England  northward, 
and  also  in  Jamaica  ;  winters  in  the  West  Indies. 

Subgenus  FEnCEDRAMUS  Coues. 

Pettcedramus  CouES,  in  Zool.  Wheeler's  Exp.   1876,  202.     Type, 
•  Sylvia  olivacea  GiRAUD. 

20 


;il 


11 


'It-  I 


ipi; 


306  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

651.  Dendroica  olivacea  (Giraud). 

Olive  Warbler. 

Sylvia  olivacea  Gikaud,  Sixteen  Sp.  Tex.  B.  1841,  29,  pi.  7,  fig.  2. 
Dendroica  olivacea  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  305. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R92,  C  no.] 

Hab.  Southern  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Guatemala. 
Texas  (Giraud). 

SuncENUs  DENDROICA  Gray. 

Dendroica  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  App.  1842,  8.     Type,  Motacilla  coro- 
nata  Linn. 

652.  Dendroica  sestiva  (Gmel.). 

Yellow  Warbler. 

Motacilla  cestiva  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  996. 
Dendroica  cestiva  Baird,  B.  N.  Am,  1858,  282. 

[B  203,  C  70,  R  93,  C  III.] 

Hab.  North  America  at  large,  south  in  winter  to  Central  America 
and  Northern  South  America. 

653.  Dendroica  bryanti  castaneiceps  Ridgw. 

Mangrove  Warbler. 

Dendroica  b*-yanti  castaneiceps  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 
Sept.  2,  1885,  350. 

[B-,C-,  R— ,  C-.] 

Hab.    Western  Mexico,  and  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  California. 

654.  Dendroica  ceenilescens  (Gmel.). 

Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 

Motacilla  ccerulescens  Gmel.  S.  N.  \.  1788.  960. 
Dendroica  ec^rulescens  'Qmkd,  Rev.  Am.  B.  1865,  186. 

[B  193,  C  76,  R  94,  C  117.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  breeding  from  North- 
ern New  England  and  Northern  New  York  northward,  and  in  the 
AUeghanies  to  Northern  Georgia ;   West  Indies  in  winter. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  307 

655.  Dendroica  coronata  (Linn.). 

Myrtle  Warbler. 

Motacilla  coronata  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  333, 
Dendroica  coronata  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  App.  1842,  8. 

[B  194,  C  78,  R95,  C  119.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  chiefly,  straggling  more  or  less  com- 
monly westward  to  the  Pacific ;  brceus  from  the  Northern  United 
States  northward,  and  winters  from  the  Middle  States  and  the  Ohio 
Valley  southward  to  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

^^^.  Dendroica  auduboni  (Towns.). 

Audubon*s  Warbler. 

Sylvia  audnboni  Towss.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  VIL  1837,  191. 
Dendroica  audubonii  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  273. 

[B  195,  C  79,  R  96,  C  120.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  the  western  border  of  the 
Plains ;  south  in  winter  to  Guatemala.     Accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

657.  Dendroica  maculosa  (Gmel.). 

Magnolia  Warbler. 

Motacilla  maculosa  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  178S,  984. 
Dendroica  maculosa  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  284. 

[B  204,  C  84,  R  97,  C  125.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
breeding  from  Northern  New  England,  Northern  New  York,  and 
Northern  Michigan,  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory.  In  winter,  Bahamas, 
Cuba,  and  Central  America. 

658.  Dendroica  caerulea  (Wils.). 

Cerulean  Warbler. 

Sylvia  carulea  WiLS,  Am.  Orn   H.  1810,  141,  pi.  17,  fig.  5. 
Dendroica  ccerulea  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  280. 

[B201,  C  77,  R98,  C  118.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada  to  the  Plains. 
Rare  or  casual  east  of  Central  New  York  and  the  Alleghanies. 
Cuba  (rare)  and  Central  America  in  winter. 


II 


11  ■ 


II 


308  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

65'J.  Dendroica  pensylvanica  ;Linn.). 

Chestnut-sldcd  Warbler. 

Motacilla pensylvanica  Liw.  S.  N,  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  333. 
Dendroica  pennsylvanica  Baird,  li.  N.  Am.  1858,  279. 

[B  200,  C  Zi,  R  99,  C  124.] 

Hah.  Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  Canada,  west  to  the 
Plains,  breeding  southward  to  Central  Illinois  and  in  the  Appala- 
chian highlands  probably  to  Northern  Georgia.  Visits  the  Bahamas 
and  Central  America  in  winter. 

6C0.  Dendroica  castanoa  (Wils). 

Bay-breasted  Warbler. 

Sylvia  castanea  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II.  1810,  97,  pi.  14,  fig.  4. 
Dendroica  castanea  Baiud,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  276. 

[B  197,  C  82,  R  100,  C  123.] 

Had.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Br.y.  Breeds 
from  Northern  New  England  and  Northern  Michigan  northward ;  win- 
ters in  Central  America. 

661.  Dendroica  striata  (Forst.). 

Black- poll  W'arbler. 

Muscicapa  striata  FoRST,  Philos.  Trans.  LXII.  1772,  406,  428. 
Dendroica  striata  Baird.  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  280. 

[B  202,  C  81,  R  loi,  C  122.] 

Har.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to 
Greenland,  the  Barren  Grounds,  and  Alaska,  breeding  from  North- 
ern New  England  northward.  South  in  winter  to  Northern  South 
America. 

662.  Dendroica  blackbumige  (Gmel.). 

Blackburnian  Warbler. 

Motacilla  blackbiirnice  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  977. 
Dendroica  blackburnicE  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  274. 

[B  196,  C  80,  R  102,  C  121.] 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


309 


Had.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  breeding  from  the 
northern  and  more  elevated  parts  of  the  Eastern  United  States  north- 
ward ;  in  winter,  south  to  the  liahamas,  Central  America,  and  North- 
ern South  America. 

ijiJS.  Dendroica  dominica  (Linn.). 

Yellow-throated  Warbler. 

Motacilla  dominica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  334. 
Dendroica  dominica  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  D.  L  1865,  209. 

[B  2QCf,/>art,  C  ?>^,  R  103,  C  129.] 

Had.  Southeastern  United  States,  north  to  the  Middle  States,  and 
rarely  to  Southern  New  England;  south  to  the  West  Indies. 

6G3tf.  Dendroica  dominica  albilora  Baird. 

Sycamore  Warbler. 

Dendroica  dcminicav^v.  albilora  "Baiud,"  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VI L 
Oct.  1873,  606. 

[B  20<),part,  C  88  ^z,  R  103  <?,  C  130.] 

Hab.  Mississippi  Valley,  west  to  the  Plains,  and  north  to  Lake 
Erie  and  Southern  Michigan  ;  in  winter  south  to  Southern  Mexico, 
Hondurus,  and  Guatemala.     Accidental  in  South  Carolina. 

GC4.  Dendroica  gracias  Coues. 

Grace's  Warbler. 

Dendroica gracice  "Coues  MSB."  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  Apr.  1865, 
210. 

[B— ,  C  87,  R  104,  C  128.J 
Hab.     Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  southward. 

Co5.  Dendroica  nigrescens  (Towns.). 

Black-throated  Gray  Warbler. 

Sylvia  nigrescens  Towns.  Journ    Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII,  1837,  191. 
Dendroica  nigrescens  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  270. 

[B  192,  C  75,  R  105,  C  116.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  north  to  Colorado  and  Oregon,  mi- 
grating into  Mexico  in  winter. 


310  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

CCC.  Dendroica  chrysoparia  S^l.  &  Salv. 

Golden-cheeked  Wurbler. 

Ditidroeca  chrysoparia  ScL.  &  Salv.  P.  Z.  S.  lS6o,  298. 
[B— ,  C  74,  R  106,  C  115.] 
Had.     Southwestern  Texas,  and  southwaid  to  Guatemala. 

6C7.  Dendroica  virens  (Gmel.). 

Block- throated  Green  Warbler. 

Motiicilla  vircns  G.mF-L.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  9S5. 
Dendroica  vircns  Baiku,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  267. 

[B  189,  C  71,  R  107,  C  112.] 

Had.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Hudson's 
Bay  Territory,  breeding  from  the  Northern  United  States  northward. 
In  winter,  south  to  Cuba  and  Panama.  Accidental  in  Greenland  and 
Europe. 

668.  Dendroica  townsendi  (Nutt.). 

Towusend's  Warbler. 

Sylvia  ioivnsendi  "Nutt."  Towns  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII. 

1837,  191. 
Dendroica  townsendH^MKn,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  269. 

[B  191,  C  73,  R  108,  C  114.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  east  to  Western  Colorado,  north  to 
Sitka,  south  into  Mexico,  and  in  winter  to  Guatemala.  Accidental 
near  Philadelphia. 

669.  Dendroica  occidentalis  (Towns.). 

Hermit  Warbler. 

Sylvia  occidentalis  Towrs.  Jourr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1837, 190. 
Dendroica  occidentalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am,  1858,  268. 

[B  190,  C  72,  R  109,  C  113.J 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  from  Washington  Territory  southward ;  in  winter, 
to  Guatemala. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  31I 

C70.  Dendroica  kirtlandi  Raird. 

Kirtluud'H  Wurbler. 

Sylvicola  kirtlandi  Haiud,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1S52,  216,  pi.  d. 
IXndroica  kir/iaiidi  MwM),  h.  N.  Am.  1838,  249. 

[li  205,  C  89,  R  no,  C  131] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  (Ohio,  Missouri,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin), and  the  Bahamas  in  winter. 

071.  Dendroica  vigorsii  (Aud.). 

Piuo  Warbler. 

Sylvia  vij^orsii  Avd.  Orn.  Rio^.  I.  1832,  153.  pi.  30. 
Dendroica  7'iiL;orsii  Stejs.  Auk,  II.  Oct.  1885.  343. 

[B  19S,  C  91,  R  m,  C  134.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  Suites,  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Ontario  and 
New  Brunswick,  wintering  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  and 
the  Bahamas. 

G72.  Dendroica  palmarum  (Gmel). 

Palm  Warbler. 

Motacilla  palmarum  Gmrl.  S.  N.  I.  11.  1 788,  951. 
Dendroica  palmarum  Baiud,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  2S8. 

[B  2oS,parf,  C  ()o,parf,  R  113,  C  132.] 

Hab.  Northern  interior  to  Great  Slave  Lake  ;  in  winter  and  in 
migrations,  Mississippi  Valley  and  Gulf  States,  including  Western  and 
Southern  P'lorida,  and  the  West  Indies.     Casual  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

672 <z.  Dendroica  palmamm  hypochrysea  Ridgw. 

Yellow  Palm  Warbler. 

Dendr<rca  palmarum  hypochrysea  RiDGW.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  I. 
Nov.  1876,  85. 

[B  208,  part^  C  90,  part,  R  1 13  <7,  C  133.] 

Hab.  Adantic  States,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Breeds  from  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  northward ;  winters  in  the  South  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States. 


312  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

C73.  Dendroica  discolor  (Vieill.). 

Prairie  Warbler. 

Sylvia  discolor  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  37,  pi.  98. 
Dendroica  discolor  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  290. 

[B  210,  C  86,  R  114,  C  127.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Michigan  and 
Southern  New  England.  Winters  in  Southern  Florida  and  the  West 
Inoies. 

Genus  SEIURUS   Swainson. 

Seiiiriis  Swains.   Phil.  Mag.   I.  May,  1827,  369.     Type,  Motacilla 
aurocapilla  Linn. 

674.  Seiurus  aurocapillus  (Linn.). 

Oven-bird. 

Motacilla  aurocapilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  334. 
Seiurus  aurocapillus  Swains.  Zool.  Journ.  III.  1027,  171. 

[B186,  C92,  R115,  Ci3S.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory 
and  Alaska,  breeding  from  Kansas,  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  Virginia 
northward.  "  winter,  Southern  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  Cen- 
tral America. 

675.  Seiurus  noveboracensis  (GxMel.;. 

Water-Thrush. 

Motacilla  noveboracensis  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  958. 
Seiurus  noveboracensii  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  21. 

[B  \^'],part,  C  ^Tf.part,  R  116,  C  136.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  Illinois,  and  northward  to  Arctic 
America,  breeding  from  the  Northern  United  States  northward.  South 
in  winter  to  the  West  Indies  and  Northern  South  America. 

675  a.  Seiunis  noveboracensis  notabilis  (Grinn.). 

Grinnell's  Water-Thrush. 

Seiurus  ncevitis  notabilis  "  Grinnell,"  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

II.  1880,  12. 
Seiurus  noveboracensis  notabilis  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

1885,  354. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


313 


[B  i8'j,/>iirf,  C  93,/i/r/,  F.  ii6<7,  C  137.] 

Hab.  United  States  from  Illinois  westward  to  California,  and  north 
into  British  America.  Winters  from  the  southern  borde'  of  the  United 
States  southward  to  Northern  South  America. 

670.  Seiurus  motacilla  (Vieill.). 

Louisiana  Water-Thrush. 

Turdiis  hiotacilla  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II.  1807,  9,  pi.  65. 
Seiurus  motacilla  Bonap.  Cons  p.  Av.  1.  1S50,  306. 

[B  188,  C  94,  R  117,  C  138.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Southern  Ne'v  England  and 
Michigan,  west  to  the  Plains.  In  winter,  West  Indies,  Southern  Mex- 
ico, and  Central  America. 


Genus  GEOTHLYFIS   Cabanis. 
Subgenus  OPORORNIS  Baird. 
Opoi-ornis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  246.     Type,  Sylvia  agilis  WiLS. 

G77.   Greothlypis  formcsa  (Wils.). 

Kentucky  Warbler. 

Sylvia  formosa  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  III.  1811,  85,  pi.  25,  fig.  3. 
Geothlypis forinosa  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B  175,  C  96,  R  119,  C  140.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  and  north  to 
Southern  New  England  and  Southern  Michigan.  In  winter,  West 
Indies  and  Central  America. 


678.  Geothl3rpis  agilis  (Wils.). 

Connecticut  Warbler. 

Sylvia  agilis  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  V.  1812,  64,  pi.  39,  fig.  4. 
Geothlypis  agilis  Gregg,  Pr.  Elmira  Acad.  1870,  —  (p.  7  of  reprint). 

[B174,  C95,  R118,  C  I39-] 
Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  breeding  north  of  the  United  States. 


314  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Subgenus  GEOTHLYPIS  Cabanis. 

Ccothlypis  Cab.  Wie^jm.  Archiv,  1S47,  i.  316,  349.     Type,  Turdus 
trichas  LiXN. 

679.   Geothlypis  Philadelphia  (Wils.). 

Slouruiiig  Warbler. 

Sylvia pJiiladc'phia  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  Tl.  1810,  loi,  pi.  14,  fig.  6. 
Geoildypis  Philadelphia  LiAiRD,  B.  N.  Am.  1S5S,  243. 

[B  172,  C  98,  R  120,  C  142.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Plains,  breeding  fiom  the 
mountainous  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  New  England,  and  New  York, 
and  Northern  Michigan  northward.  Central  America  and  Northern 
South  America  in  winter. 


680.  Geothlypis  xuacgillivrayi  (Aud.). 

3Iacgillivray's  Warbler. 

Sylvia  macgillivrayi  \\]r>.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  75,  pi.  399,  figs.  4,  5. 
Geothlypis  macgillivrayi  Baikd,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  244. 

[B  173,  C  99,  R  121,  C  143] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  north  into  British  Columbia. 
Mexico  and  Central  America  in  winter. 

681.  Geothlypis  trichas  (Linn.). 

Maryland  Yellow-throat. 

Turdus  trichas  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  293. 
Geothlypis  trichas  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  16. 

[B  I'jo,  part,  C  ()'j,part,  R  122,  part,  C  \^\,part.'\ 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  mainly  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  north 
to  Ontario  and  Nova  Scotia,  breeding  from  Georgia  northward.  In 
winter,  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  and  the  West  Indies. 

681  df.  Geothlypis  trichas  occidentalis  Brewst. 

Western  Yellow-throat. 

Geothlypis  trichas  occidentalis  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VIII. 
July,  1883,  159 


ORDER  PASSERES.  315 

[^B  i']Oy part,  C  ^I^Part,  R  122, part,  C  141, /ar/.] 

Hab.  United  States,  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  west  to  the  Pacific 
coast,  south,  in  winter,  to  Central  America. 

682.  Greothlypis  beldingi  Ridgw. 

Belding's  Yellow-throat. 

Geothlypis  beldingi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  Sept.  5,  1S82,  344. 
[B_,C-,  R-,C-.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 

Genus  ICTERIA   Vieillot. 

Icteria  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1S07,  pp.  iii.,  85.     Type,  Miiscicapa 
viridis  Gmel.  =  Turdiis  virens  Lixn. 

683.  Icteria  virens  (Linn.). 

Yellow-breasted  Chat. 

Turdus  virens  Lixx.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  171. 
Icteria  virens  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  L  1865,  228. 

[B  176,  C  100,  R  123,  C  144.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Ontario  and 
Southern  New  England,  south,  in  winter,  to  Eastern  Mexico  and 
Guatemala. 

683 rt;.  Icteria  virens  longicauda  (Lawr.). 

Long-tailed  Chat. 

Icteria  longicauda  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VL  1853,  4. 
Icteria  virens  var.  longicauda  Coues,  Key,  1872,  108. 

[B  177,  C  \ooa,  R  123^,  C  145.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  south 
into  Mexico. 

Genus  S7LVANIA  Nuttall. 

Sylvania  Nutt.  Man.  Land  Birds,  L  1832,  290.     Type,  by  elimina- 
tion, Muscicapa  selbii  Aud.  =  Motacilla  mi t rat  a  Gmel. 


1  Hi] 


3i6 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


C84.  Sylvania  xnitrata  (Gmel.)- 

Hooded  Warbler. 

UTotacilla  mitrata  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  178S,  977. 
Sylvania  mitrata  Nutt.  Man.  Land  B.  ed.  1S40,  333. 

[B  211,  C  loi,  R  124,  C  146.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  north  and  east  to 
Michigan,  Southern  New  York,  and  Southern  New  England.  In  win- 
ter, West  Indies,  Eastern  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 

GSu.  Sylvania  pusilla  (Wils.). 

Wilson's  Warbler. 

Muscicapa pusilla  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  III.  iSii,  103,  pi.  26,  fig.  4. 
Sylvania  pusilla  Nutt.  Man.  Land  B-  ed.  1840,  335. 

[B  2\.T^,part,  C  102,  R  125,  C  147.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  and  including  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  and  Alaska.  Breeds 
chiefly  north  of  the  United  States,  migrating  south  to  Eastern  Mexico 
and  Central  America. 


G8odr.  Sylvania  pusilla  pileolata  (Pall.). 

Pileolated  Warbler. 

Motacilla pileolata  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  I.  1826,  497. 
Sylvania  pusilla  pileolata  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885, 
354. 

[B  2 13, /a/-/,  C  102  (7,  R  125  rtr,  C  148.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  the  Great  Basin  to  the  Pacific, 
north  to  Alaska  (Kadiak),  and  south,  in  winter,  to  Costa  Rica. 

086.  Sylvania  canadensis  (Lixn.). 

Canadian  Warbler. 

Muscicapa  canadensis  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  327. 

Sylvania  canadensis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B  214,  215,  C  103,  R  127,  C  149.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  westward  to  the  Plains,  and  north 
to  Newfoundland,  Southern  Labrador,  and  Lake  Winnipeg,  south,  in 
winter,  to  Central  America  and  Northern  South  America. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  3^7 

Genus  SETOPHAGA   Swainson. 

Setophaga  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  May,  1827,  3^8-    Type,  MotaciUa 
ruticilla  Linn. 

687.  Setophaga  ruticilla  (Linn.)- 

American  Redstart. 

Mfltacilla  ruticilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  186. 
Setophaga  ruticilla  Swains.  I'hil.  i\Lig.  L  -May,  1827,  368. 

[B217,  C  104,  R  128,  C  152.] 
Hab.  North  America,  north  to  Fort  Simpson,  west  regularly  to 
the  Great  Basin,  casually  to  the  Pacific  coast,  breeding  from  the 
middle  portion  of  the  United  States  northward.  In  winter,  the  West 
Indies,  and  from  Southern  Mexico  through  Central  America  to  North- 
ern South  America. 

688.  Setophaga  picta  Swains. 

Painted  Redstart. 

Setophaga  picta  Swains.  Zool.  Illustr.  2d  ser.  I.  1829,  pi.  3. 
[B  21S,  C  105,  R  129,  C  151.] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  south  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

[689.]  Setophaga  miniata  Swains. 

Red-bellied  Redstart. 

Setophaga  miniata  SWAINS.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  368. 
[B219,  C— ,  R  130,  C—.] 
Hab.     Mexico  and  Guatemala.     Texas  (Giraud). 


Genus  CARDELLINA   Du  Bus. 

Cardellina  Du  Bus,  Esq.  Orn.  1850,  pi.  25.    Type,  C.  amicta  Du  Bus 
=  Muscicapa  rubrifrons  GiRAUD. 

690.  Cardellina  rubrifrons  (Giraud). 

Red-faced  Warbler. 

Muscicapa  rubrifrons  Giraud.  Sixteen  Sp.  Texa.s  B.  1841,  pi.  7,  fig-  i. 
Cardellina  rubrifrons  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  66. 


3l8  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B— ,  C  — ,  R  131,  C  150.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  through  Mexico,  to  Guatemala.      Texas 
(Giraud). 


Genus  ERGATICUS   Baird. 

Ergaticus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  May,  1865,  264     Type,  Setophaga 
rubra  Swains. 

[691.]  Ergaticus  ruber  (Swains.). 

Red  Warbler. 

Setophaga  rubra  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  368. 
Ergaticus  ruber  ScL.  &  Sal.  Nom.  Neotr.  1873,  'i- 

[B216,  C— ,  R  132,0—.] 

Hab.     Mexico.     Texas  (Giraud). 

Genus  BASILEUTERUS   Caranis, 

Basileuterus  Cab.  in  Schomb.  Guiana,  III.  1848,  666.     Type,  Sylvia 
vermivora  Vieill.  =:  Setophaga  auHcnpilla  Swains. 

[G92.]  Basileuterus  culicivorus  (Light.). 

Brasher's  Warbler. 

Syhna  atlicivora  Light.  Preis-Verzeich.  1830,  no.  78. 
Basileuterus  culicivorus  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  I.  1850,  313. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  133,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Mexico  and  Central  America.    Texas  (Giraud). 

[693.]   Basileuterus  belli  (Giraud). 
Bell's  Warbler. 

Muscicapa  belli  Giraud,  Sixteen  Sp.  Texas  B.  1841,  pi.  4,  fig.  i. 
Basileuterus  belli  Sgl.  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  65. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  134,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Mexico  and  Guitemala.     Texas  (Giraud). 


ORDER  PASSERES.  319 

Family  MOTACILLID-ffi.     Wagtails. 

Genus  MOTACILLA   Linnaeus. 

Motacilla  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  184.     Type,  by  elimination,  M. 
alba  Linn. 

[G94.]  Motacilla  alba  Linn. 

White  Wagtail. 

Motacilla  alba  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  185. 

[B  — ,  C  —  R  69,  C  86.] 

Hab.     Northern   Europe  and  Northern   Asia,  south,  in  winter,  to 
North  Africa  and  India.     Accidental  in  Greenland. 

[G95.]   Motacilla  ocularis  Swinh. 

Swinhoe's  Wagtail. 

Motacilla  ocularis  Swinh.  Ibis,  Jan.  i860,  55. 

[B  _,  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Eastern  Asia.      Accidental  in  Lower  California.      Aleutian 
Islands  ? 

Genus  BUDYTES   Cuvier. 
Budytes  Cuv.  R^gne  An.  L  1817,  371.     Type,  Motacilla flava  Linn. 

69G.  Budytes  flavus  leucostriatus  (Hom.). 

Siberian  Yellow  Wagtail. 

Budytes  leucostriatus  Homeyer,  J.  f.  O.  1878,  128. 

Budytes Jlavus  leucostriatus  Stejn.  Orn.  Expl.  Kamtsch.  1S85,  280. 

[B  -,  C  54,  R  70,  C  87.] 

Hab.     Alaska  and   Northern   Siberia   to  Chinn,  wintering  in  the 
Moluccas. 

Genus  ANTHXJS  Bec  hstein. 

Subgenus  ANTHUS. 

Artthus  Bechst.  Gem.  Naturg.  Deutschl.  II L  1807,  704.    Type,  by 
elimination,  A.  aquaticus  =  Alauda  spinoletta  Linn. 


320 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


G97.  Anthus  pensilvanicus  (Lath.). 

Aiucricau  Pipit. 

Alaiida  pensilvanica  Lath.  Synop.  Suppl.  L  1787,  287. 
Anthus  pensilvanicus  Tmv.^KU.  Rhea,  II.  1849,  ^7'' 

[B165,  C5S,  R71,  C89.] 

Hab.  North  America  at  large,  breeding  in  the  higher  parts  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  subarctic  districts,  and  wintering  in  the  Gulf 
States,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.     Accidental  in  Europe. 

[098.]  Anthus  pratensis  (Linn.). 

3Ieadow  Pipit, 

Alauda pratensis  LiXN.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  iC5. 

Anthus  pratensis  Dechst.  Gem.  Xaturg.  Deutschl.  III.  1807,  732. 

[B— ,  C  55/^/>,  R  72,  C  88.] 

Hab.     Europe,  straggling  to  Greenland  (and  Alaska?). 

[G99.]  Anthus  cervinus  (Pallas). 

Red-tliroated  Pipit. 

Motacilla  cervina  Pallas,  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  I.  1826,  511. 
Anthus  cervinus  Keys.  &  Blas.  Wirb.  Eur.  I.  1840,  p.  xlviii. 

[B  _,  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  — .] 

Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Accidental  in  Lower 
California.     St.  Michael's  and  Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska  ? 


Subgenus  NEOCOR7S  Sclater. 
Neocorys  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  5.     Type,  Alauda  spragueii  A\3'D. 

700.  Anthus  spragueii  (Aud.). 

Sprague's  Pipit. 

Alauda  spragueii  Aud.  B.  Am.  VIL  1843,  335'  pl-  486. 
Anthus  spraguei  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  Oct.  1S64,  155. 

[B  166,  C  56,  R  73,  C  90.] 

Hab.     Interior  plains  of  North  America,  breeding  from  Central  Da- 
kota northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  district,  and  from  the  Red  River 


ORDER  PASSERES. 


321 


westward   (probably  to  the  Rocky  Mountains).     South  in  winter  to 
Southern  Mexico. 


Family   OINOLID-ffi.     Dippers. 

Genus  CINCLUS   Bechstein. 

Cinclus  Bechst.  Orn.  Taschenb.  Deutschl.  1802,  205     Type,  Slurnus 
cinclics  Linn. 

701.   Cinclus  mexicanus  Swains. 
American  Dipper. 

Cinclus  mexicanus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  368. 

[B  164,  C  19,  R  19,  C  30.] 

Hab.  The  mountainous  parts  of  Central  and  Western  North  Amer- 
ica, from  the  Yukon  Valley  and  Unalashka  to  Guatemala;  east,  in  the 
United  States,  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Family  TROGLODYTID-ffi.     Wrens,  Thrashers,  etc. 
Subfamily  MIMING.    Thrashers. 

Genus  OROSCOFTES   Baird. 

Oroscoptes  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  346.     Type,  Orpheus  montanus 
Towns. 


702.   Oroscoptes  montanus  (Towns.). 

Sage  Thrasher. 

Orpheus  montanus  Towns.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  1837,  193. 
Oroscoptes  montanus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  347. 

[B  255,  C  7,  R  10,  C  14.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  western  part  of  the  Plains 

to  the  Pacific. 

21 


322  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  MIMUS   Boie. 
Mimt's  Boie,  ^sis,  Oct.  1826,  972.     Type,  Turdus  polyglottos  Linn. 

703.  Mimus  polyglottos  (Linn.). 

Mockingbird. 

Turdus  polyglottos  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  \.  1758,  169. 
Mimus  poiyglottus  Bonap.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  17. 

[B  253,  253.2,  C  8,  R  II,  C  15.] 

Hab.     United  States,  south  into  Mexico.     Rare  from  New  Jersey, 
the  Valley  of  the  Ohio,  Colorado,  and  California  northward. 


Genus  OALEOSCOPTES  Cabanis. 

Galeoscoptes  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  82.    Type,  Muscicapa  caroli- 
nensis  Linn. 

704.  Galeoscoptes  carolinensis  (Linn.). 

Catbird. 

Muscicapa  carolinensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  328. 
Galeoscoptes  carolinensis  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  82. 

[B  254,  C  9,  R  12,  C  16.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces,  west  to  and 
including  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  occasional  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Winters  in  the  Southern  States,  Cuba,  and  Middle  America  to  Pan- 
ama.    Accidental  in  Europe. 


Genus  HARPORH7NCHITS   Cabanis. 

Subgenus  METHRIOPTERUS   Reichenbach. 

Methriopterus  Reich.  Syst.  Nat.  1850,  pi.  iv.     Type,  Turdus  rufus 
Linn. 

705.  Harporhynchus  nifus  (Linn.). 

Brown  Thrasher. 

Turdus  rufus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  169. 
Harporhynchus  rufus  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  82. 


ORDER  TASSERES.  323 

[B  261,  261  a,  C  10,  R  13,  C  17.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north 
to  Southern  Maine,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba,  south  to  the  Gulf  States, 
including  P^astern  Texas.     Accidental  in  Europe. 

/.:3-706.  Harporhynchus  longlrostris  (Lafr.). 

Long-billed  Thrasher. 

Orpheus  longlrostris  Lafr.  Rev.  Zool.  1838,  55. 
Harporhynchus  longlrostris  Cab.  Mus.  Heln.  I.  1850,  81. 

[B  260,  C  10^,  R  13^,  C  18.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  the  Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in 
Texas. 

707.  Harporhjmchus  curvirostris  (Swains.). 

Curve-billed  Thrasher. 

Orpheus  curvirostris  S WAINS.  Phil.  Majr.  III.  1827,  369. 
Harporhynchus  curvirostris  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  81. 

[B  259,  259  d-,  C  — ,  R  15,  C  19.] 

Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  extending  into  the  southern  border  of 
Texas  and  Eastern  New  Mexico. 

707  a.  Harporhynchus  curvirostris  pahneri  Ridgw. 

Palmer's  Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus  curvirostris  var.  palmeri  "  Ridgw."   Coues,   Key, 
1872,  351. 

[B  — ,  C  II,  R  15  <7,  C  20.] 
Hab.     Southern  Arizona,  south  into  Sonora  (Guaymas). 

708.  Harporhynchus  bendirei  Coues. 

Bendire's  Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus  bendirei  Coues,  Am.  Nat.  VII.  1873,  33°' 

•  [B  — ,  C  II  bis^  R  14 a,  C  21.] 

Hab.  Southern  Arizona,  south  into  Sonora  (Guaymas),  and  north, 
at  least  casually,  to  Colorado  (Colorado  Springs). 


324  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

700.  Harporhynchus  cinereus  Xantus. 

St.  Lucas  Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus  cinereus  Xantus,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  298. 
[B  — ,  C  12,  R  14,  C  22.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 

Subgenus  HARFORHTNCHUS  Cabanis. 

Harporhynchus  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,   1848,  i.  98.     Type,  Harpes 
redivivus  Gamb. 

710.  Harporhynchus  redivivus  (Gamb.). 

Califoruian  Thrasher. 

Harpes  rediviva  Gamb.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1845,  264. 
Harporhynchus  redivivus  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1848,  i.  98. 

[B  256,  C  13,  R  16,  C  23.] 

Hab.     Coast  region  of  California,  and  Lower  California. 

711.  Harporhynchus  lecontei  (Lawr.). 

Leconte's  Thrasher. 

Toxostoma  lecotUei  Lawr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  V.  1852,  121. 
Harporhynchus  lecontii  Bonap.  Notes  Coll.  Delattre,  1854,  39. 

[B2S7,  C  13^1,  R  16  <7,  C  24.] 

Hab.     Valleys  of  the  Gila  and  Lower  Colorado  Rivers,  south  into 
Sonora. 

712.  Harporhynchus  crlssalis  (Henry). 

Crissal  Thrasher. 

Toxostoma  crissalis  Henry,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1858,  117. 
Harporhynchus  crissalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  350. 

[B  258,  C  14,  R  17,  C  25.] 

Hab.     Southwestern  United  States,  from  New  Mexico  to  Utah  and 
Southern  California. 


ORDER   PAbSERES. 


325 


Subfamily  TROQLODYTIN-ZE.    Wren*. 

Genus  CAMFYLORHYNCHIJS  Spix. 

Campylorhynchus  Spix,  Av.  Bras.  I.  1824,  77.     Type,  C.  scotopaceus 
Spix  =  Turdus  vanegatus  Gmel. 

713.  Campylorhynchus  brunneicapiUus  (Lafr.). 

Cuctus  Wren. 

Picolaptes  brunneicapiUus  Lafr.  Mag.  de  Zool.  1835,  61,  pi.  47. 
Campy hrhynchus  brunneicapiUus  Gray,  Gen.  B.  I.  1847,  159. 

[B  262,  C  43,  R  56,  C  63.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  South- 
ern California,  and  south  into  Northern  Mexico. 

714.  Campylorh3mcha8  affinis  Xantus. 

St.  Lucas  Cactus  Wren. 

Campylorhynchus  affinis  Xantus,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  298. 
[B  — ,  C  44.  R  57,  C  64.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 


Genus  SALFINCTES  Cabanis. 

Salpinctes  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1847,  i.  323.     Type,  Troglodytts 
obsoletus  Say. 

715.  Salpinctes  obsoletus  (Say). 

Rock  Wren. 

Troglodytes  obsoletus  Say,  Long's  Exp.  H.  1823,  4, 
Salpinctes  obsoletus  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1847,  i.  323. 

[B  264,  C  45,  R  58»  C  65.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  the  western  border  of  the  Plains 
to  the  Pacific. 


326 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


716.  Salpinctes  guadeloupensis  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Rock  Wren. 

Salpinctes  obsoletus  gitadclonpensis  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog, 

Surv.  Terr.  II.  No.  2,  April,  1876,  185. 
Salpinctes  guadalupensis  Ridgw,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  II.  July, 

1877,  60. 

[B— ,  C— ,  RsS^,  C-.] 
Hab.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 


GexNus  CATHERFES   Baird. 

Catherpes  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  357.     Type,  Thryothorus  tnexica- 
nus  Swains. 


I'U 


[717.] Catherpes  mezicanus  (Swains.). 

White-throated  Wren. 

Thryothorus  mexicanus  Swains.  Zool.  111.  2d  ser.  I.  1829,  pi.  11. 
Catherpes  mexicanus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  356. 

[B  263,  C  — ,  R  59,  C  66.]  • 

Hab.     Mexico.     Texas  (Giraud). 

717  a.   Catherpes  mexicanus  conspersus  Ridgw. 

Cafion  Wren. 

Catherpes  viexicamis  var.  conspersus  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  VII.  Oct. 
1873,  602. 

[B  262,,  part^  C  46,  R  59^-,  C  67.] 

Hab.     Southwestern  United  States,  from  Western  Texas  and  Colo- 
rado to  the  Pacific. 

Genus  THRTOTHORUS  Vieillot. 


Subgenus  THRTOTHORUS. 

Thryothorus  WvEAiA..  Analyse,  18 16,  45.     1'ype,  Troglodytes  arandi- 
naceus  Vieill.  =  Sylvia  ludoviciaua  L.nH. 


ORDER   PASSERES. 

718.  Thryothoms  ludovicianus  (Lath.). 

CaroHua  Wren. 


327 


Sylvia  ludoviciatia  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II.  1790,  54S. 

Tluyothorus  ludovicianus  Boxap.  Geog.  ik  Comp.  List,  1838,  ii. 

[B  265,  C  47,  R  60,  C  68.] 

'Hab.     Eastern  United   States  (rare  toward  the  northern  border), 
west  to  the  Plains.     Rare  in  Southern  New  England. 

718^.  Thryothorus  ludovicianus  miamensis  Ridgw. 

Florida  Wren. 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus  var.  miamensis  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  IX.  Aug. 
1875,  469. 

[B  26^, parf^  C  ^'j,part,  R  (yob,  C  69.] 
Hab.     Southern  Florida. 


Subgenus  THRYOMANES   Sclater. 
Thryomanes  Scl.  Cat.  Am.  B.  1861,  22.     Type,  Troglodytes  beivickii 

,  J    AUD. 

719.   Thryothorus  bewickii  (Aud.). 

Bew^ick's  Wren. 

Troglodytes  be-cvickii  AxjU.  Orn.  Biog.  I.  1831,  96,  pi.  18. 
Thriothortis  bewickii  I^AiKH,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  363. 

[B  267,  C  48,  R  61,  C  71.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  to  Eastern  Texas  and  the   eastern 
border  of  the  Plains ;   north  to  New  Jersey  and  Minnesota. 

719^.  Thryothorus  bewickii  spilurus  (Vig.). 

Vi^ors's  Wren. 

Troglodytes  spilurus  Y\G.  Zool  Voy.  Bless.  1839,  18,  pi.  4,  fig.  r. 
Thryothorus  bewi'-kii  \'2Lr.  spilurus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  1864,  126. 

[B— ,  C  ^2,b,  R6irt:,  C  73.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  British  Columbia 
southward  to  Lower  California  and  Western  Mexico. 


328 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


719  b.  Thryothonis  bewickii  bairdi  (Salv.  &  Godm.). 

Baird's  Wren. 

Thryoihorus  bairdi  Salv.  &  Godm.  Biol.  Centr.-Am.  Aves,  April, 

i88o,  95. 
Thryoihorus  bewickii  bairdi  Ridgw.  Pr.   U.  S.   Nat.   Mus.  VIII. 

1885,  354. 

[B— ,  C48a,  R6i^,  C  72.] 

Hab.    Southern  Texas  and  Arizona,  north  to  Middle  Kansas,  Colo- 
rado, and  Southern  Utah,  south  into  Mexico. 

720.  Thryothonis  brevicaudus  Ridgw. 

Guadalupe  Wren. 

Thryomanes  brevicauda  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr. 

II.  No.  2,  April  I,  1876,  186. 
Thryothortis brevicaudus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B  —  C  — ,  R  62,  C  — .] 

Hab.    Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 


Genus  TROGLODYTES  Vieillot. 

Subgenus  THOGLODTTES. 

Tro^^Iodytes  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II.  1807,  52.     Type,  T.  aedon 

ViEILL. 

721.  Troglodytes  aedon  Vieill. 
House  Wren. 

Troglodytes  aedon  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II.  1807,  52,  pi.  107. 

[B  270,  272,  C  49,  R  63,  C  74.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United  States,  and  Southern  Canada  west  to  In- 
diana and  I..ouisiana. 


721  (z.  Troglodytes  aedon  parkmanii  (Aud.). 

Parkman's  Wren. 

Troglodytes  parkmanii  k.\iv»  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  310. 
Troglodytes  adon  var.  parkmanni  Coues,  Key,  1S72,  87. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  329 

[B  271,  C  49flt,  R  63  tf,  C  75.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America,  from  Texas,  Illinois,  Minnesota, 
and  Manitoba  westward  ;  north  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  south  to  Jalapa, 
Mexico,  and  Lower  California. 

\'l(p  -^  /«^  '     "^  Subgenus  ANOHTHURA  Rennie. 

Anorthura  Rennie,  Mont.  Orn.  Diet.  ed.  2,  1831,  570.     Type,  Mota- 
cilla  troglodytes  Linn. 

722.  Troglodytes  hiemalis  Vieill. 

Winter  Wren. 

Troglodytes  hiemalis  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXIV.  1819, 
514. 

[B  273,  C  50,  R  65,  C  76.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  generally,  breeding  from  the  north- 
ern parts  of  the  United  States  northward,  and  wintering  from  about 
its  southern  breeding  limit  southward. 

722  a.  Troglodytes  hiemalis  pacificus  Baird. 

Western  Winter  Wren, 

Troglodytes  hyemalis  var.  pacifiCus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.   L  Sept. 
1864,  145. 

[B  zii^part^  C  50,/^/-/,  R  65  <?,  C  77.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast,  from  Sitka  to  Southern  California;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Mexico. 

723.  Troglodytes  alascensis  Baird. 

Alaskan  Wren. 

Troglodytes  alascensis  Baird,  Trans.  Chic.  Ac  Sci.  L  1S69,  315,  pi. 
3o>  fig-  3. 

.  [B— ,  C  50^,  R  66,  C  78.] 

Hab.     Aleutian  and  Pribylof  Islands,  Alaska. 

Genus  CISTOTHORUS  Cabanis. 

Subgenus  CISTOTHORUS. 

Cistothorus  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  ^^.     Type,  Troglodytes  stellaris 
Light. 


330 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


724.  Cistothorus  stellaris  (Light.). 

Short-billed  Mursli  Wrcu. 

Troglodytes  stellaris  Light,  in  N.\um.  Vog,  Deulschl.  III.  1823,  tab. 

ad  p.  724, 
Cistothorus  stellaris  Cab.  Mus.  Htin,  I.  1S50,  Tj. 

[B  269,  C  52,  R  68,  C  81.] 

Had.     Eastern  United  States  and  Southern  British  Provinces,  west 
to  the  Plains.     Winters  in  the  Gulf  States  and  isoutliward. 

Subgenus  TELMATOD7TES  Cabanis. 
Telmatodytes  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I.  1850,  78.     Type,  Certhia  palustris 

WiLS. 

725.  Cistothorus  palustris  (Wils.). 

Liong-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

Certhia  palustris  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  II.  iSio,  58,  pi.  12,  fig.  4. 
Cistothorus  {Telmatodytes) palustris  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  364. 

[B  268,  C  51,  R  67,  67^,  C  79,  80.J 

Hab.     Southern  British  America  and  the  United  States,  south,  in 
winter,  to  Guatemala. 

/  '/C  >-  /2  ^  •/         Family   OERTHIID^.     Creepers. 


Genus  CERTHIA   Linn^us. 

Certhia  Linn.  S.   N.   ed.    10,  I.   1758,   118.      Type,  by  elimination, 
C.  /ami liar  is  Linn. 

726.  Certhia  familiaris  americana  (Bonap.). 

Brown  Creeper. 

Certhia  an^ricana  BoNAP.  Geog.  &  Comp.  List,  1838,  11. 

Certhia  familiaris  var.   americana    Ridgw.    Bull.    Essex    Inst.    V. 

^1873,  180. 

[B  275,  C  42,  R  55'  C  62.] 

Hab.  North  America  in  general,  breeding  from  the  northern  and 
more  elevated  parts  of  the  United  States  northward,  migrating  south- 
ward in  winter. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  33  I 

720 a.  Certhia  familiaris  mexicana  (Gloc). 

Mexican  Creeper. 

Certhia  mexicana  Glog.  Handb.  1834,  381. 

Certhia  familiaris  var.  mexicana  B.  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  I.  1S74, 
1 28. 

[B276,  C-  Rss^,  C-.] 


Hab.     Guatemala,  Mexico,  and  Southern  Arizona. 

'''  '  ~  '  Family  PARID-ffi.     Nuthatches  and  Tits. 

Subfamily  SITTIN.<E.    Nuthatches. 

Genus  SITTA   Linn^us. 
Sitta  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  115.     Type,  S.  europcea  Linn. 

727.  Sitta  carolinensis  Lath. 

White-breasted  Nuthatch. 

Sitta  carolinensis  Lath,  Ind.  Orn.  L  1790,  262. 

[B277,  C38,  R51,  C57.] 

Hab,     Southern  British  Provinces  and  Eastern  L^'nited  States  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

121  a.  Sitta  carolinensis  aculeata  (Cass.). 

Slender-billed  Nuthatch. 

Sitta  aculeata  Cass,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Oct.  1856,  254. 
Sitta  canadensis  van  aculeata  Allen,  Bull.  ^L  C.  Z.  IIL  No,  6,  July, 
1872,  161. 

[B278,C38«,R  51^,058.] 

Hab.    Western  North  America,  east  to  the  Plains,  and  south  into 
Mexico. 

HI  --72  7^ 

728.  Sitta  canadensis  Linn. 

Red-breasted  Nuthatch. 

Sitta  canadensis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  177. 


332 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


[B279,  C39,  R52»C59] 

Hab.     North  America  at  large,  breeding  mostly  north  of  the  United 
States,  migrating  south  in  winter. 

729.  Sitta  pusilla  Lath. 

Browii-headed  Nuthatch. 

Sitta  pusilla  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  I.  1790,  263. 

[B  280,  C  40,  R  53,  C  60.] 

Hab.     South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States;  casual  (?)  in  Ohio,  Michigan, 
Missouri,  etc. 

730.  Sitta  pygmasa  Vig. 

I*ygn»y  Nuthatch. 

Sitla pygmcea  Vig.  Zool.  Beechey's  Voy.  1839,  25,  pi.  4. 

[B  281,  C  41,  R  54,  C  61.] 

Hab.     Western  United  States,  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Southern  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

Subfamily  PARIN.^.    Titmice. 
Genus  FARUS  Linnaeus. 


Subgenus  LOPHOPHANES  Kaup. 

LophopJianes  Kaup,  Entw.  Gesch.  Eur.  Thierw.  1829,  92.     Type, 
Pants  cr  is  tat  us  Linn. 

731.  Farus  bicolor  Linn. 

Tufted  Titmouse. 

Par  us  bicolor  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  340. 

[B285,  C27,  R36,  C40.] 

Hab.     Eastern  United   States  to  the  Plains,  but  rare  towards  the 
northern  border,  being  a  straggler  merely  to  Southern  New  England. 

732.  Fams  atricristatus  Cass. 

Black-crested  Titmouse. 

Partis  air icristatu'.  Cass.  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i?5o,  103,  pi.  2. 


ORDER   PASCERES.  333 

[B  786,  C  2 J,  R  37,  C  42.] 
Hab.     Southeastern  Texas  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

733.  Fams  inomatos  Game. 

Plain  Titmouse. 
Parus  inornatus  Game.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Aug.  1845,  265. 
[B  2S>T,part,  C  iZ^part,  R  iZ.part,  C  41, /ar/.] 
Hab.     California  and  Western  Oregon. 

733^.  Parus  inornatus  griseus  Ridgw. 

Gray  Titmouse. 

Lophophanes  inornatus  griseus  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  Sept.  5, 

1882,  344. 
Parus  inornatus grisettsKiUGW .  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,354. 

[B  2^1,  part,  C  2%, part,  R  2>Z,  part,  C  41,/izrA] 

Hab.     New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

733  <^.  Parus  inornatus  cineraceus  Ridgw. 

Ashy  Titmouse. 

Lophophanes  inornatus  cineraceus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI. 

Oct.  5,  1883,  154. 
Parus  inornatus  cineraceus  Ridgw.   Pr.   U.  S.    Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

1885,  354- 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  -,  C  — .] 

Hab.     Lower  California. 

734.  Fams  wollweberi  (Bonap.). 

Bridled  Titmouse. 

Lophophanes  wollweberi  BoNAP.  Compt.  Rend.  XXXI.  Sept.  1850, 

478. 
Parus  wollweberi  Henry,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  309. 

[B288,  C30,  R39,  C43-] 

Hab.     Western  Texas,  Southern  New  Mexico,  Southern   Arizona, 
and  southward. 


334  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Subgenus  PARUS  Linnaeus. 

Pants  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  lo,  I.  1758,  189.     Type,  by  elimination,  P. 
major  Linn. 

735.  Panis  atricapillus  Linn. 

Chickadee. 

Partis  atricapillus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  341. 
[B  290,  C  31,  R41,  C  44.] 

Hab.     Eastern  North  America,  north  of   the  Potomac  and  Ohio 

Valleys. 

735 rtr.  Parus  atricapillus  septentrionalis  (Harris). 

Long.tailed  Chickadee. 

Parus  septentrionalis  Harris,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1845,  300- 
Parus  atricapillus  var.  septentrionalis  Allex,  Bull.  AL  C.  Z.  III. 
1872,  174. 

[B  289,  289  ^?,  C  31  «,  R  41  a,  C  45.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  Plateau  region,  east  to  Manitoba  and  the 
Plains. 

735/5.  Parus  atricapillus  occidentalis  (Baird). 

Oregon  Cliickadee. 

Parus  occidentalis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  391. 

Parus  atricapillus  var.  occidentalis  CouES,  Key,  1872,  8r. 

[B  291,  C  31  ^,  R  41  b,  C  46.] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  Northern  Cali- 
fornia northward. 

73G.  Fanis  carolinensis  Aud. 

Carolina  Chickadee. 

Parus  carolinensis  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  XL  1834,  474,  pi.  160. 

[B  293,  €31^,  R  42,  C  47.] 

Hab.     Southeastern  States,  north  to  New  Jersey  and  Illinois,  west 
to  Missouri,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Eastern  Texa.s. 


i.n-'i3i  ^ 


I 


ORDER   PASSERES. 


335 


]10 


[737.]  Pams  meridionalls  Scl. 

Mexican  Chickadee. 
Parus  meridionalis  Scl.  P.  Z,  S.  1856,  293, 

[B  292,  C  — ,  R  43,  C  879.1 

Hab.     Mexico,  north  to  Southern  Arizona. 

738.  Parus  gambeli  Ridgw. 

Mountain  Chiclcadee. 

Parus  gambeli  Ridgw.  MS. 

[B  294,  C  32,  R  40,  C  48.] 

Hab.     Mountainous  parts  of  the  Western  United  States,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

739.  Parus  cinctus  obtectus  (Cab.). 

Siberian  Cliicltadee. 

Parus  {Pcecila)  obtectus  Cab.  J.  f.  O.  1871,  237. 

Parus  ductus  obtectus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  44,  C  52.] 
Hab.     Northern  Alaska  and  Eastern  Siberia. 

740.  Parus  hudsonicus  Forst. 

Hudsonian  Chicliadee. 

Parus  hudsonicus  Forst.  Phil.  Trans.  LXII.  1772,  383^  43°- 

[B  296,  C  zi,  R  45'  C  49-] 

Hab.     Northern  North  America,  from  the  more  elevated  parts  of 
the  Northern  United  States  (Northern  New  England,  Northern  New 
York,  Northern  Michigan,  etc.)  northward. 
/,/7    ^1*0  <x 

741.  Paras  rufescens  Towns. 

Cliestnut-backed  Cliickadee. 

Parus  rufescens  Towns.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII.  ii.  1837, 
190. 


336 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 
[B  295, /^r/,  C  34,/tzr/,  R  46,  C  50.J 


Hab.     Northwest  coast  of  North  America,  from  the  Columbia  River 
northward. 

741  tf.  Panis  rufescens  neglectus  Ridgw. 

Californian  Chlclatdee. 

Parus  rufescens  /3.  neglectus  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  I.  April  25, 
1879,  485. 

[B  295,  part,  C  l\,part,  R  46^,  C  51.] 
Hab.     Coast  region  of  middle  and  southern  portions  of  California. 

Subfamily  CHAM^IN^.    Wren-Tits  and  Bush-Tits. 

Genus  CHAMiEA   Gambel. 

Chamcea  Gamb.   Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1847,  154.     Type,  Pants 
fasciatus  Gamh. 

742.  Chamcea  fasciata  Gamb. 

Wren-Tit. 

Parus  fasciatus  Gamb.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Aug.  1845,  265. 
Chaincea  fasciata  Gamb.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1847,  154. 

[B  21  i^,  part,  C  26,  part,  R  ^^,part,  C  3g,part.^ 

Hab.     Coast  region  of  California. 

742^.  Chamaea  fasciata  henshawl  Ridgw. 

Pallid  Wren-Tit. 

ChaincEa  fasciata  henshawi  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  June  5, 
1882,  13. 

[B  2T\,part,  C  26,  part,  R  zs^parf,  C  Z(),  pari.'\ 

Hab.     Interior  of  California,  including  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 


Genus  FSALTRIPARUS   Bonaparte. 

Psaltriparus  Bonap.  Compt.  Rend.  XXXI.  1850,  478.     Type,  Parus 
melanotis  Hartl. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  Si7 

743.  Fsaltripams  minlinuB  (Towns.). 

Busli.Tit. 

Parus  minimus  Towns.  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.i.  VII.  ii.  1837,  190. 
Psaltriparus  minimus  Uonap,  Compt.  Rend.  XXXVIII.  1854,  62. 

[B  298, /a/-/,  C  II,  part,  R  ^T,part,  C  53, /'''•/•] 

Hab.     Pacific  coast  region,  from  Northern  California  to  Washing- 
ton Territory. 

IVoa.  Psaltriparus  minimus  califomicus  Ridgw. 

Californlan  Bush-Tit. 

Psaltriparus  minimus  califomicus  Ridgw.  Pr.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  II. 
April  10,  1884,  89. 

[B  298,  part,  C  35,  part,  R  47,  part,  C  53,  part:\ 

Hab.     California,  except  the  northern  coast  district. 

743/^.  Psaltriparus  minimus  grindse  (Belding). 

Grinda's  Bush-Tit. 

Psaltriparus grindcB  Beld.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI.  Oct.  5,  1883.  155. 
Psaltriparus  minimus  grinda  Ridgw.   Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII, 
1885,  354. 

[B-,  C-,R-,C-.] 
Hab.     Lower  California. 

744.  Fsaltripams  plumbeus  Baird. 

Lead-colored  Bush-Tit. 

Psaltria  piumbea  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854,  118. 
Psaltriparus  plumbeus  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1S58,  398. 

[B  299,  C  36,  R  48,  C  54.] 

Hab.     New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  north  tc  Eastern  Oregon  and 
Western  Wyoming. 

,1^  -~  [745.]  Psaltriparus  melanotis  (Hartl.). 

Black-eared  Bush-Tit. 

Parus  melanotis  Hartl.  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  216. 
Psaltriparus  melanotis  BoN/tP.  Compt.  Rend.  XXXVIII.  1854,  62. 

22 


338  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

[n  297,  C  -,  R  49.  c  55.] 

Had.     Eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  north  to  the  Rio  Grande 
Valley  ;   East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (?). 

Genus  AURIPARUS   Baird. 

Auriparus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B,  I.  July,  1864,  85.     Type,  jEgithalus 
flaviceps  SuND. 

740.  Auriparus  flaviceps  (Sund.). 

Verdin. 

ul^.githalus flaviceps  Suxn.  Ofv.  Vet.  Ak.  Forh.  VII.  1850,  129. 
Auriparus Jlavkeps  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  July,  1864,  85. 

[B  300,  C  37,  R  50,  C  56.] 

Hab.     Southern  border  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Valley  of  the 
Rio  Grande  to  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Lower  California. 


Family  SYLVIID.^.    Wardlers,  Kinglets,  Gnatcatchers. 
Subfamily  SYLVIIN^.    Warblers. 

Genus  PHYLLOPSEUSTES   Meyer. 

Phyllopseustes  Meyer,  Vog.  Lifl.  Estl.  181 5,  122.    Type,  Sylvia  sibi- 
latrix  Bechst. 

747.  Phyllopseustes  borealis  (Blas.). 

Kennicott's  Willow  Warbler. 

PJiyllopneuste  borealis  Blasius,  Naumannia,  1858,  313. 
Phyllopseustes  borealis  Meves,  J.  f.  O.  1875,  429- 

[B  —  C  20,  R  34,  C  32.] 

Hab.     Northeastern  Asia  and  Alaska. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  339 

Subfamily  REQULIN^.    Kinglets. 

Genus  REGULUS  Cuvier. 

Regulus  Cuv.  Le(j.  d'Anat.  Comp.  I.  1 799-1800,  tab.  ii.    Type,  Mota- 
cilia  regulus  Linn. 

748.  Regulus  satrapa  Lrht. 

Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 

Regulus  satrapa  Light.  Verz.  Doubl.  1823,  35. 

[D  162, part,  C  22, part,  R  33,  C  34.] 

Hab.  North  America  generally,  breeding  in  the  northern  and  ele- 
vated parts  of  the  United  States  and  northward,  migrating  south  in 
winter  to  Guatemala. 

718  a.  Regulus  satrapa  olivaceus  Baird. 

Western  Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 

Regulus  satrapa  var.  olivaceus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  \.  July,  1864,  65 
(in  text  under  R.  satrapa). 

[B  i62,part  C  22, part,  R  33  ar,  C  35.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  California  north- 
ward. 

749.  Regulus  calendula  (Linn.). 

Huby-crowned  Kinglet. 

Motacilla  calendula  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  L  1766,  337. 
Regulus  calendula  Light.  Verz.  Doubl.  1823,  35. 

[B  161,  C  21,  R30,  C  33.] 

Hab.  North  America,  south  to  Guatemala,  north  to  the  Arctic 
coast,  breeding  mostly  north  of  the  United  States. 

750.  Regulus  obscurus  Ridgw. 

Dusky  Kinglet. 

Regulus  calendula  obscurus  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv. 

Terr.  II.  No.  2,  April  i,  1876,  184. 
Regulus  obscurus  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  II.  July,  1877,  59. 


340 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B-  C-,R3i,C-.] 
Had.     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

Subfamily  PC  LIOPTILIN-^.    Gnatcatchers. 


Genus  FOLIOFTILA   Sclater. 
Polioptila  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  ii.     Type,  Motacilla  cczrulea  Linn. 

751.  Folioptila  cserulea  (Linn.). 

Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher. 

Motacilla  ccerulea  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  337. 
Polioptila  carnlea  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  11. 

[B  282,  C  23,  R  27,  C  zd.l 

Hab.  Middle  and  southern  portions  of  the  United  States,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  south,  in  winter,  to  Guatemala,  Cuba,  and 
the  Bahamas ;  rare  north  toward  the  Great  Lakes,  Southern  New 
York,  and  Southern  New  England,  straggling  north  to  Massachu- 
setts and  Maine. 

752.  Folioptila  plumbea  Baird. 

Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher. 

Folioptila  plumbea  Baird,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  June,  1854,  118. 

[B  283,  C  25,  R  28,  C  i^.-\ 

Hab.  Western  Texas  to  Arizona  and  eastern  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

753.  Folioptila  califomica  Brewst. 

Black-tailed  Gnatcatcher. 

Polioptila  califomica  Brewst.  Bull.   Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VI.  April, 
1881,  103. 

[B  284,  C  24,  R  29,  C  37.] 
Hab.     Southern  California  and  Pacific  coast  of  Lower  California. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  34 1 

Family  TURDIDjE.     Thrushes,  Solitaires,  Stonechats, 

Bluebirds,  etc. 

Subfamily  MYADESTIN^^E.    Solitaires. 

Genus  MTADESTES   Swainson. 

Myadestes  Swains.  Nat.  Libr.  XIII.  Flycatchers,  1838,  132.    Type, 
M.  genibarbis  Swains. 

754.  Myadestes  townsendii  (Aud.). 

Townsend's  Solitaire. 

Ptiliogonys  townsendii  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  V.  1839,  206,  pi.  419,  fig.  2. 
Myiadestes  townsendi  Cab.  VViegm.  Archiv,  1847,  i.  208. 

[B  235,  C  121,  R  25,  C  169.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  westward  to  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Subfamily  TURDINJE-    Thrushes. 

Genus  TURDUS  Linn^us. 

Subgenus  HTLOCICHLA  Baird. 

Hylocichla  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  June,  1864,  12.     Type,  Turdus 
mustelinus  Gmel. 

755.  Turdus  mustelinus  Gmel. 

Wood  Thrush. 

Turdus  mustelinus  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  817. 

[B  148,  C  3,  R  T,  C  6.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Southern 
Michigan,  Ontario,  and  Massachusetts,  south,  in  winter,  to  Guatemala 
and  Cuba. 


342  CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

756.  Tuidus  fuscescens  Steph. 

Wilson's  Thrush. 

Turdus  fuiccscens  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  X.  i.  1817,  1S2. 

[B151,  C6,  R2,  C7.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Manitoba,  On- 
tario, Anticosti,  and  Newfoundland. 

756  a.  Tardus  fuscescens  salicicolus  (Ridgw.). 

Willow  Thrush. 

Hylocichla  fuscescens  salicicola  Ridgw.    Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.  IV. 

April  6,  1882,  374. 
Turdus  fuscescens  salicicola  CouES,  Key,  ed.  2,  18S4,  246. 

[B  _,  C  -  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  east  to  Dakota. 

757.  Turdus  aliciae  Baird. 

Gray-cheeked  Thrush. 

Turdus  alicicz  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  217. 

[B  154,  C  5«,  R3,  C  12.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains,  Alaska,  and  East- 
ern Siberia,  north  to  the  Arctic  coast,  south,  in  winter,  to  Costa  Rica. 
Breeds  chiefly  north  of  the  United  States. 

757  a.  Turdus  alicise  bicknelli  (Ridgw.). 

Bicknell's  Thrush. 

Hylocichla  alicice  bicknelli  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  IV.  April  6, 

1882,  377. 
Turdus  alicicE  bicknelli  Coues,  Key,  ed.  2,  1884,  248. 

[B  ii,^,/>ar/,  C  ^  a, pari,  R  ^,/>arl,  C  12,/drr/.] 

Hab.  In  summer,  mountainous  parts  of  the  Northeastern  States 
(Catskills,  White  Mountains,  etc)  and  Nova  Scotia,  migrating  south 
in  winter. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  343 

753.  Turdus  ustulatus  (Nltt.). 

Russet-backed  Thrush. 

Turdus  ustulatus  Nutt.  Man.  Orn.  Land  B.  ed.  2,  1840,  830  {cestu- 
latus,  err.  typ.  p.  400). 

[B152,  C  5^,114,  C  II.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  to  Cali- 
fornia, south  in  winter  to  Guatemala. 

758  a.  Turdus  ustulatus  swainsonii  (Cab.). 

Olive-backed  Thrush. 

Turdus  sivainsonii  Qkv,.  Fauna  Per.  1845-46,  187. 
Turdus  ustulat2is  (i.  swainsoni  RiDGW.   Field  &  Forest,  II.  May, 
1877,  195. 

[B  153,  C  5,  R4rt;,  C  13.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  and  westward  to  the  Upper  Colum- 
bia River  and  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  straggling  to  the  Pacific 
coast.     Breeds  mostly  north  of  the  United  States. 

759.  Turdus  aonalaschkce  Gmel. 

Dwarf  Hermit  Thrush. 

Turdus  aonalaschkce  Gmel.  S   N.  I.  ii.  1788.  808. 

[B150,  C4^,  R5,  C8.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  region,  from  Alaska  to  Lower  California,  east, 
during  migrations,  to  Nevada  and  Arizona.  Breeds  from  California 
northward. 

759^.  Turdus  aonalaschkse  auduboni  (Baird). 

Audubon's  Hermit  Thrush. 

Turdus  auduboni  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  June,  1864,  16. 
Turdus  aonalaschkce  auduboni  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Vol.  3, 
March  27,  1880,  i. 

[B  149^,  C  4^-,  R  5<7,  C  9.] 

Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  region,  from  near  the  northern  border  of 
the  United  States  south  into  Mexico. 

759^.  Turdus  aonalaschkaB  pallasii  (Cab.). 

Hermiit  Thrush. 

Turdus  pallasii  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv.  1847,  i    205. 
Turdus  aonalaschkce  pallasi  lilDGW.    Pr.    U.    S.    Nat.   Mus.   III. 
March  27,  i83o,  i. 


344  CHECK-LIST  OF   NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

[B  149,  C  4,  R  5  /^,  C  lo.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  the  Northern  United 
States  northward,  and  wintering  from  the  Northern  States  south- 
ward. 

Subgenus  TURDUS  Linn/«:us. 

Ttirdiis  LiN'N.  S.   N.  ed.   10,  I.   1758,  168.     Type,  by  elimination 
T.  viscivortis  Linn. 

[7C0.]  Turdus  iliacus  Linn. 

Red-winged  Thrush. 

Turdus  iliacus  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  168. 
[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  6,  C  4.] 
Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

Genus  MERULA   Leach. 

Merula  Leach,  Syst.  Cat.  Brit.  Mam.  &  B.  181 6,  20.     Type,  Turdus 
inerula  LiNN. 

761.  Menda  znigratoria  (Linn.). 

American  Robin. 

Turdus  migratorius  LiNN.  S.  N.  ed.  12,  I.  1766,  292. 
Merula  migraioria  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  368. 

[B  -i^l^.part,  C  i,part,  R  7,  C  i.] 

Hab.  Eastern  North  America  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  including 
Eastern  Mexico  and  Alaska.  Breeds  'rom  near  the  southern  border 
of  the  United  States  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast ;  winters  from 
Southern  Canada  and  the  Northern  States  (irregularly)  southward. 

761  d!.  Merula  migratcria  propinqua  Ridgw. 

Western  Robin. 

T[urdus'\ propinquus  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Or?  Ciub,  IL  Jan.  1877,  9- 
Merula  tnigratoria propinqua  RiDGW.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  IH.  Aug. 
24,  1880,  166. 


ORDER   PASSERES.  345 

[B  xil^part,  C  lypart,  R  7  <7,  C  2.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  westward. 

7G2.  Merula  confinis  (Baird). 

St.  Lucas  Robin. 

Turdus  confinis  Baird,  Rev.  Am,  B.  I.  June,  1864,  29. 

Menila  confinis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880,  166. 

[B  — ,  C  I  dr,  R  8,  C  3.] 

Hab.     Lower  California. 

Genus  HESPEROCICHLA   Baird. 

Hcsperocichla  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  June,  1864,  12.     Type,  Turdus 
ncevius  Gmel. 

7G3.  Hesperocichla  naevia  (Gmel.). 

Varied  Tlirush. 

Turdus  ncevius  Gmel.  S.  N.  I.  ii.  1788,  817. 

Hesperocichla  ncevia  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.   III.  Aug.  24, 
1880,  166. 

[B  156,  C  2,  R  9,  C  5.] 

Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Bering's  Strait  to  Cali- 
fornia. Accidental  in  the  Eastern  States  (New  Jersey,  Long  Island, 
and  Massachusetts). 

Genus  CYANECULA   Brehm. 
Cyanecula  Brehm,  I  sis,  1828,  1280.    Type,  Motacilla  suecica  Linn. 

[764.]  Cyanecula  suecica  (Linn.). 

Red-spotted  Bluethroat. 

Motacilla  suecica  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  187. 
Cyanecula  suecica  Brehm,  Isis,  1828,  1280. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R20,  C31.] 

Hab.     Northern  parts  of  the  Old  World  ;  casual  in  Alaska. 


.  jU 


346  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Genus  SAXICOLA   Bechstein. 

Saxicola  Becust.  Orn.  'J  aschb.  1803,  216.    Type,  Motacilla  anan- 
the  Linn. 

7G5.  Saxicola  oenanthe  (Linn.). 

Wlieatear. 

Motacilla  wnant/ie  LixN.  S-  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  186. 
Saxicola  cenanthe  Bechst.  Orn.  Taschb.  1803,  217. 

[B157,  C  15,  R  21,  C  26.] 

Hab.  Europe,  North  Africa,  Asia,  Alaska,  Greenland,  and  Lab- 
rador, straggling  southward  to  Nova  Scotia,  Maine,  Long  Island,  and 
the  Bermudas. 


Genus  SIALIA   Swainson. 

Sialia  SvvAiNS.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  May,  1827,  369.    Type,  Motacilla  sialis 
Linn. 

76G.   Sialia  sialis  (Linn.). 

Bluebird. 

Motacilla  sialis  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  187. 
Sialia  sialis  Haldem.  Trego's  Geog.  Penn.  1843,  77- 

[B  158,  C  16,  R  22,  C  27.] 

Hab.  Eastern  United  States  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  north  to  Manitoba,  Ontario,  and  Nova  Scotia,  south,  in 
winter,  from  the  Middle  States  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Cuba.  Ber- 
mudas, resident. 

7G6dJ.   Sialia  sialis  aziirea  (Swains.). 

Azure  Bluebird. 

Sialia  azurea  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  I.  1827,  369. 

Sialia  sialis  var.  azurea  B.  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  I.  Jan.  1874,  62. 

[B  _  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.     Southern  Arizona  and  Eastern  Mexico. 

767.  Sialia  mexicana  Swains. 

Western  Bluebird. 

Sialia  j/iexicana  Swains.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  1831,  202. 


ORDER  PASSERES.  34/ 

[B  159,  C  17,  R  23,  C  28.] 

Hab.  Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mouutains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  south  to  Southern  Mexico. 

7G8.  SiaKa  arctica  (Swains.). 

Monntain  Bluebird. 

Erythaca  {Sialia)  arctica  SwAiNS.  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  II.  183 1,  209, 

Pl-  39- 
Sialia  arctica  Nutt.  Man.  Land  B.  1834,  573. 

[B  .60,  C  18,  R  24,  C  29.] 

Hab.  Western  North  America  (chiefly  the  interior),  from  the  west- 
ern parts  of  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific,  north  to  Great  Slave  Lake, 
south  to  Mexico. 


HYPOTHETICAL   LIST/ 


Family  PODICIPID-ffl. 
1.   iEjChmophoms  clarkii  (Lawr.). 

Clark's  Grebe. 

Podiceps  clarkii  Lawr.  in  Baird's  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  895. 
jEchmophorus  ciarkii  QovsES,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  229. 

[B  705,  C  6o3«,  R  730,  C  846.] 

Probably  the  female  of  yE.  occidentalis  (Lawr.).  (QC  Henshaw, 
Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VI.  188 1,  pp.  214-218 ;  B.  B.  &  R.,  Water  B.  N. 
Am.  II.  p.  423  ;  and  especially  Bryant,  Auk,  II.  1885,  pp.  313,  314.) 


Family  ALCID-ffi. 
2.  Cepphus  motzfeldi  (Benick.). 

Black-wiuged  Guillemot. 

Uria  motzfeldi  Benick.  Isis,  Aug.  1824,  889. 

Cepphus  motzfeldi  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  Aug.  5,  1884,  210. 

[B  ~  C  — ,  R  — ,  C  — .] 

North  American,  but  its  specific  validity  not  satisfactorily  estab- 
lished.    (QC  Stejn.  /,  c,  and  Water  B.  N.  Am.  II.  1884,  pp.  497,  498). 


^  Consisting  of  species  which  have  been  recorded  as  North  American,  but  whose 
status  as  North  American  birds  is  doubtful,  either  from  lack  of  positive  evidence  of 
their  occurrence  within  the  prescribed  limits  of  the  present  Check-List,  or  from  ab- 
sence of  satisfactory  proof  of  their  validity  as  species. 


350  CIIFXK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

a.  Cepphus  carbo  Pa:-.. 

Sooty  Guillemot. 

Ccpphtts  carbo  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  II.  1826,  350. 

[B  728,  C  633,  R  762,  C  873.] 

No  evidence  of  its  occurrence  in  North  America.     {Cf.  Stejn.  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VII.  1884,  pp.  225-227.) 


Family  LARID-ffl. 
?'58    '  ^'  ^^'^^  (Creagms)  fiircata  (Neb.).  ^ 

^  Swallow-tat  led  Gull. 

Lams furcatus  Neb.  Voy.  'Venus,'  Atlas,  pi.  10  (1S46). 
Xema  furcatum  Coues,  Key,  1S72,  317. 

[B679,  C559,  R678,  C79I-] 

In  all  probability  erroneously  accredited  to  North  America.  Only 
three  examples  are  known,  —  the  type,  said  to  be  from  Monterey,  Cal., 
one  from  the  Galapagos,  and  one  from  the  coast  of  Peru. 

Family  PROOELLARIID^. 

o.   Puffinus  kuhlii  (Bote). 

Cinereous  Sliearw^ater. 

Procellaria  kuhlii  BoiE,  Isis,  1835,  257. 
Puffinus  kuhlii  BoxAP.  Consp.  II.  1856,  202. 

[B651,  C  596,  R  708,0831.] 

An  Eastern  Atlantic  species,  of  which  no  American  specimens  are 
known  to  exist  in  collections. 

6.  Oceanodroma  hornb3ri  (Gray). 

Hornby's  Petrel. 

Thalassidroma  hornbyi  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1853,  62. 
Oceanodroma  hornbyiV>0'^K?.  Consp.  II.  1856,  195. 

[B  641,  C  592,  R  727,  C827.] 


HYPOTHETICAL   LIST.  35  I 

A  very  distinct  species,  of  which  only  one  specimen  has  been  ob- 
tained, the  alleged  locality  being  the  "northwest  coast  of  America." 


Family  PHALACROOORACID-ffl. 
7.  Fhalacrocoraz  perspicillatus  Pall. 

Pallas's  Cormorant. 

Phalacrpcorax perspicillatus  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso- As.  H.  1S26,  305. 

[B  621,  C  533,  R  648,0  756.] 

Believed,  on  good  evidence,  to  be  now  extinct,  as  it  unquestionably 
is  in  the  locality  (Bering  Island)  where  originally  discovered.  Only 
three  specimens  are  known  to  exist  in  collections, — one  each  being 
in  the  St  Petersburgh,  Leyden,  and  British  Museums.  Even  if  exist- 
ing, it  has  no  valid  claim  to  a  place  in  the  North  American  fauna. 
(C/.  Stejn.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI.  1883,  p.  65.) 

Family  ANATID-ffl. 
/,/t    -  8.   Chen  cserulescens  (Linn.). 

Blue  Goose. 

Anas  ccerulescens  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  L  1758,  224. 

Chen  cceruUscens  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  IIL  Aug.  24,  1880,  202. 

[B  564,  C  479,  R  590,  C  694.] 

Possibly  a  race  of  C.  hyperboreiis  (Pall.).  (Cy!  B.  B.  &  R.  Water 
B.  N.  Am.  I.  1884,  437  ;   Ridgw.  Auk,  I.  1884,  240.) 


Family  ARDEID-S. 
9.  Ardea  wuerdemanni  Baird. 

Wurdemann's  Heron. 

Ardea  iviirdcfnanni  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  669. 

[B  488,  C  450,  R  ^Z6,part,  C  6$6,part.'] 


!|i- 


352  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN    DIRDS. 

Believed  to  be  either  the  colored  phase  of  A.  oceukntalis  Aud.,  or 
an  abnormal  specimen  of  A.  u<ardi  Riugw.  {Cf.  Ridgw.  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  IV.  No.  i,  1878,  pp.  229-236;  Bull.  Nutt. 
Orn.  Club,  VII.  1882,  pp.  1-6;  Auk,  I.  1884,  pp.  161-1O3;  Water  B. 
N.  Am.  I.  1884,  pp.  7-13.) 

10.  Ardea  (Dichromanassa)  pealei  Bonap. 

Peale's  Egret 

Ardea  pealei  Bonap.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II.  1826,  154. 

[B  482,  C  355, /^''A  R  A9^>P^*'^t  ^  661, />arf.'] 

Supposed  to  be  the  white  phase  of  A.  rufa  Bodd.,  but  possibly  enti- 
tled to  recognition  as  a  local  or  geographical  race. 


Family  SCOLOPACID^. 
11.  Tringa  (Actodromas)  cooperi  Baird. 

Cooper's  Sandpiper. 

Tringa  cooperi  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  716. 

[6527,0  422,  R  535,  C  618.] 

Known  only  from  the  single  specimen  from  which  the  species  was 
originally  described,  taken  on  Long  Island,  in  May,  1833,  and  still 
extant  in  the  National  Museum.  The  status  of  the  species  is  in 
doubt. 

Family  OATHARTID-ffi. 

Genus  GYFAGUS  Vieillot. 

Gypagus  Vieill.  Analyse,  1816,  21.    Type,  by  elimination,  Vultur 
papa  Linn. 

13.  Gypagus  papa  (Linn.). 

King  Vulture. 

Vultur  papa  Linn.  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1758,  86. 

Gypagus  papa  YiKiLL.  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXVI.  1819,456. 

[B  _  C  -  R  -,  C  ~.] 


HYPOTHETICAL   LIST. 


353 


L-t 


Recorded  as  occi-Ting  on  the  Rio  Verde,  Arizona,  but  its  identity 
not  satisfactorily  determined.  (C/.  Coues,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  Vl. 
1881,  p.  248.) 

13.  Cathartes  burrovianus  Cass. 

Burroughs's  Turkey  Vulture. 

Cathartes  burrovianus  Cass.  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  II.  1845,  212. 

[B  4,  C  -,  R  — ,  C  — .] 

Hab.  Mexico  and  Eastern  South  America.  Reported  as  having 
been  seen  near  Brownsville,  Texas.    {Cf.  Dresser,  Ibis,  1865,  p.  322.) 

Family  FALCONID-ffi. 

14.  Buteo  cooperi  Cass. 

Cooper's  Henhawk. 

Buteo  cooperi  Qh%s.  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VIII.  1856,  253. 

[329,0349,  R  437,  C  514.] 

Probably  the  light  phase  of  B.  harlani  Aud.  {Cf.  Ridgw.  Auk, 
I.  1884,  pp.  253,  254;  lb.  II.  1885,  pp.  165,  166.) 

15.  Buteo  fuliginosus  Scl. 

Little  Black  Hawk. 

Buteo  fuliginosus  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  356. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.  Tropical  America;  Florida  (accidental?).  Slid  to  be  the 
melanistic  phase  of  B.  brachyurus  Vieill.  {Cf  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt. 
Orn.  Club,  VI.  Oct.  1881,  pp.  207-214.) 


Genus  RH7NCHOFSITTA  Bonaparte. 

Rhynchopsitta  Bonap.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  VI.  1854,  149.     Type,  Ma- 
crocerctts  pachyrhynchus  Swains. 

23 


354 


CHECK-LIST   OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


16.  Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha  (Swains.). 

Thick-bUled  Parrot. 

Macrocercus  pachyrhynchus  Swains.  Phil.  Mag.  1827,  439. 
Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha  Bonap.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  VI.  1854,  149. 

[B64,  C— ,  R39i,C-.] 

Hab.  Mexico.  There  is  said  to  be  a  specimen  in  "  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  labelled  Rio 
Grande,  Texas,  J.  W.  Audubon,"  but  there  is  doubt  as  to  whether  the 
specimen  was  really  taken  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  {Cf. 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  p.  66,  foot-note.)  Its  occurrence  in  Texas 
is  not  improbable. 


/•/f  -z^-/ 


Famit.y  FRINGILLID.^.     Finches,  Sparrows,  etc. 
17.  Acantliis  brewsterii  (Ridgw.). 

Brewster's  Linnet. 

jEgiothus  {^flavirostris  var.)  brewsterii  Ridgw.  Am.  Nat.  July,  1872, 

433 
Acanthis  brewsterii  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 

[B— ,  C  147,  R  180,  C  211.] 

The  type-specimen,  taken  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  remains  unique.  It 
cannot  be  identified  with  any  known  species,  but  may  be  a  hybrid  be- 
tween Acanthis  linaria  and  Spinus  pinus.  {Cf.  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt. 
Orn.  Club,  VI.  18S1,  p.  225  ) 


18.  Spiza  townsendxi  (Aud.). 

Townsend's  Bunting. 

Emberiza  townsendii  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II.  1834,  183. 

Spiza  townsendi  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  III.  Aug.  24,  1880,  182. 

[B  379,  C  192,  R  255,  C  288.] 

The  original  specimen,  taken  May  11,  1833,  in  '^hester  County,  Pa., 
by  Mr.  J.  K.  Townsend,  remains  unique.  Its  peculiarities  cannot  be 
accounted  for  by  hybridism,  nor  probably  by  individual  variation. 


HYPOTHETICAL  LIST. 


355 


Family  VIREONID-ffi.    Vireos. 


Genus  HYLOFHILUS  Temminck. 

Hylophilus  Temm.  PI.  Col.  III.  Livr.  29, 1S23,  text,  and  pi.  173,  fig.  i. 
Type,  H.  ihoracicus  Temm. 

19.  Hylophilus  decurtatus  (Bonap.). 

Short-winged  Hylophilus. 

Sylvicola  decurtata  Bonap.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  118. 
Hylophilus  decurtatus  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  B.  I.  1866,  380. 

[B  -,  C  -,  R  -,  C  -.] 

Hab.  Mexico  and  Central  America,  to  Isthmus  of  Panama.  South- 
ern Texas  1  {Helinai  brevipennis  Giraud,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1850,  40. 
"  Mexico  and  Texas.") 


Family  MNIOTILTID-ffi.    Wood-Warblers. 
20.  Helminthophila  lawrencei  (Herrick). 

Iiawrence's  Warbler. 

Heltfiinthophaga  lawrencei  Herrick,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874, 

220,  pi.  15. 
Helminthophila  lawrencei  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII.  Jan. 

1882,  53. 

[B  — ,  C  — ,  R  80,  C  99.] 

Two  specimens  have  been  taken  in  New  Jersey.  Supposed  to  be  a 
hybrid  between  H.  pinus  and  H.  chrysoptera.  {Cf.  Ridgw.  Ibis,  1876, 
p.  169,  and  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VI.  188 1,  pp.  218-225.) 


21.  Helminthophila  leucobronchialis  (Brewst.). 

Brewster's  Warbler. 

Helminthophaga  leucobronchialis  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  L 

Jan.  1876,  1,  plate. 
Hetnnnthophiia  leucobronchialis  Ridgw.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII. 

Jan.  1882,  53. 


356 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[B— ,  C— ,  R82,  C  100.] 

Known  from  numerous  specimens,  taken  in  Southern  New  England, 
Lower  Hudson  Valley,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  Michigan,  etc.  Sup- 
posed to  be  a  hybrid  between  H.  pinus  and  H.  chrysoptera^  but  pos- 
sibly a  distinct  species.  {Cf.  Brewst.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VI. 
1881,  pp  218-225  ;   RiDGW.  Auk,  II.  Oct.  1885,  pp.  359-363.) 

22.  Helminthophila  cincinnatiensis  (Langd.). 

Cincinnati  Warbler. 

Hcbninthophaga  cincinnatiensis  Lan'GD.  Jour.  Cine.  Sec.  N.  H  July, 

1880,  119,  120,  pi  4. 
Helviinthophila  cincinnatiensis  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII. 

1885,  354. 

[B— ,  C— ,  R— ,  C  loi.] 

One  specimen  taken  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Probably  a  hybrid 
between  H.  pinus  and  Geothlypis  {Oporomis)  formosa,  {Cf.  Ridgw. 
Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  V.  1880,  p.  237.) 

23.  Dendroica  (Perissoglossa  ?)  carbonata  (Aud.). 

Carbonated  Warbler. 

Sylvia  carbonata  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I.  1831,  308,  pi.  60. 

Dendroica  carbonata  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  287. 

Perissoglossa  carbonata  B.  B.  &  R.  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  I.  Jan.  1874,  214. 

[B  207,  C— ,  R91,  C— .] 

Known  only  from  Audubon's  plate  and  description  of  two  specimens 
killed  near  Henderson,  Kentucky,  in  May,  181 1. 


24.  Dendroica  montana  (VVils.). 

Blue  Mountain  Warbler. 

Sylvia  montana  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  V.  1812,  113,  pi.  44,  fig.  2. 
Dendroica  montana  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  278. 

[B  199,  C— ,  R  112,  C—.] 

Known  only  from  the  works  of  Wilson  and  Audubon.  Taken  in 
th  Blue  Mountains  of  Virginia.  Not  as  yet  Saticfactcrily  identified 
with  any  oth^^r  species. 


HYPOTHETICAL  LIST. 

25.  Sylvania(?)  microcephala  Ridgw. 

Sinall-Iieaded  Warbler. 


357 


Sylvania  microcephala  Ridgw.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  VIII.  1885,  354. 
(=  Miiscicapa  miimta  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  VI.  181 2,  62.  pi.  i,  tig.  5.) 
(Nee  Gmel.,  17S8.) 

[B  212,  C  — ,  R  126,  C  — .] 

Known  only  from  the  works  of  Wilson  and  Audubon.     Claimed  to 
have  been  taken  in  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky, 


Family  SYLVIID-ffl.     Warblers. 
26.  Regulus  cuvieri  Aud. 

Cuvier's  Kinglet. 

Regulus  cuvieri  h.\jT>.  Orn.  Bic^    I.  1832.  288,  pi.  55. 

[B  163,  C  — ,  R  32,  C  — .] 

Known  only  from  Audubon's  description  and  figure  of  the  original 
specimen,  killed  in  June,  1812,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  River, 
in  Pennsylvania. 


,jkii 


THE 


FOSSIL  BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


A.  —  JURASSIC. 

1.  Laopteryx  priscus  Marsh. 

Laopteryx prisons  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XXI.  i88i,  341. 
Upper  Jurassic  beds  of  Wyoming. 

B.  -  CRETACEOUS.^ 

2.  Apatomis  celer  Marsh. 

Ichthyornis  celer  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  V.  1873,  /4. 
Apatornis  celer  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  V.  1873,  162. 

Middle  Cretaceous  of  Western  Kansas. 


3.  Baptomis  advenus  Marsh. 

Baptornis  advenus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XIV.  1877,  86. 

Cretaceous  of  Western  Kansas,  in  the  same  beds  with  Odontornithes 
and  Pteranodontia. 

1  The  genera  alphabetically  arranged. 


3^0 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


,  4.  Graciilavus  veloz  Marsh. 

Graciilavus  velox  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  III.  1872,  363. 

Greensand  of  the  middle  marl  bed,  or  Upper  Cretaceous,  near  Hor- 
nerstown,  New  Jersey. 

5.  Graciilavus  pumilus  Marsh. 

Graadavus pumilus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  HI.  1872,  364. 

Greensand  of  the  middle  marl  bed,  or  Upper  Cretaceous,  near  Hor- 
nerstovvn,  New  Jersey. 

6.  Hesperornis  regalis  Marsh. 

Hesperornis  fcgalis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  III.  1872,  $6. 
Pteranodon  beds  of  Western  Kansas. 


7.  Hesperornis  crassipes  Marsh. 

Lestornis  crassipes  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XI.  1876,  509. 
Hesperornis  crassipes  Marsh,  Odontornilhes,  1880,  196,  figs.  40  a-d^ 
pis.  vii,  xvii. 

Yellow  chalk  of  the  Pteranodon  beds,  Western  Kansas. 

8.  Hesperornis  gracilis  Marsh. 

Hesperornis  gracilis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XI.  1876,  510. 
Yellow  chalk  of  the  Pteranodon  beds,  Western  Kansas. 

9.  Ichthyomis  dispar  Marsh. 

Ichthyornis  dispar  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872.  344. 
Pteranodon  beds,  Middle  Cretaceous,  Northwestern  Kansas. 

10.  Ichthyomis  agilis  Marsh. 

Graculavus  agilis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  V.  1873,  230. 
Ichthyornis  ngilis  Marsh,  Odontornithes,  1880,  197. 

Pteranodon  beds,  Miuale  Cretaceous,  Western  Kansas. 


FOSSIL  BIRDS.  361 

11.  Ichthyomis  anceps  Marsh. 

Graculavus  anceps  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  III.  1872,  364. 
Ichthyomis  anceps  Marsh,  Odontornithes,  1880,  198. 

Gray  shale  of  the  Middle  Cretaceous,  Smoky  Hill  River,  Western 
Kansas. 

12.  Ichthyornis  lentus  Marsh. 

Graculavus  lentus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XIV.  1877,  253. 
Ichthyornis  lentus  Marsh,  Odontornithes,  iS8o,  198. 

Middle  Cretaceous  beds,  near  Fort  McKinney,  Texas. 

13.  Ichthyornis  tener  Marsh. 

Ichthyornis  tener  Marsh,  Odontornithes,  1880,  198,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  8. 
Pteranodon  beds,  Middle  Cretaceous,  Wallace  County,  Kansas. 

14.  Ichthyornis  validus  Marsh. 

Ichthyornis  validus  Marsh,  Odontornithes,  1880,  198,  pi.  xxx.  figs. 
11-14. 

Yellow  chalk  of  the  Middle  Cretaceous,  near  SDlomon  River,  North- 
western Kansas. 

15.  Ichthyomis  victor  Marsh. 

Ichthyornis  victor  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XI.  1876,  511. 
Middle  Cretaceous  of  Kansas,  in  various  localities. 

IG.  Laomis  edvardsianus  Marsh. 

Laornis  edvardsianus  Marsh,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  5. 
Middle  marl  bed.  Upper  Cretaceous,  Birmingham,  New  Jersey. 

17.  Palseotringa  littoralis  Marsh. 

Palceotf-inga  littoralis  MARSir,  Pr.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  5. 
Greensand  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  near  Hornerstown,  New  Jersey. 


362 


CHECKLIST  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


18.  Falaeotringa  vagans  Marsh. 

Palaotrin^a  vagans  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  III.  1872,  365. 

Greensand    of    the   Upper    Cretaceous,   near    Hornerst.own,   New 
Jersey. 


10.  Falseotringa  vetus  Marsh. 

Scolopax  Morton,  Syn.  Organic  Remains  of  the  Cret.  U.  S.  1834,  32. 
Palceotringa  vetus  Marsh,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1S70,  5. 

Lower  marl  bed  of  the  Cretaceous  formation,  near  Arneytown,  New 
Jersey. 


20.  Telmatomis  prisons  Marsh. 

Telmatornis pi  iscus  Marsh,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  5. 

Middle  marl  bed  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  near  Hornerstown,  New- 
Jersey. 

21.  Telmatomis  affjniR  Marsh. 

Telmatornis  affinis  Marsh,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  5. 

Middle  marl  beds  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  near  Hornerstown,  New 
Jersey. 

C- TERTIARY. 
Subclass   RATIT^. 


22.  Gastomis  giganteus  (Cope). 

Diatryma  gigantea  Cope,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1876,  ir. 
Ga'^tornis giganteus  CouES,  Key  N.  A.  Birds,  2d  ed.  1884,  825. 

Wahsatch  Epoch,  Eocene  of  New  Mexico. 


FOSSIL  BIRDS.  363 


Subclass  CARINAT^. 


Order   PYGOPODES. 

23.  Uria  antiqua  (Marsh). 

Catarractes  aniiqua  Marsh,  Am.  Jour  a.  Sci.  XLIX.  1870,  213. 
Uria  antiqua  CoUES,  MS. 

Miocene  of  North  Carolina. 


24.  Uria  affinis  (Marsh). 

Catarractes  ajjinis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  259. 
Uria  ajjinis  CouES,  MS. 

Post-pliocene  of  Maine. 


Order   TUBINARES. 

25.  Puffinus  conradii  Marsh. 

Puffinus  conradii  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XLIX.  1870,  212. 
Miocene  of  Maryland. 

Order   STEGANOPODES. 

26.  Sula  loxostyla  Cope. 

Sula  loxostyla  Cope,  Tr.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  XIV.  1870,  236. 
Miocene  of  North  Carolina. 

27.  Fhalacrocoraz  idahensis  (Marsh). 

Gracidus  idahensis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  XLIX.  1870,  216. 
Phalacrocorax  idahensis  Coues,  Key  N.  A.  Birds,  2d  ed.  T884 

Pliocene  of  Idaho. 


■rj    -•- 


364  CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

28.  Fhalacrocoraz  micropus  (Cope). 

Graculus  mhropus  Coi'ii,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  IV.  No.  2, 

1878,  38O. 
Phalaaocorax  micropus  CouES,  Key  N.  A.  Birds,  2d  ed.  1884,  824. 

Pliocene  of  Oregon. 


Order   ANSERES. 

29.   Cygnus  paloregoniis  Cope. 

Cygnus  paloregonus  Cope,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  IV.  No.  2, 
1878,  3S8. 

Pliocene  of  Oregon. 


0.  Branta  h3rpsibates  (Cope). 

Anscr  hypsibates  Cope,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  IV.  No.  2, 

1878,  387. 
Branta  hyPsibates  CouES,  MS. 


Order    PALUDICOL.^. 

ol.   Grus  haydeni  Marsh. 

Grtis  haydeni  Marsh,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  XLIX.  1870,  214. 
Pliocene  of  Nebraska. 

32.  Gnis  proavus  Marsh. 

Grus proavus  Marsh,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  261. 
Post-pliocene  of  New  Jersey. 

33.  Aletomis  nobilis  Marsh. 

Aleiornis  nobilis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  256 
Eocene  of  Wyoming. 


FOSSIL  BIRDS,  365 

34.  Aletornls  pemiz  Marsh. 

AUtornis pernix  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  256. 

Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

35.  Aletomis  venustns  Marsh. 

Aletornis  venustns  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  257. 

Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

36.  Aletornis  gracilis  Marsh. 

Aletornis  gracilis  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  258. 
Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

37.  Aletornis  bellus  Marsh. 

Aletornis  bellus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  258. 
Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

Order   LIMICOL/E. 

38.  Charadrius  sheppardianus  Cope. 

Charadrius  sheppardianus  Cope,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  VI. 
No.  I,  188',  83. 

(Formation  and  locality  not  given.) 

Order   GALLIN^E. 

39.  Meleagris  antiquus  Marsh. 

Meleagris  antiquus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  f  ci.  II.  1871,  126. 
Miocene  of  Colorado. 


L 


Z66 


CHECK-LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


40.  Meleagris  altus  Marsh. 

Melea^ris  altus  Marsh,  Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  11. 
Post-pliocene  of  New  Jersey. 

41.  Meleagris  celer  Marsh. 

Meleagris  celer  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  1872,  261. 
Post- pliocene  of  New  Jersey. 

Order  RAPTORES. 


42.  Falasoboms  mubrosus  (Cope). 

Cathartes  utnbrosus  Cope,  Pr.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  T874,  151. 
Palceoborus  utnbrosus  CouES,  Key  N.  A.  Birds,  2d  ed.  1884,  822. 

Pliocene  of  Ne»s'  Mexico. 


43.  Bubo  leptosteus  Marsh. 

Bubo  leptosteus  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  1871,  126. 
Lower  Tertiary  of  Wyoming. 

44.  Aquila  danana  Marsh. 

Aquila  danana  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  II.  187 1,  125. 
Pliocene  of  Nebraska. 

Order  COCCYGES. 

45.  Uintomis  lucaris  Marsh 

Uintornis  lucaris  Marsh,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  IV.  1872,  259. 
Lower  Tertiary  formation  of  Wyoming. 


^ 


FOSSIL   BIRDS. 


367 


Order    PASSERES. 


4G.    Falaeospiza  bella  Allen. 

Palaospiza  bella  Allen,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  IV.  No.  2, 
1878,  443,  pi.  i.  figs.  I,  2. 

Insect-beaiins  shales  of  Florissant,  Colorado. 


INDEX. 


ACANTHIS,  259. 

brewsterii,  354. 

hornemannii,  259. 

hornemannii  exilipes,  260. 

linaria,  260. 

linaria  holbcellii,  260. 

linaria  rostrata,  260. 
Accipiter,  186. 

atricapillus,  186. 

atricapillus  striatulus,  186. 

cooperi,  186. 

velox,  186. 
Accipitrinae,  184. 
Actitis,  158. 

macuiaria,  158. 
Actochelidon,  92. 
Actodromas,  150,  352. 
-Echmophorus,  73. 

clarkii,  349. 

occidentalis,  73. 
vEgialitis,  i6i,  162. 

dubia,  162. 

hiaticula,  162. 

raeloda,  162. 

meloda  circumcincta,  163. 

mongola,  163. 

montaim,  164. 

nivosa,  163. 

semipalmata,  162. 

vocifera,  161. 

wilsonia,  163. 
/Esalon,  195. 
yEstrelata,  102. 

fisheri,  103. 

fularis,  102. 
asitata,  102. 
Agelaius,  249, 

jjubernator,  249. 
phoeniceus,  249. 
tricolor,  249. 
Aix,  117. 


Aix  sp    >sa,  118. 
Ajaja,  131. 

ajaja,  131. 
Alauda,  238. 

arvensis.  238. 
Alaudicae,  23S. 
Albatross,  Black-footed,  97. 

Short-tailed,  97. 

Sooty,  98. 

Yellow-nosed,  98. 
Alca,  83. 

torda,  83. 
Alcedinidae,  209. 
Alcidae,  76,  349. 
Alcinae,  82. 
Alcyones,  209. 
Alectorides,  J64. 
Aletornis  bellus,  365. 

gracilis,  365. 

nobilis,  364. 

pernix,  365. 

venustus,  365. 
Alle,  84. 
I         alle.  84. 
i  Allina?,  84. 
I  Amazilia,  226. 
j         cerviniventris,  227. 
I         fuscicaudata,  227. 
!  Aminodramus,  265,  268. 
j         bairdii,  267. 
)         beldingi,  266. 

caudacutus,  268. 

caudacutus  nelsoni,  269. 

henslowii,  268. 

leconteii,  268. 

maritimus,  269. 

nigrescens,  269. 

princeps,  265. 

rostra tus,  266. 

rostratus  guttatus,  267. 

sandwichensis,  265. 


24 


J/" 


INDEX. 


Ammodrdmus  sjndwichensis   alaudi- 
nus,  266. 

sandvvichensis  bryanti,  266. 

5-andwichensis  savanna,  265. 

savannarum  pashcrinus,  267. 

savannarum  perpallidus,  268. 
Ampelidae,  294. 
Ampeliuae,  294. 
Anipelis.  294. 

cedrorum,  294. 

g.irrulus,  294. 
Amphispiza,  276. 

belli,  276. 

belli  nevadensis,  277. 

bilineata,  276. 
Anas,  114. 

americana,  116. 

boschas,  114. 

carolinensis,  1 16. 

crecca,  Ii6. 

cyanoptera,  117. 

discors,  1 16. 

fulvigula,  115. 

obscura,  115. 

penelope,  115. 

strepera,  115. 
Anatidae,  113,  351. 
Anatinae,  114. 
Ancylocheilus,  152. 
Anhino[a,  108. 

anhinga,  108. 
Anhingidas,  io8. 
Ani,  206. 

Groove-billed,  207. 
Anorthura,  329. 
Anous.  q6 

stolidus,  96. 
Anser.  126. 

albifrons,  126. 

albifrons  gambeli,  126. 
Anseres,  113,  364. 
Anserinze,  125. 
Anthus,  319. 

cervinus,  320. 

pensi'vanicus,  320. 

pratensis,  320. 

spragueii,  320. 
Antrostomus,  219. 

carolinensis,  219, 

vociferus,  219. 

vociferus  arizonoe,  219. 
Apatornis  celer,  359. 
Apheloconia^  242. 

ralifornica.  242. 

floridana,  242. 


Aplielocoma  sieberii  arizonae,  243. 

woodhousei,  242. 
Aphriza,  164. 

virgata,  164. 
Aphrizidas,  164. 
Aphrizinae,  164. 
Aquila,  192. 

cbrysaetos,  192. 

danana,  366. 
Aramidae,  139. 
Aramus,  139. 

giganteus,  139. 
Archibuteo.  191. 

ferrugineus,  191. 

lagopus,  191. 

lagopus  sancti-johannis,  191. 
Arctonetta,  122. 

fisrheri,  122. 
Ardea,  135. 

candidissima,  136. 

cinerea,  135. 

coerulea,  137. 

egretta,  136. 

herodias,  135. 

occidentalis,  135. 

pealei,  352. 

rufa,  136. 

tricolor  ruficollis,  137. 

virescens,  137. 

warr'i,  135. 

wuerdemanni,  351. 
Ardeidas,  134,  351. 
Ardeinae,  135. 
Ardetta,  134. 
Arenaria,  164. 

interpres,  165. 

melanocephala,  165. 
Arenariinje,  164. 
Arquatella,  149. 
Asio,  198. 

accipitrinus.  198. 

wilsonianus,  198. 
Astur.  186. 
Asturina,  191. 

plagiata,  191. 
Asyndesmus,  216. 
Atthis.  226. 
Auk,  Great.  84. 

Razor-billed,  83. 
Auklet,  Cassin's,  78. 

Crested,  79. 

Least,  79. 

Paroquet,  78. 

Rhinoceros,  78. 

Whiskered,  79. 


INDEX. 


371 


Auriparus  flaviceps,  338, 
Avocet,  American,  146. 
Aytliya,  K18. 

afifinis,  119. 

americana,  118. 

coliaris,  119. 

marila  nearctica,  i  ig. 

vallisneria,  1 18. 


Baldpate,  116. 
Baptornis  advenus,  359. 
Bartramia,  157. 

longicauda,  157. 
Basileuterus,  3r8. 

belli,  318. 

culicivorus,  318. 
Basilinna,  227. 

xantusi,  227. 
Bird,  Red  billed  Tropic,  107. 

Surf,  164. 

Yellow-billed  Tropic,  106. 
Bittern,  American,  134. 

Least,  134. 
Blackbird,  Bicolored,  249. 

Brewer's,  253. 

Red- winged,  249. 

Rusty,  253. 

Tricolored,  249. 

Yellow-headed,  249. 
Bluebird,  346. 

Azure,  346. 

Mountain,  347. 

Western,  346. 
Bluethroat,  Red-spotted,  34^. 
Bobolink,  247. 

Western,  247. 
Bob-white,  167. 

Florida,  167. 

Grayson's,  168. 

Masked,  168. 

Texan,  167. 
Bonasa,  172. 

umbellus,  172. 

umbellus  sabini.  173. 

umbellus  togata,  172.        ' 

umbellus  umbelloides,  172. 
Booby,  107. 

Blue-faced,  107. 

Red-foot^,  108. 
Botaurinae,  134. 
Botaurus,  134. 

exilis,  134. 

lentiginosus,  134. 
Brachyramphus,  80. 


Brachyramphus  ctpveri,  81. 

hypoleucus,  81. 

kittlitzii,  81. 

marmoratus,  80. 
Brant,  127. 

Black,  128. 
Branta,  126. 

bernicla,  127. 

canadensis,  126. 

canadensis  hutchinsii,  127. 

canadensis  minima,  127. 

canadensis  cccidentalis,  127. 

hypsibates,  364. 

leucopsis,  128. 

nigricans,  128. 
Bubo,  202. 

leptosteus,  366. 

virginianus,  202. 

virginianus  arcticus,  203. 

virginianus  saturatus,  203. 

vir<.'inianus  subarcticus,  202. 
Bubonidae,  198. 
Budytes,  319. 

flavus  leucostriatus,  319. 
Bullfinch,  Cassia's,  255. 
Bulweria,  103. 

bulweri,  103. 
Bunting,  Indigo,  288. 

Lark.  290. 

Lazuli,  288. 

Painted,  288. 

Townsend's,  354. 

Varied,  288. 
Bush-Tit,  337. 

Black-eared,  337. 

Californian,  337. 

Grinda's,  337. 

Lead-colored,  337. 
Buteo,  187. 

abbreviatus,  189. 

albicaudatus,  189. 

borealis,  187. 

borealis  calurus,  188. 

borealis  kriderii,  188. 

borealis  lucasanus,  188. 

brachyurus,  190. 

buteo,  187. 

cooperi,  353. 

fuliginosus.  353. 

harlan',  188. 

latissiiTius,  190. 

lineatus,  188. 

lineatus  alleni,  189. 

lineatus  elegans,  189. 

swainsoni,  189. 


372 


INDEX. 


Buteola,  loo. 
Butorides,  137. 
Buzzard,  European,  187. 


Calamospiza,  290. 

melanocorys,  290. 
Calcarius,  263. 

lapponicus,  263. 

ornatus,  263. 

pictus,  263. 
Calidris,  153. 

arenaria,  [53. 
Callipepla,  169. 

californica,  169. 

californica  vallicola,  169. 

gambeli,  170. 

squamata,  169. 

squamata  castanogastris,  169. 
Calothorax,  226. 
Calypte,  224. 
Campephilus,  210. 

principalis,  210. 
Camptolaimus,  121. 

labradorius,  121. 
Campylorhynchus,  325. 

affinis,  325. 

brunneicapillus,  325. 
Canachites,  171. 
Canvas-back,  118. 
Capri  mulgi,  219. 
Caprimulgidae,  219. 
Caracara,  Audubon's,  196. 

Guadalupe,  196. 
Cardellina,  317. 

rubrifrons,  317. 
Cardinal,  286. 

Arizona,  286. 

Saint  Lucas,  286. 

Texan,  286. 
Cardinalis,  285. 

cardinalis,  286, 

cardinalis  igneus,  286. 

cardinalis  superbus,  286. 
Carinatae,  363. 
Carpodacus,  250. 

amplus,  257. 

cassini,  256. 

frontalis,  256. 

frontalis  rhodocolpus,  257. 

purpureus,  256. 

purpureus  caiifornicus,  256. 
Catbird,  322. 
Cathansta,  183. 

atrata,  183. 


Cathartes,  183. 

aura,  183. 

burrovianus,  353. 
CathartidiC,  182,  352. 
Catherpes,  326. 

mexicanus,  326. 

mexicanus  conspersus,  326. 
Centrocercus,  176. 

urophasianus,  176. 
Centronyx,  267. 
Centurus,  217. 
Ceophloeus,  215. 

pileatus,  215. 
Cepphi,  11. 
Cepphus,  81. 

carbo,  350. 

columba,  82. 

grylle,  81, 

mandtii,  82. 

motzfeldi,  349. 
Cerorhinca,  78. 

monocerata,  78. 
Certhia,  330. 

familiaris  americana,  330. 

familiaris  mexicana,  331. 
Certhiidae,  330. 
Certhiola,  300. 

bahamensis,  300. 
Ceryle,  209. 

alcyon,  209. 

cabanisi,  209. 
Chaclialaca,  178. 
Chaetura,  222. 

pelagica,  222. 

vauxii,  222. 
Chaeturinae,  221. 
Chamaea,  336. 

fasciata,  336 

fasciata  henshawi,  336. 
Chamaeinae,  336. 
Charadriidae,  160. 
Charadrius,  160. 

apricarius,  160. 

dominicus,  161. 

dominicus  fulvus,  161. 

sheppardianus,  365. 

squatarola,  160. 
Charitonetta,  120. 

albeola,  120. 
Chat,  Long-tailed,  315. 

Yellow-breasted,  315. 
Chaulelasmus,  115. 
Chelidon,  292. 

erythrogaste ',  292. 
Chen,  125. 


INDEX. 


373 


Chen  ccerulescens,  351. 

hyperborea,  125. 

hyperborea  nivalis,  125. 

rossii,  126. 
Chickadee.  334. 

Californian,  336. 

Carolina,  334. 

Chestnut-backed,  335. 

Hudsonian,  335. 

Long-tailed,  334. 

Mexican,  335. 

Mountain,  335. 

Oregon,  334. 

Siberian,  335. 
Chloroceryle,  209. 
Chondestes,  269. 

grammacus,  270. 

grammacus  strigatus,  270. 
Chor^Ieiles,  220. 

virginianus,  220 

virginianus  henrvi.  221. 

virginianus  minor,  221. 

texensis,  221, 
Chuck-will's-widow,  219. 
Ciceronia,  79. 
CiconiiE,  ^33. 
Ciconiidae,  133. 
Cieoniinae,  133. 
Cinclids,  321. 
Cinclns,  321. 

mexicanus,  321. 
Circus,  185. 

hudsonius,  185. 
Cistothorus,  329. 

palustris,  330. 

stellaris,  330. 
Clamatores,  228. 
Clangula,  120. 

hyemalis,  120. 
Clivicola,  293. 

rijDaria.  293. 
Coccothraustes,  254. 

vespertina,  255, 
Coccyges,  206,  366. 
Coccyginae,  207. 
Coccyzus,  207. 

americanus,  208. 

erythrophthalmus,  208. 

minor,  207. 
Coeligena,  223. 

clemenciae,  223. 
Coerebidae,  300. 
Colaptes,  217. 

auratus,  217. 

cafer,  218. 


Colaptes  cafer  saturatior,  218. 

chrysoides,  218. 

rufipileus,  218. 
Colinus,  167. 

graysoni,  168. 

ridgwayi,  168. 

virginianus,  167. 

virginianus  floridanus,  167. 

virginianus  texanus,  167. 
Columba,  178. 

fasciata,  178. 

flavirostris,  179. 

leucocephala,  179. 
Cohimbae,  178. 
Columbidas.  178. 
Columbigallina,  1 8 1. 

passerina,  181. 
Colymbus,  Ty 

auritus,  74. 

dominicus,  74. 

holboelii,  73. 

nigricollis  californicus,  74. 
Compsohalieus,  no. 
Compsothlypis,  304. 

americana,  305. 

nigrilora,  305. 
Contopus,  233. 

borealis,  233. 

pe.tinax,  233. 

richardsonii,  234. 

virens,  234. 
Conurus,  205. 

carolinensis,  206. 
Coot,  American,  144. 

European,  144. 
Cormorant,  109. 

Baird's,  in. 

Brandt's,  no. 

Double-crested,  109. 

Farallone,  no. 

Florida,  109. 

Mexican,  no. 

Pallas's,  351. 

Pelagic,  III. 

Red-faced,  ni. 

Violet-green,  ni. 

White-crested,  1 10. 
Corvidae,  240. 
Corvinae,  245. 
Corvus,  245. 

americanus,  245. 

americana.-.  iioridanus,  245. 

caurinus,  246, 

corax  sinuatus,  245. 

cryptoleucus,  245. 


374 


INDEX. 


Corvus  ossifragus,  246. 
Coturnicops,  142. 
Coturniculus,  267. 
Cowbitd,  248. 

lironzed.  24S. 

Dwarf,  248. 
Cracidae,  178. 
Crake,  Corn,  143. 

Spotted,  141. 
Crane,  Little  Brown,  139. 

Sandhill,  139. 

Whooping,  139. 
Crea^Tus,  350. 
Creciscus,  142. 
Creeper,  Bahama  Honey,  300. 

brown,  330. 

Mexican,  331. 
Crex,  143. 

crex,  143, 
Crossbill,  257. 

American,  257. 

Mexican,  257. 

White- winged,  258. 
Crotophaga,  206. 

ani,  206. 

sulcirostris,  207. 
Crotophagin;c,  206. 
Crow,  American,  245. 

Fish,  246. 

Florida,  245. 

Northwest,  246. 
Crymophilus,  145. 

fulicarius,  145. 
Cuckoo,  Black-billed,  208. 

Mangrove,  207. 

Yellow-billed,  208. 
Cuculi,  206. 
Cuculidae,  206. 
Curlew,  Bristle-thighed,  159. 

Eskimo,  159. 

Hudsonian,  159. 

Long-billed,  158. 
Cyanecula,  345. 

suecica,  345. 
Cyanocephalus,  246. 

cyanocephalus,  246. 
Cyanocitta,  241. 

cristata,  241. 

cristata  florincola,  241. 

stelleri,  241, 

stelleri  frontalis,  241. 

stelleri  macrolopha,  242. 
Cyclorrhynchus,  78. 

psittaculus,  78. 
Cygninae,  129. 


Cygnus  palorcgonus,  364. 
Cymodroma,  105. 

graliaria,  106. 
Cypseli.  221. 
Cypseloides,  221. 

niger,  222. 
Cyrtonyx,  170. 

montczumze,  170. 
Cyrtopelicanus,  112. 


Dafila,  117. 

acuta,  117. 
Daption,  103. 

capensis,  103. 
Dendragapus,  lyo. 

canadensis,  171. 

franklinii,  172. 

obscurus,  170. 

obscurus  fidiginosus,  171. 

obscurus  richardsonii,  171. 
Dendrorygna.  128. 

autumnalis,  129. 

fulva,  129. 
Dendroica,  305,  306. 

zestiva,  306. 

auduboiii,  307. 

blackburnijE,  308. 

Iryanti  castaneiceps,  306. 

ca^rulea,  307. 

caerulescens,  306. 

carbonata.  356. 

castanea,  308. 

chrysoparia,  310. 

coronata,  307. 

discolor,  312. 

dominica,  309. 

dominica  albilora.  309. 

graciai,  309. 

kirtlandi,  311. 

maculosa,  307. 

montana,  356. 

nigrescens,  309. 

occidentalis,  310. 

olivacea,  306. 

palmarum,  311. 

palmarum  hypochrysea,  311. 

pen  sylvan  ica,  308. 

striata,  308. 

tigrina,  305. 

townsendi,  310. 

vigorsii,  311. 

virens,  310. 
Dicbromanassa,  136,  352. 
Dickcissel,  289. 


INDEX. 


375 


Diomedea.  97. 

albatrus  97. 

nigripcs,  97. 
Diomedeidce,  97. 
Dipper,  American,  321. 
Dolichonyx,  247. 

oryzivorus,  247. 

oryzivorus  albi  nucha,  247. 
Dove,  Ground,  181. 

Inca,  181. 

Mourning,  180. 

White-fronted,  180. 

While-winged,  180. 

Zenaida,  i8o. 
Dovekie,  84. 
Dowitcher,  148. 

Long-billed,  148. 
Dryobates,  210. 

borealis,  212. 

nuttallii,  212. 

pubescens,  211. 

pubescens  gairdnerii,  211. 

scalaris,  212. 

scalaris  lucasanus,  212. 

stricklandi,  213. 

villosus,  210. 

villosus  audubonii,  211. 

villosus  harrisii,  211. 

villosus  leuconielas,  2ro. 
Duck,  American  Scaup,  119. 

Black,  115. 

Florida,  115. 

Harlequin,  121. 

Labrador,  121. 

Lesser  Scaup,  119. 

Masked,  125. 

Ring-necked,  119. 

Ruddy,  124. 

Rufous-crested,  118. 

Stejler's,  121. 

Wood,  118. 
Dunlin,  151. 
Dysporus,  108. 
Dytes,  74. 


Eagle,  Bald,  193. 

Golden,  192. 

Gray  Sea,  192. 

Harpy,  192. 
Ectopistes,  179. 

migratorius,  179. 
Egret,  American,  136. 

Peale's,  352. 

Reddish,  136. 


Eider,  122. 

American.  122. 

King.  123. 

Pacific,  123. 

Spectacled,  122. 
Elanoides,  184. 

forficatus,  184. 
Elanus,  1S4. 

leucurus,  1 84. 
Embernagra,  2.S2. 

rufivirgata.  283. 
Empidonax.  234 

acadicus,  235. 

difficilis,  234. 

flaviventris,  234. 

fulvifrons,  23O. 

fulvifrons  py^maeus,  236. 

hammondi,  236. 

minimus,  235. 

obscurus,  236. 

pusiilus,  235. 

pusillus  traiilii,  235. 
Engyptila,  180. 

albifrons,  180. 
Eniconetta,  121. 

stelleri,  121. 
Ereunetes,  152. 

occidentalis,  153. 

pusillus.  153. 
Ergaticus,  318. 

ruber,  318. 
Erismatura,  124. 

rubida,  124. 
Euetlieia,  289. 

bicolor,  289. 
Eugenes,  223. 

fulgens,  223. 
Euphonia,  290. 

elegantissima,  290. 
Euphonia,  Blue-headed,  29c. 
Eurynorhynchus.  152. 

pygmaeus,  152. 


Falco.  103 

columbarius,  195. 
columbarius  suckleyi.  195. 
fusco-coerulescens,  195. 
islandus,  193. 
mexicanus,  194. 
peregrinus  anatum,  194. 
peregrinus  pealei,  194. 
richardsonii,  195. 
rusticolus,  193. 
rusiicolus  gyrfalco,  193. 


376 


INDEX. 


Falco  riisticolus  obsoletus,  194. 

sparverioides,  196. 

sparverius,  196. 
Falcon,  Aplomado,  195. 

Peak's,  194. 

Prairie,  194. 
Falcones,  184. 
Falconidae,  184,  353. 
Falconinae,  n>3. 
Finch,  California  Purple,  256. 

Cassin  s  Purple,  256. 

Crimson  House,  257. 

Guadalupe  House,  257. 

House,  256. 

Purple,  256, 
Flamingo,  American,  130. 
Flicker,  217. 

Gilded,  218. 

Guadalupe,  218. 

Northwestern,  218. 

Red-sha£ted,  218. 
Florida,  137. 
Flycatcher,  Acadian,  235. 

Arizona  Crested,  231. 

Ash-throated,  232. 

Baird's,  234. 

Beardless,  237. 

Buff-breasted,  236. 

Coues's,  233. 

Crested,  231. 

Derby,  230. 

Fork-tailed,  228. 

Fulvouji,  236. 

Giraud's,  230. 

Hammond's,  236. 

Lawrence's,  232. 

Least,  235. 

Little,  235. 

Mexican  Crested,  231. 

Olivaceous,  232. 

Olive-sided,  233. 

Ridgway's,  237. 

Scissor-tailed,  228. 

Sulphur-bellied,  231. 

Traill's,  235. 

Vermilion,  237. 

Wright's,  236. 

Yellow-bellied,  234. 
Fratercula,  77 

arctica,  77. 

arctica  glacialis,  TJ. 

corniculata,  77. 
Fraterculinae,  76. 
Fregata,  113. 

aquila,  113. 


Fregatidae,  113. 
Fringillidx,  254,  354. 
Fulica,  144. 

americana,  144. 

atra,  144. 
Fulicinae,  144. 
Fuligula,  119. 
Fulmar,  99. 

Giant,  98. 

Lesser,  99. 

Pacific.  99. 

Rodger's,  99. 

Slender-billed,  loo. 
Fulmarus,  99. 

glacialis,  99. 

glacialis  glupischa,  99. 

glacialis  minor,  99. 

glacialis  rodgersii,  99. 

glacialoides,  100. 


Gadwall,  115. 
Galeoscoptes,  322. 

carolinensis,  322. 
Gallinae,  167,  365. 
Gallinago,  147. 

delirata,  148. 

gallinago,  147. 
Gallinula,  144. 

galeata,  144. 
Gallinule,  Florida,  144. 

Purple,  143. 
Gallinulinae,  143. 
Gannet,  108. 
Garrulinae,  240. 
Garzetta,  136. 
(iastornis  giganteus,  362. 
Gavia,  86. 

alba,  86. 
Gelochelidon,  92. 

nilotica,  92. 
Geococcyx,  207. 

californianus,  207. 
Geothlypis,  313,  314. 

agilis,  313. 

beldingi,  315. 

formosa,  313. 

macgillivrayi,  314. 

Philadelphia,  314. 

trichas,  314. 

trichas  occidentalis,  314. 
Geotrygon,  181. 

martinica,  182. 
Glaucidium,  204. 

gnoma,  204. 


INDEX. 


377 


Gl.iucidium  phalaenoides,  205. 
Glaucionetta,  119. 

clangula  americana,  120. 

islandica,  120. 
Glottis,  155. 
Gnatcatchcr,  Hlack-talled,  340. 

lUue  gray,  340. 

Plumbeous.  340. 
Godwit,  Black-tailed,  154. 

i'udsonlan,  154. 

Marbled,  153. 

Pacific,  154. 
Golden-eye,  American,  120. 

Harrow's.  120. 
Goldfinch,  American,  261. 

Arizona,  261. 

Arkansas,  261. 

Black-headed,  262. 

Lawrence's,  262. 

Mexican,  261. 
Goose,  American  White-frohted,  126. 

Barn,  cle,  128. 

Blue,  351. 

Cackling,  127. 

Canada,  126. 

Emperor,  128. 

Greater  Snow,  125. 

Hutchins's,  127. 

Lesser  Snow,  125. 

Koss's  Snow,  126. 

White-cheeked,  127. 

White-fronted,  126. 
Goshawk,  American,  186. 

Mexican,  191. 

Western,  186. 
Grackle,  Boat-tailed,  254. 

Bronzed,  254. 

Florida,  253. 

Great-tailed,  254. 

Purple,  253. 
Graculavus  pumilus,  360. 

velox,  360. 
Grassquit,  289. 
Grebe.  American  Eared,  74. 

Clark's,  349. 

Holbcell's,  73. 

Horned,  74. 

Pied-billed,  75. 

St.  Domingo,  74. 

Western,  "j-^. 
Green-shank,  155. 
Grosbeak,  Black-headed,  287. 

Blue,  287. 

Evening,  255. 

Pine,  255. 


Grosbeak,  Rose-breasted,  287. 
Grouse,  Canada,  171. 

Canadian  Kuffcd,  172. 

Columbian  Sharp-tailed,  176. 

Dusky.  170. 

Franklin's,  172. 

Gray  Ruffed.  172. 

Oregon  Ruffed,  173. 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed,  176. 

Richardson's,  171. 

Rufted,  172. 

Sage,  176. 

Sharp-tailed,  176. 

Sooty,  171. 
Grues,  138. 
Gruidae,  138. 
Gius,  138. 

americana,  139. 

canadensis,  139. 

haydeni,  364. 

mexicana,  139. 

pioavus,  364. 
Gu.ira,  131. 

alba,  131. 

rubra,  132. 
Guillemot,  Black,  81. 

Black-winged,  349. 

Mandt's,  82. 

Pigeon,  82. 

Sooty.  350. 
Guiraca,  287. 

caerulea,  287. 
Gull,  American  Herring,  89. 

Bonaparte's,  91. 

California,  89. 

Franklin's,  91. 

Glaucous,  87. 

Glaucous-winged,  87. 

Great  Black-backed,  88. 

Herring,  89. 

Heermann's,  90. 

Iceland,  87. 

Ivorv,  86. 

Kum'lien's,  88. 

Laughing,  90. 

Mew,  90. 

Nelson's,  88. 

Pallas's,  89. 

Ring-billed,  90. 

Ross's,  91. 

Sabine's,  91. 

Short-billed,  90. 

Siberian,  89. 

Slaty-backed,  88. 

Swallow-tailed,  350. 


3/8 


INDEX. 


Gull.  Western,  88. 
Gypagus,  132. 

pap.".,  35 2. 
Gyrfal  en,  193. 

Black,  194. 

Gray,  193. 

White,  193. 


Habta,  287. 

ludoviciana.  287. 

melanocephala,  2S7. 
Haematopodicloe,  165. 
Haematopus,  165. 

bachmani,  166. 

ostralegus,  165. 

palliatus,  165. 
Haliplana,  95. 
Halocyptena,  103. 

microsoma,  104. 
Halia'ctus.  192. 

albicilla,  192. 

leucocephalus,  193. 
Harporhynchus,  322,324. 

bendirei.  323. 

cinereus,  324. 

crissalis,  324. 

curvirostris.  323. 

curvirostris  palmeri,  323. 

lecontei,  324. 

longirostris.  323. 

redivivus,  324. 

rufus,  322. 
Hawk,  American  Rough-legged,  191. 

American  Sparrow,  196. 

Broad-winged,  190. 

Cooper's,  186. 

Cuban  Sparrow,  196. 

Duck,  194. 

Florida  Red  shouldered,  189. 

Harlan's,  188. 

Harris's,  187. 

Krider's.  188. 

Little  Black,  353. 

Marsh,  185. 

Mexican  Black,  190. 

Pigeon,  195, 

Red-bellied,  189. 

Red-shouldered,  188. 

Red-tailed,  187. 

Rough-legged,  191. 

Sharp-shinned,  186. 

Short-tailed,  190. 

Swainson's,  189. 

White-tailed,  189. 


Hawk,  Zone-tailed,  189. 
Helinaia,  301. 

swainsonii,  301. 
Helminthophila,  302. 

bachmani,  302. 

celata,  304. 

celata  lutescens,  304. 

chrysoptera,  302. 

cincinnatiensis,  356. 

lawrencei,  355. 

leucobronchialis,  355. 

luciae,  303. 

peregrina,  304. 

pinus,  302. 

ruficapilla.  303. 

ruficapilla  gutturalis,  303. 

virginiae,  303. 
ilehiiitherus,  301. 

vermivorus,  30 j. 
Hen,  Heath,  175. 

Lesser  Prairie,  175. 

Prairie,  175. 
Henhawk,  Cooper's,  353. 
Herodias,  136. 
Herodii,  134. 
Herodiones,  131. 
Heron,  Elack-crowned  Night,  138. 

European  Blue,  135. 

Great  Blue,  135. 

Great  White,  135. 

Green,  137. 

Little  Blue,  137. 

Louisiana,  139. 

Snowy,  136. 

Ward's,  135. 

Wurdemann's,  351. 

Yellow-crowned  Night,  138. 
Hesperiphona,  254. 
Hesperocichla,  345. 

naevia,  345. 
Hesperornis  crassipes,  360. 

gracilis,  3C0. 

regalis,  360. 
Heteractitis,  156. 

incana,  156. 
Hierofalco,  193. 
Himantopus,  146. 

mexicanus,  146. 
Hirundinidae,  292. 
Histrionicus,  121. 

histrionicus,  121. 
Hummingbird,  Allen's,  225. 

Anna's,  225. 

Black-chinned,  224. 

Blue-throated,  223. 


INDEX. 


379 


Hummingbird,  Broad-billed,  227. 

Brood-tailed,  225. 

Buf¥-bellied,  227. 

Calliope,  226. 

Costa's,  224. 

Heloise's,  226.     ,. 

Lucifer,  226. 

Rieffer's,  227. 

Rivoli,  223. 

Ruby-throated,  224. 

Rufous,  225. 

Xantus's,  227. 
Hydranassa.  136. 
Hydrochelidon,  95. 

leucoptera,  96. 

nigra  surinamensis,  96. 
Hylocichla,  341. 
Hylophilus,  355. 

decurtatus,  355. 
Hylophilus,  Short-winged,  355. 


Iache,  227. 

latirostris,  227. 
Ibides,  131. 
Ibididae.  131. 
Ibis,  Glossy,  132. 

Scarlet,  132. 

White,  131. 

White-faced  Glossy,  132. 

Wood,  133. 
Ichthyornis  agilis,  360. 

anceps,  361. 

dispar,  360. 

lentus,  361. 

tener,  361. 

validus,  361. 

victor,  361. 
Icteria,  3f5. 

virens,  315. 

virens  longicauda,  315. 
Icteridas,  247. 
Icterus,  250. 

audubonii,  251. 

bullocki,  252. 

cucullatus,  251. 

cucullatus  nelsoni,  251. 

galbula,  252. 

icterus,  250. 

parisorum,  251. 

spurius,  252. 
Ictinia,  185. 

mississippiensis,  185. 
lonornis,  143. 

martinica,  143. 


JARIRU,  133. 
Jacana,  166. 

gymnostoma,  166. 
Jaqana,  Mexican,  166. 
Jacanidae,  166. 
Jaeger,  Parasitic,  85. 

Pomarine,  85. 

Long-tailed,  85. 
Jay,  Alaskan,  244. 

Arizona,  243. 

Blue,  241. 

Blue-fronted,  241. 

California,  242. 

Canada,  243. 

Florida,  242. 

Florida  Blue,  24T. 

Green,  243. 

Labrador,  244. 

Long-crested,  242. 

Oregon,  244. 

Pifion,  246. 

Rocky  Mountain,  244. 

Steller's,  241. 

Woodhouse's,  242. 
Junco,  274. 

aikeni,  274. 

annectens,  275. 

bairdi,  276. 

caniceps,  275. 

cinereus  dorsalis,  275. 

cinereus  palliatus,  275. 

hyemalis,  274. 

hyemalis  oregonus,  274. 

insularis,  276. 
Junco,  Arizona,  275. 

Baird's,  276, 

Gray-headed,  275. 

Guadalupe,  276. 

Oregon,  274. 

Pink-sided,  275. 

Red-backed,  275. 

Slate-colored,  274. 

White-winged,  274. 


KiLLDEER,  161. 

Kingbird,  229. 

Arkansas,  229. 

Cassin's,  230. 

Couch's,  229. 

Gray,  229. 
Kingfisher,  Belted,  209. 

Texan,  209. 
Kinglet,  Cuvier's,  357. 

Djsky,  339. 


38o 


INDEX. 


Kinglet,  Golden-crowned,  339. 

Ruby-crowned.  339. 

Western  Golden-crowned,  339. 
Kite.  Everglade.  185. 

Mississippi.  1S5. 

Swallow-tailed,  184. 

White-tailed,  1S4. 
Kittiwake,  86. 

Pacific,  86. 

Red-legged,  87. 
Knot,  149. 


Lagopus,  173. 

lagopus,  i73._ 

lagopus  alleni,  173. 

leucurus,  174. 

rupestris,  173. 

rupestris  atkhensis,  174. 

rupestris  nelsoni,  174. 

rupestris  reinhardti,  174. 

welchi,  174. 
Laniidas,  205. 
Lanius,  295. 

borealis,  295. 

ludovicianus,  296. 

ludovicianus  excubitorides,  296. 
Lanivireo,  297. 
Laopteryx  priscus,  359. 
Laornis  edvardsianus,  361. 
Lapwing,  160. 
Laridae,  86,  350. 
Larinae,  86. 
Lark,  Desert  Horned,  239. 

Horned,  238. 

Mexican  Horned.  239. 

Pallid  Horned,  238. 

Prairie  Horned,  239. 

Ruddy  Horned,  240. 

Streaked  Horned,  240. 

Texan  Horned,  239. 
Larus,  87. 

affinis.  89. 

argentatus,  89. 

argentatus  smithsonianus,  89. 

atricilla,  90. 

brachyrhynchus,  90. 

cachinnans,  89. 

californicus,  89. 

canus,  90. 

delawarensis,  90. 

franklinii,  91. 

glaucescens,  87. 

glaucus.  87. 

heernianni,  90. 


Larus  kumlieni,  88. 

leucopterus,  87. 

marinus,  88. 

nel.^oni,  88. 

cccidentalis,  88. 

Philadelphia,  91. 

schistisagus,  88. 
Leptopelicanus,  112. 
Leucosticte,  258. 

atrata.  259. 

australis,  259. 

griseonucha,  258. 

tephrocotis,  258. 

tephrocolis  litioralis,  258. 
Leucosticte,  Aleutian,  258. 

Black,  259. 

Brown-capped,  259. 

Gray-crowned,  258. 

Hepburn's,  258. 
Limicote,  145,  365. 
Limosa,  153. 

fedoa,  153. 

haemastica,  154. 

lapponica  baueri,  154. 

limosa,  154. 
Limpkin,  140. 
Linnet,  lirewster's,  354. 
Longipennes,  84. 
Longspur,  Chestnut-collared,  263. 

Lapland,  263. 

McCown's,  264. 

Smith's,  263. 
Loon,  75. 

Black-throated,  76. 

Pacific.  76. 

Red-throated,  76. 

Yellow-billed,  75. 
Lophodytes,  114. 

cucullatus,  114. 
Lophophanes.  332. 
Lophortyx,  169. 
Loxia,  257. 

curvirostra  minor,  257. 

curvirostra  stricklandi,  257. 

leucoptera,  258. 
Lunda,  76. 

cirrhata,  'j']. 


Macrochires,  219. 
Macrorhamphus,  148. 

griseus,  148. 

scolopaceus,  148. 
Magpie,  American,  240. 

Yellow-billed,  240. 


INDEX. 


381 


Mallard,  114 
Man-o'-VVar  Bird,  113. 
Mareca,  115. 
Martin,  Purple,  292. 
Meadowlark,  250. 

Mexican,  250. 

Western,  250. 
Megalestris,  84. 

skua,  85. 
Mes^aquiscalus,  254. 
Megascops,  200. 

asio,  200- 

asio  bendirei,  201. 

asio  floridanus,  200. 

asio  kennicottii,  201. 

asio  maxwelliae,  201. 

asio  mccallii,  201. 

asio  trichopsis,  202. 

flammeolus,  202. 
Melanerpes,  216. 

aurifrons,  217. 

carolinus,  217. 

erythrocephalus,  2r6. 

formicivorus  angustifrons,  216. 

formicivorus  bairdi,  216 

torquatus,  216. 

uropygialis,  217. 
Melanitta,  123. 
Meleagrinae,  177. 
Meleagris,  177. 

altus,  366. 

antiquus,  365. 

celer,  366. 

gallopavo,  177. 

gallopavo  mexicana,  177. 
Melopelia,  180. 

leucoptera,  181 
Melospiza,  279. 

cinerea,  281. 

fasciata,  279. 

fasciata  fallax,  279. 

fasciata  guttata,  280. 

fasciata  heermanni,  280. 

fasciata  montana,  279. 

fasciata  rufina,  280. 

fasciata  samuelis,  280. 

georgiana,  281. 

lincolni,  281. 
Merganser,  113. 

americanus,  113. 

serrator,  114. 
Merganser,  American,  113. 

Hooded,  114, 

Red-breasted,  114. 
Merginae,  113. 


Merlin,  Black,  195. 

Richardson's,  195. 
Merula,  344. 

confinis,  345. 

migratoria,  344. 

migratoria  propinqua,  344. 
Methriopterus,  222. 
Micrathene,  205. 

whitneyi,  205. 
Micropalama,  148. 

liimantopus,  149. 
Micropodidae,  221. 
Micropodinae,  222. 
Micropus,  222. 

melanoleucus,  223. 
Milvulus    228. 

forficatus,  228. 

tyrannus,  228. 
Miminas,  321. 
Mimus,  322. 

polyglottos,  322. 
Mniotilta,  300. 

varia,  300. 
Mniotiltidae,  300,  355. 
Mockingbird,  322. 
Molothrus,  248. 

asneus,  248. 

ater,  248. 

ater  obscurus,  248. 
Motacilla,  319. 

alba,  319. 

ocularis,  319, 
Motacillidse,  319. 
Murre,  82. 

Briinnich's,  83. 

California,  82. 

Pallas's,  83. 
Murrelet,  Ancient,  80. 

Craveri's,  81. 

Kittlitz's,  81. 

Marbled,  80. 

Temminck's,  80. 

Xantus's,  81. 
Myadestes,  341. 

townsendii,  341. 
Myadestinae,  341. 
Mycteria,  133. 

americana,  133. 
Myiarchus,  231. 

cinerascens,  232. 

crinitus,  231. 

lawrenceii,  232. 

lawrenceii  olivascens,  232. 

mexicanus,  231. 

mexicanus  magister,  231. 


3^2 


INDEX. 


Myiozetetes.  230. 

texensis,  230. 
Myiodynastes,  230. 

luteiventris,  231. 

Neocorys,  320. 
Netta,  118. 

rufina,  118. 
Nettion,  116. 
Nighthawk,  220. 

Cuban,  221. 

Texan,  221. 

Western,  221. 
Noddy,  96. 
Nomonyx,  125. 

dominicus,  125. 
Numenius,  158. 

borealis,  159. 

hudsonicus,  159. 

longirostris,  158. 

pliaeopus,  159. 

tahitiensis,  159. 
Nutcracker,  Clarke's,  246. 
Nuthiitch,  Brown-headed,  332. 

Pygmy.  332. 

Red-breasted,  331. 

Slender-billed,  331. 

White-breasted,  331. 
Nyctala,  200. 

acadica,  200. 

tengmalmi  richardsoni,  200. 
Nyctea,  203. 

nyctea,  203. 
Nyctherodius,  138. 
Nycticorrx,  137. 

nycticorax  nasvius,  138. 

violaceus,  138. 
Nyctidromus,  220. 

albicollis,  220. 

OcEANiTES,  105. 

oceanicus,  105. 
Oceanitinae,  105. 
Oceanodroma,  104. 

furcata,  104. 

homochroa,  105. 

hornbyi.  350. 

leucorhoa,  104. 

melania,  105. 
Ochthodromus,  163. 
Odontoglossae,  130. 
Oidemia,  [23. 

americana.  123. 

deglandi,  124. 


Oidemia  fusca,  124. 

perspicillata,  124. 
OUi-squaw,  120. 
Olor,   129. 

buccinator,  130. 

columbianus,  129. 

cygnus,  129. 
Oporornis,  313. 
Oreortyx,  168. 

pictus,  168. 

pictus  plun^''*erus,  168. 
Oriole,  Audubon's,  251. 

Arizona  Hooded,  251. 

Baltimore,  252. 

Bullock's,  252. 

Hooded,  251. 

Orchard,  252. 

Scott's,  251. 
Ornithion,  237. 

imberbe,  237. 

imberbe  ridgvvayi,  237. 
Oioscoptes,  321. 

montanus,  321. 
Ortalis,  178. 

vetula  maccali,  178. 
Oscines,  238, 
O.sprey,  American,  197. 
Ossifraga,  98. 

gigantea,  98. 
Otocoris,  238. 

alpestris,  238. 

alpestris  arenicola,  239. 

alpestris  chrysolasma,  239. 

alpestris  giraudi,  239. 

alpestris  leucolaema,  238. 

alpestris  praticola,  239. 

alpestris  rubea,  240. 

alpestris  strigata,  246. 
Oven-bird,  312. 
Owl,  American  Barn,  197. 

American  Hawk,  204. 

American  Long-eared,  198. 

Arctic  Horned,  203. 

Barred,  198. 

Burrowing,  204. 

California  Screech,  201. 

IXisky  Horned,  203. 

Elf,  205. 

Ferruginous  Pygmy,  205. 

Flammulated  Screech,  202. 

Florida  Barred,  199. 

F'lorida  Burrowing,  204. 

Florida  Screech,  200. 

Great  Gray,  199. 

Great  Horned,  202. 


INDEX. 


383 


Owl,  Hawk,  203. 

Kennicott's  Screech,  201. 

Lapp,  199. 

Mexican  Screech,  202. 

Pygmy,  204. 

Richardson's,  200. 

Rocky  Mountain  Screech,  201. 

Saw-whet,  200. 

Screech,  200. 

Short-eared,  198. 

Snowy,  203. 

Spotted,  199. 

Texan  Screech,  201. 

Western  Horned,  202. 
Oxyechas,  161. 
Oyster-catcher,  165. 

American,  165. 

Black,  166. 


Pal;eoborus  umbrosus,  366. 
Palaeospiza  bella,  367. 
Palaeotringa  littoralis,  362. 

vagans,  362. 

vetus.  363. 
Paludicolae.  138. 
Pandion,  197. 

haliaetus  caroHnensis,  197. 
Pandioninae,  197. 
Parabuteo,  187. 

unicinctus  harrisi,  187. 
Parauque,  220. 
Paridae,  331. 
Parinae,  332. 
Paroquet,  Carolina,  206. 
Parrot,  Thick-billed,  354. 
Partridge,  California,  169. 

Chestnut-bellied  Scaled,  169. 

Gambel's,  170. 

Massena,  170. 

Mountain,  170. 

Plumed,  168. 

Scaled,  169, 

Valley,  169. 
Parus,  332,  334. 

atricapillus,  334. 

atricapillus  occidentalis.  334. 

atricapillus  septentrionalis,  334. 

atricristatus,  332. 

bicolor,  332. 

caroftnensis,  334. 

cinctus  obtectus,  335. 

gambeli,  335. 

hudsonicus,  335. 

inornatus,  333. 


Parus  inornatus  cineraccus,  333. 

inornatus  griseus,  333. 

meridionalis,  335. 

rufescens,  335. 

rutescens  neglectus,  336. 

wollweberi,  333. 
Passcrculus,  265. 
Passerella,  281. 

iliaca,  281. 

iliaca  megarhyncha,  282. 

iliaca  schistacea,  282. 

iliaca  unalaschensis,  282. 
Passeres,  228,  367. 
Fasserina,  288. 

amoena,  288. 

ciris,  288. 

cyanea,  2S8. 

versicolor,  288. 
Pavoncella,  157. 

pugnax,  157. 
Pediocaetes,  175. 

phasianelliis,  176. 

phasianeilus  campestris,  176. 

phasianellus  columbianus,  176. 
Pelagodroma,  106. 

marina,  106. 
Pelecanidae,  112. 
Pelecanus,  112. 

californicus,  112. 

erythrorhynchos,  112. 

fuscus,  112 
Pelican,  American  White,  II2. 

Brown,  112. 

California  Brown,  112. 
Pelidna,  151. 
Pelionetta,  124. 
Pendulinus,  251. 
Penelopes,  178. 
Penelopinae,  178. 
Perdicinas,  167. 
Perisoreus,  243. 

canadensis,  243. 

canadensis  capitalls,  244. 

canadensis  fumifrons.  244. 

canadensis  nigricapillus,  244. 

obscurus,  244. 
Perissoglossa,  305,  356. 
Petrel.  Ashy,  105. 

Black,  105. 

Black-capped,  102. 

Bulwers,  103. 

Fisher's,  103. 

Fork-tailed,  104. 

Hornby's,  350. 

Leach's,  104. 


384 


INDEX. 


Petrel,  Least,  104. 

Peale's,  102. 

Pintado,  103. 

Stormy,  104. 

White-bellied,  106. 

White-faced,  106. 

Wilson's,  105. 

Petrocheliclon,  292. 

lunifrons,  292. 
Peucica,  277. 

.xstivalis.  277. 

aestivalis  bachmanii,  277. 

arizona?,  277. 

carpalis,  278. 

cassini,  278. 

mexicana,  278. 

ruficeps,  278. 

ruficeps  boucardi,  278. 

ruficeps  eremoeca,  279. 
Peucedramus,  305. 
Pewee.  Western  Wood,  234, 

Wood,  234. 
Phaethon,  106. 

aethereus,  107. 

flavirostris,  106. 
Pliaethontidae,  io6. 
Phainopepla,  295. 

nitens,  295. 
Phalacrocoracida?,  109,  351. 
Phalacrocorax,  109. 

carbo,  109. 

dilopluis,  109. 

dilophus  albociliatus,  no. 

dilophus  cincinatus,  no. 

dilophus  floridanus,  109. 

idahensis,  363. 

mexicanus,  1 10. 

micropus,  36^;. 

pelagicus,  in. 

pelagicus  resplendens,  in. 

pelagicus  robustus,  ni. 

penicillatus,  no. 

perspicillatus,  351. 

urile,  in. 
Phal?cnoptilus,  220. 

nuttalli,  220. 
Phalarope,  Northern,  145. 

Red,  145. 

Wilson's,  146. 
Phalaropodidae,  145. 
Phalaropus,  145. 

lobatus,  145. 

tricolor,  146. 
Phalerinas,  78. 
Phaleris,  79. 


Phasiani,  167. 
PhasianidcB,  177. 
Philacte,  128. 

canagica,  128. 
Philohela,  147. 

minor,  147. 
Phoebe,  232. 

Black,  233. 

Say's,  233. 
Phoebetria,  98. 

fuliginosa,  98. 
Phoenicopteridae,  130. 
Phoenicopterus,  130. 

ruber,  130. 
Phyllopseustes,  338. 

borealis,  338. 
Pica,  240. 

nuttalli,  240. 

pica  hudsonica,  240. 
Pici,  210. 
Picidae,  210. 
Picoides,  213. 

americanus,  214. 

americanus  alascensis,  214. 

americanus  dorsalis,  214. 

arcticus,  213. 
Picicorvus,  246. 

columbianus,  246. 
Pigeon,  Band-tailed,  178. 

Passenger,  179. 

Red-billed,  179. 

White-crowned,  179. 
Pinicola,  255. 

enucleator,  255. 
Pintail,  117. 
Pipilo,  283. 

aberti,  285. 

chlorurus,  284. 

consobrinus.  2S4. 

erythrophthalmus,  283. 

erythrophthalmus  alleni,  283. 

fuscus  albigula,  285. 

fuscus  crissalis,  285. 

fuscus  mesoleucus,  285. 

maculatus  arcticus,  283. 

maculatus  megalonyx,  284. 

maculatus  oregonus,  284. 
Pipit,  American,  320. 

Meadov/,  320. 

Red-thrOatf;d,  320. 

Sprague's,  320. 
Piranga,  290. 

erythromelas,  291. 

hepatica,  291. 

ludoviciana,  290. 


INDEX. 


38s 


I'iransca  rubrn,  291. 

rubra  cooperi,  291. 
Pitanijus,  230. 

derbianus,  230. 
Plataleidae,  131. 
Plautus,  83. 

impcnnis,  84. 
Plectrophenax,  262. 

hyperboreus,  263. 

nivalis,  262. 
Plegadis,  132. 

autumnalis,  132. 

guarauna,  132. 
Plover,  American  Golden,  161. 

Belted  Piping,  163. 

Black-bellied,  i6o. 

Golden,  160. 

Little  Ring,  162. 

Mongolian,  163. 

Mountain,  164. 

Pacific  Golden,  161. 

Piping,  162. 

Ring,  162. 

Semipalmated,  162. 

Snowy,  163. 

Wilson's,  163. 
Podasocys,  164. 
Podiceps,  74. 
Podicipedes,  73. 
Podicipidze,  73,  349.         -:  <• 
Podilymbus,  75. 

podiceps,  75. 
Polioptila,  340. 

caerulea,  340. 

californica,  340. 

plumbea.  340. 
Polioptilinae,  340. 
Polyborus,  196. 

cheriway,  196. 

lutosus,  196. 
Poocaetes,  264. 

gramineus,  264. 

gramineus  confinis,  264. 
Poor-will,  220. 
Porzana,  141. 

Carolina,  142. 

jamaicensis,  142. 

jamaicensis  coturniculus,  143. 

noveboracensis,  142. 

porzana,  141. 
Priocella,  100. 
Priofinus,  102. 
Procellaria,  104. 

pelagica,  104. 
Procellariidie,  98,  350. 


Procellariinae,  9?. 
Progne,  292. 

subis,  292. 
Protonotaria,  301. 

v;itrea,  301. 
Psaltriparus,  336. 

melanotis,  337. 

minimus,  337. 

minimus  californicus,  337. 

minimus  grindae,  337. 

plumbeus,  337. 
Pseudogryphus,  182. 

californianus,  183. 
Psittaci,  205. 
Psittacidae,  205. 
Ptarmigan,  Allen's,  173. 

Nelson's,  174. 

Reinhardt's,  174. 

Rock,  173. 

Turner's,  174. 

Welch's.  174. 

White-tailed,  174. 

Willow,  173. 
Ptiliogonatinae,  295. 
Ptychoramphus.  78. 

aleuticus,  78. 
Puffin,  'j'j. 

Horned,  77. 

Large-billed,  TJ. 

Tufted,  77. 
Puffinus,  100. 

auduboni,  loi. 

borealis,  100. 

cinereus,  102. 

conradii,  363. 

creatopus,  10 1. 

gavia,  10 1. 

griseus,  loi. 

kuhlii,  350. 

major,  100. 

puffinus.  100. 

Strickland  i,  10 1. 

tenuirostris,  ro2. 
Pygopodes,  73,  363. 
Pyrocephalus,  237. 

rubineus  mexicanus,  237. 
Pyrrhula,  255. 

cassini.  255. 
Pyrrhuloxia,  286. 

sinuata,  286. 


Quail-dove,  Blue-headed,  182. 

Key  West,  182. 
Querquedula,  116. 


25 


386 


INDEX. 


Quiscalus,  253. 

macrourus,  254. 
major,  254. 
quiscula,  253. 
quiscula  aeneus,  253. 
quiscula  aglxus,  253. 


Rail,  Bekling's,  140. 

black,  142. 

California  Clapper,  140. 

Clapper,  141. 

Farallone,  143. 

King,  140. 

Louisiana  Clapper,  141. 

Virginia,  141. 

Yellow,  142. 
Ralli,  139. 
Raliidas,  140. 
Rallinic,  140. 
Rallus,  140. 

beldingi,  140. 

elegans,  140. 

longirostris  crepitans,  141. 

longirostris  saturatus,  141. 

obsoletus,  140. 

virginianus,  141. 
Raptores,  182,  366. 
Raven.  American.  245. 

White-necked,  245. 
Ratitae,  36c. 
Recurvirostra,  146. 

americana,  146. 
Recurvirostridae,  146. 
Redhead,  118. 
Redpoll,  260. 

Greenland,  259. 

Greater,  260. 

Hoary,  260. 

Holbcell's,  260. 
Redstart,  American,  317. 

Painted,  317. 

Red-bellied,  317. 
Red-tail,  St.  Lucas,  188. 

Western,  188. 
Regulinas,  339. 
Regulus,  339. 

calendula,  339. 

cuvieri,  357. 

obscurus,  339. 

satrapa,  339. 

satrapa  olivaceus,  339. 
Rissa,'  86. 

brevirostris.  87. 

tridactyla,  86. 


Rissa  tridactyla  poUicaris,  86. 
Koad-runner,  207. 
Robin,  American,  344. 

St.  Lucas,  345. 

Westem,  344. 
Rostrhamus,  \  S5. 

sociabilis,  185. 
Rough-leg,  Ferruginous,  191. 
Kuff,  157. 
Rhodostethia,  91. 

rosea,  91. 
Rhyacophilus,  155. 
Rhynchodon,  194. 
khynchofalco,  195. 
Rhynchophanes,  264. 

mccovvnii,  264. 
Rhynchopsitta,  353. 

pachyrhynca,  354. 
Rynchopidae,  96. 
Rynchops,  96. 

nigra,  97. 


Salpinctes,  325. 

guadeloiipensis,  326. 

obsoletus,  325. 
Sanderling,  153. 
Sandpiper,  Aleutian,  150. 

Baird's,  151. 

Bartramian,  157. 

BufF-breasted,  158. 

Cooper's,  352. 

Curlew,  152. 

Green,  156. 

Least,  151. 

Pectoral,  150. 

Prybilof,  150. 

Purple,  149. 

Red-backed,  152. 

Semipalmated,  153. 

Sharp-tailed,  150. 

Solitary,  156. 

.Spoon-bill,  152. 

Spotted,  158. 

Stilt,  149. 

Western,  153. 

White-rumped,  151. 
Sapsucker,  Red-breasted,  215. 

Red-naped,  215. 

Williamson's,  215. 

Yellow-bellied,  214. 
Sarcorl.amphi,  182. 
Saxicola,  346. 

oenanthe,  346. 
Sayornis,  232. 


INDEX. 


38; 


Sayornis  nigricans,  233. 

phccbe,  232. 

saya.  233. 
Scardafella,  181. 

inca,  181. 
Scolecophagus,  252. 

carolinus,  253. 

cyanocephalus,  253. 
Scolopacidx,  147,  352. 
Scolopax,  147. 

rusticola,  147. 
Scoter,  American,  123. 

Surf,  124. 

Velvet,  124. 

Wliite-winged,  124. 
Seed-eater,  Morellet's,  289. 
Seiurus,  312. 

aurocapillus,  312. 

motacilla,  313. 

noveboracensis,  312. 

noveboracensis  notabilis,  312. 
Selaspliorus,  225. 
Setopliaga,  317. 

miniata,  317. 

picta,  317. 

ruticilla,  317. 
Shearwater,  Audubon's,  10  r. 

Black-tailed,  102. 

Black-vented,  10 1. 

Cinereous,  350. 

Cory's,  100. 

Dark-bodied,  loi. 

Greater,  100. 

Manx,  100. 

Pink- tooted,  loi. 

Slender-billed,  102. 

Sooty,  loi. 
Sho\'eller,  117. 
Shrike,  Log^erheid,  296. 

Northern,  295. 

White-rumped,  296. 
Sialia,  346. 

arctica,  347. 

mexicana,  346. 

sialis,  346. 

sialis  azurea,  346. 
Simorhynchus,  79. 

cristatellus,  79. 

pusillus,  79. 

pygmaeus,  79. 
Siskin,  Pine,  262. 
Sitta,  331. 

canadensis.  331. 

carolinensis.  331. 

carolinensis  aculeata,  331. 


S'tta  pusilla,  332, 

nygmxa,  332. 
Sitting,  331. 
Skimmer,  Black,  97. 
Skua,  85. 
Skylark,  238, 
Snipe,  European,  147. 

Wilsons,  148. 
Snowflake,  262. 

McKay's,  263. 
Solitaire,  Townsend's,  341. 
Soniateria,  122. 

dresseri,  122. 

niollissima,  122. 

spectabilis,  123. 

V- nigra,  123. 
Sora.  142, 
Sparrow,  Aleutian  Song,  281. 

Arizona,  277. 

Bachman's,  277. 

Baird's,  267. 

Belding's  Marsh,  266. 

Bell's,  276. 

Black-chinned,  274. 

Black-throated,  276. 

Boucard's,  278. 

Brewer's,  273. 

Bryant's  Marsh,  266. 

Cassin's,  278, 

Chipping,  272. 

Clay-colored,  273. 

Desert  Song,  279. 

Dusky  Seaside,  269. 

Field,  273. 

Fox,  281. 

Gambel's,  271. 

Golden-crowned.  271. 

Grasshopper,  267. 

Harris's,  270. 

Heermann's,  280. 

Henslow's,  268. 

Intermediate,  271. 

Ipswich,  265, 

Large-billed,  266. 

Lark,  270. 

Leconte's,  268. 

Lincoln's,  281. 

Mexican,  278. 

Mountain  Song,  279. 

Nelson's,  269. 

Pine-woods,  277. 

Rock,  279. 

Kufous-crowned,  278. 

Rufous-winged,  278. 

Rusty  Song,  280. 


358 


INDEX. 


Sparrow,  Sage,  277. 

St.  Lucas,  267. 

Samuels's  Song,  280. 

Sandwich,  265. 

Savanna,  265. 

Seaside,  269. 

Sharp-tailed.  208. 

Slate-colored,  282. 

Song,  279. 

Sooty  Song,  280. 

Swamp,  281. 

Texas,  283. 

Thick-billed,  282. 

Townsend's,  282. 

Tree,  272. 

Vesper,  264. 

Western  Clupping,  273. 

Western  Grasshopper,  2C8. 

Western  Lark,  270. 

Western  Savanna,  266. 

Western  Tree,  272. 

W  "istern  Vesper,  264. 

Wl/te-crowned,  270. 

White-throated,  271. 

Worthen's,  273. 
Spatula,  117. 

clypeata,  117. 
Speotyto,  204. 

cuniculara  floridana,  204. 

cunicularia  hypogaea,  204. 
Sphyrapicus,  214. 

ruber,  215. 

thyroideus,  215. 

varius,  214. 

varius  nuchalis,  215. 
Spinus,  260. 

lawrencei,  262. 

notatus,  262. 

pinus,  262. 

psaltria,  261. 

psaltria  arizonae,  261. 

psaltria  mexicanus,  261. 

tristis,  261. 
Spiza,  289. 

americana,  289. 

townsendi,  354. 
Spizella,  272. 

atrigularis,  274. 

breweri,  273. 

monticola,  272. 

monticola  ochracea,  272. 

pallida,  273. 

pusilla,  273. 

socialis,  272. 

socialis  arizonae,  273. 


Spizella  wortheni,  273. 
Spoonbill,  Roseate,  1 3 1. 
Sporophila,  289. 

morelleti,  289. 
Squatarola,  160. 
Starling,  247 
Starncenas,  182. 

cyanocepliala.  182. 
Steganopodes,  106,  363. 
Steganopus,  145. 
Stelgidopteryx,  294. 

serripennis,  294. 
Stellula,  226. 
Stercoiariidae,  84. 
Stercorarius,  85. 

longicaudus,  85. 

parasiticus,  85. 

pomarinus,  85. 
Sterna.  92,  93. 

aleutica,  94. 

anaethetus,  95. 

antillarum,  95. 

dougalli,  94. 

elegans,  93. 

forsteri,  94. 

fuliginosa,  95. 

hirundo.  94. 

maxim?,  93. 

paradiscea,  94. 

sandvicensis  acuflavida,  93. 

trudeaui,  93. 

tschegrava,  92. 
Slerninae,  92. 
Sternula,  95. 
Stilt,  Black-necked,  146. 
Streptoceryle,  209. 
Striges,  197. 
Strigidae,  197. 
Strix,  197. 

pratincola,  197. 
Sturnella,  :  'o. 

magna,  250. 

magna  mexicana,  250. 

magna  neglecta,  250. 
Sturnidae,  247. 
Sturnus,  247. 

vulgaris,  247. 
Sula,  107. 

bassana,  108. 

cyanops,  107. 

loxostyla,  363. 

piscator,  108. 

sula,  107. 
Sulidae,  107. 
Surnia,  203. 


INDEX. 


389 


Surnia  ulula.  203. 

ulula  caparoch,  204. 
Swallow,  Bank,  293. 

IJarn,  292. 

Cliff,  292. 

Kou{;h-winged,  294. 

Tree,  293. 

Violet-green,  293. 
Swan,  Trumpeter,  130. 

Whistling,  129. 

Whooping,  129. 
.Swift,  Hlack,  222. 

Chimney,  222. 

Vaux's,  222. 

White-throated,  223. 
Sylvania,  315. 

canadensis.  316 

microcephala,  356. 

mitrata,  316. 

pusilla,  316. 

pusilla  pileolata,  316. 
Sylviidae,  338,  357. 
Sylviinae,  338. 
Symphemia,  156. 

semipalniata,  156. 
Synthliboramphus,  80. 

antiquus,  80. 

wumizusume,  80. 
Syrnium,  198. 

nebulosum,  198 

nehulosum  alleni,  199. 

occidentale,  199. 


Tachycineta,  293. 

bicolor,  293. 

thalassina,  293. 
Tanager,  Cooper's,  291. 

Hepatic,  291. 

Louisiana,  291. 

Scarlet,  291. 

Summer,  291. 
Tanagridae,  290. 
Tantalinae,  133. 
Tantdus,  133. 

loculator,  133. 
Tatler,  Wandering,  156. 
Teal,  Blue-winged,  1 16. 

Cinnamon,  117. 

European,  116. 

Green-winged,  116. 
Telmatodytes,  330. 
Telmatornis  aflfinis,  362. 

priscus,  362. 
Tern,  Aleutian,  94. 


Tern.  Arctic,  94. 

Black,  96. 

Bridled,  95. 

Cabot's,  93. 

Caspian,  92. 

Common,  94. 

Klegant.  93 

Forster's,  94. 

Gull-billed,  92. 

Least,  95. 

Roseate,  94. 

Royal,  93. 

Sootv,  93. 

Truaeau  s,  93. 

White -winged  Black,  96. 
TetraonidiP,  167. 
Tetraoninas,  170. 
Thalasseus,  92. 
Thalassogeron,  97. 

culminatus,  98. 
Thrasaetus,  192. 

harpyia,  192. 
Thrasher.  Bendire's,  323. 

Brown,  322. 

Californian,  324. 

Crissal.  324. 

Curve-billed,  323. 

Leconte's,  324. 

Long-billed,  323. 

Palmer's,  323. 

Sage.  321. 

St.  Lucas.  324. 
Thrush,  Audubon's  Hermit,  343. 

Bicknell's,  342. 

Dwarf  Hermit,  343. 

Gray-cheeked,  342. 

Hermit,  343. 

Olive-backed,  343. 

Red-winged,  344. 

Russet-backed,  343. 

Varied,  345. 

Willow,  342. 

Wilson's,  342. 

Wood,  341. 
Thryomanes,  327. 
Thryothorus,  326. 

bewickii,  327. 

bewickii  bairdi,  328. 

bewickii  spilurus,  327. 

brevicaudus,  328. 

ludovicianus,  327. 

ludovicianus  miamensis,  327. 
Tinnunculus,  196. 
Titmouse,  Ashy,  333. 

Black-crested,  33^. 


390 


INDEX. 


Titmouse,  Hridled,  333. 

^ray,  333. 

Plain,  333. 

Tufled,  333. 
Totanus.  154. 

flavipes.  155. 

mtlanoleucus,  155. 

nebularius,  155. 

ochropus,  156. 

solitarius,  156. 
Towhee,  283. 

Aberfs,  283. 

Arctic,  283. 

Californian,  285. 

Cafion,  285. 

Green-tailed,  284. 

Guadalupe.  284. 

Oregon,  284. 

Saint  Lucas,  285. 

Spurred,  284. 

White-eyed.  2R3. 
Tree-duck.  Black-bellied.  129. 

Fulvous,  129. 
Tringa,  149. 

acuminata,  150. 

alpina,  151. 

alpina  pacifica,  152. 

bairdii,  151, 

canutus,  149. 

cooperi,  352. 

couesi,  151. 

ferruginea,  153. 

fuscicollis,  151. 

maculata,  150. 

muritima,  149. 

minutilla,  151. 

ptilocnemis,  150. 
Trochili,  223. 
Trochilidae,  223. 
Trochilus,  224. 

alexandri,  224. 

alleni,  225. 

anna,  225. 

calliope,  226, 

colubris,  224. 

costae,  224. 

heloisa,  226. 

lucifer,  226. 

platycercus,  225. 

rufus,  225. 
Troglodytes,  328. 

aedon,  328. 

aedon  paikmanii,  328. 

alascensis,  329. 

hiemalis,  329. 


Troglodytes  hiemalis  pacificus, 
Troglodytida;,  321. 
Troglodytinae,  325. 
Trogon,  208. 

ambiguus,  208. 
Trogon,  Coppery-tailed,  208. 
Trogones,  208. 
Trogonida:,  208. 
Troupial,  251. 
Tryngites.  157. 

subruficollis,  158. 
Tubin.ires,  97,  3G3. 
Turdidae,  341. 
Turdinie,  341. 
Turdus,  341.  344. 

aliciic,  342. 

alicia'  bicknelli,  342. 

aonalasclikte,  343. 

aonalaschkas  auduboni.  343, 

aonalaschkce  pallasi,  343. 

fuscescens,  342. 

fuscescens  salicicolus,  342. 

iliacus,  344. 

mustellniis.  341. 

ustulatus.  343. 

ustulatus  swainsoni,  343. 
Turkey,  Mexican,  177. 

VVild,  177. 
Turnstone,  165. 

Black,  165 
Tympanuchus.  175. 

americanus,  175. 

cupido,  175. 

pailidicinctus,  175. 
Tyrannida;,  228. 
Tyrannus,  228. 

dominicensis.  229. 

melancholicus  couchii,  229. 

tyrannus,  229. 

verticalis,  229. 

vociferans,  230. 


UixTORNis  lucaris,  366. 
Ulula,  199. 

cinerea,  199. 

cinerea  lapponica,  199. 
Uria,  82. 

affinis,  363. 

antiqua,  363. 

lomvia,  83. 

lomvia  arra,  83. 

troile,  82. 

troile  californica,  82. 
Urile,  III. 


329. 


INDEX. 


391 


Urinator,  75. 

adamsii,  75. 

arcticus,  76. 

imber,  75. 

lumme,  76. 

paciticus,  76. 
Urinatorid^e,  75. 
Urubitintja,  190. 

anthracina,  190. 


Vaneli.its,  iTxj. 

vanellus,  160. 
Verdi n,  33S. 
Vireo,  276.  298. 

altiloquus  barbatulus,  296. 

atriLvi])illus,  298. 

bellii.  299. 

belli!  pusillus,  299. 

flavifrons,  297. 

flavoviriJis,  297. 

gilvus,  297. 

huttoni,  299. 

huttoni  Stephens!,  299. 

noveboracensis,  29CJ. 

olivaceus,  296. 

philadelphicus,  29;'. 

solitarius,  298. 

solitarius  cassinii,  298. 

solitarius  plumbeus,  298. 

vicinior,  300. 
Vireo,  Bells,  299. 

Black-capped,  298. 

Black-vvhif.kered,  296. 

Blue-headed,  298. 

Cassin's,  298. 

Gray.  300. 

Hutton's,  299. 

Least,  299. 

Philadelpiiia,  297. 

Plumbeous,  298. 

Red-eyed,  296. 

£tephens's,  299. 

Warbling,  297. 

White-eyed,  299. 

Yellow-green,  297. 

Yellow-ihroated,  297. 
Vireonidas,  296,  355. 
Vireosylva,  296. 
V^ulture,  Black,  183. 

Burroughs's  Turkey,  353. 

California,  183. 

King,  352. 


Turkey,  183. 


WAf;TAiL.  Siberian  Yellow,  319. 

bwinhoe's,  319. 

White,  319. 
Warbler.  Audubon's,  307. 

IJachman's,  io?. 

Bay- breasted,  30S. 

I'itll's,  318. 

Black  and  White,  300. 

Blackburnian,  308. 

Black-poll,  308. 

Black-throated  Blue,  306. 

Black-throated  Gray,  309. 

Bl.ick-throated  Green,  310. 

lilue  Mountain,  356. 

Blue-winged,  302. 

I. rasher's,  31S. 

Brewster's,  355. 

Calaveras,  303. 

Canadian,  316. 

Cape  May,  305. 

Carbonated,  356. 

Cerulean,  307. 

Chestnut-sided,  308. 

Cincinnati,  356. 

Connecticut,  313. 

Golden-cheeked,  310. 

(iolden-winged,  302. 

Grace's,  309. 

Hermit,  310. 

Hooded,  316. 

Kennicott's  Willow,  338. 

Kentucky,  313. 

Kirtland's,  311. 

Lawrence's,  355. 

Lucy's,  303. 

Lutescent,  304. 

Macgillivray's,  314. 

Magnolia,  307. 

Mangrove,  306. 

Mourning,  314. 

Myrtle.  307. 

Nashville,  303. 

Olive,  306. 

Orange-crowned,  304. 

Palm,  311. 

Parula,  305. 

Pileolated,  316. 

Pine,  311. 

Prairie,  312. 

Prothonotary,  301. 

Red,  318. 

Red-faced,  318. 

Bennett's,  305. 

Small-headed,  356. 

Swainson's,  301. 


392 


INDEX. 


Warbier,  Sycamore,  309. 

Tennessee,  304. 

Townsend's,  310. 

Virginia's,  303. 

Wilson's,  316. 

Worm-eating,  301. 

Yellow,  306. 

Yellow  Falm,  311. 

Yellow- throated,  309. 
Water-Thrush,  312. 

Grinnell's,  312. 

Louisiana,  313. 
Waxwing,  Bohemian,  294. 

Cedar,  1:94. 
Wheatear,  346. 
Whimbrel,  159. 
Whip-poor-will,  219. 

Stephens's,  219. 
Widgeon,  115. 
Willet,  156. 
Woodcock,  American,  147. 

European,  147. 
Woodpecker,  AlaskanThree-toed,  2 14. 

Alpine  Three-toed,  214. 

American  Three-toed.  214. 

Arctic  Three-toed,  213. 

Californian,  216. 

Downy,  211. 

Gairdner's,  211. 

Gila.  217. 

Golden- fronted,  217. 

Hairy,  210. 

Harris's,  21  r. 

Ivory-billed,  210. 

Lewis's,  216. 

Narrow-fronted,  216. 

Northern  Hairy,  210. 

Nuttall's,  212. 

Pileated,  215. 

Red-bellied,  217. 

Red-cockaded,  212. 

Red-headed,  216. 

Saint  Lucas.  212. 

Southern  Hairy,  211. 

Strickland's,  213. 

Texan,  212. 

White-headed,  213. 

Williamson's.  215. 
Wren,  Alaskan,  329. 

Baird's,  328. 


Wren,  Bewick's,  327. 

Cactus,  325. 

Canon,  326. 

Carolina,  327. 

Florida,  327. 

Guadalupe,  328. 

Guadalupe  Rock,  326. 

House,  328. 

Long-billed  Marsh,  340. 

Parkman's,  328. 

Rock,  325. 

St.  Lucas  Cactus,  325. 

Short-billed  Marsh,  330. 

Vigors's,  327. 

White-throated,  326. 

Winter,  329. 

Western  Winter,  329. 
Wren-Tit,  336. 

Pallid,  336. 


Xanthocephalus,  248. 

xanthocephalus.  249. 
Xanthoura,  243. 

luxuosa,  243. 
Xema,  91. 

furcata,  350. 

sabinii,  91. 
Xenopicus,  213. 

albolarvatus,  213. 


Yellow-ligs.  155. 

Greater,  155, 
Yellow-throat,  Belding's,  315. 

Maryland,  314. 

Western,  314. 
Yphantes,  252. 


Zenaida,  180. 

zenaida,  180. 
Zenaidura,  179. 

macroura,  180. 
Zonotrichia  albicolliSj  271. 

coronata,  271. 

gambeli,  271. 

intermedia,  27T, 

leucophrys,  270. 

querula,  270. 


University  Press  :  John  Wilson  &  Son,  Cambridge. 


